PATHOLOGY QUESTION BANK

CELL INJURY AND ADAPTATIONS

MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. Enumerate the causes of cell injury. Describe the pathogenesis and

morphology of irreversible cell injury.
2. Define necrosis. Mention the different types of necrosis. Add a note on each
type of necrosis.
3. Define and classify degeneration. Explain the etiopathogenesis and pathology
of fatty liver.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Define apoptosis. Describe the morphological changes seen in apoptosis.

2. What is steatosis? Describe the morphology of steatosis.
3. Pathological calcification.
4. Free radicals and its role in cell injury.
5. Irreversible cell injury.
6. Hyaline degeneration.
7. Elaborate differences between apoptosis and necrosis.
8. Atrophy. Brown atrophy of heart.
9. Pigment metabolism.
10. Exogenous and endogenous pigments.
11. Gangrene and its types.
12. Hyperplasia.
13. Dysplasia.
14. Metaplasia.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Leucocyte adhesion molecules.

2. Heat shock proteins.
3. Heterophagy
4. Lipofuscin.
5. Psammoma bodies.
6. Xanthoma.
7. Autolysis

INFLAMMATION AND REPAIR

MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. Define Inflammation. Describe the vascular changes In acute Inflammation.

2. Cellular events In acute inflammation.
3. Chemical mediators of inflammation and their functions.
4. Define granuloma. Provide 6 examples of granulomatous inflammation.
Describe tubercular inflammation.
5. Wound healing by first and second Intention Discuss the factors promoting
and delaying the process.
6. Discuss the healing of fractured bone and its complications.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Granulomatous lymphadenitis.
2. Phagocytosis.
3. Describe the formation of granulation tissue during wound healing.
4. Describe the various functions of macrophages.
5. Chemotaxis.
6. Role of arachidonic acid metabolites in acute inflammation.
7. Gohn’s complex.
8. Tuberculoma.
9. Difference between tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy.
10. Gumma.

SHORT ANSWERS:
1. Diapedesis.
2. Chemotaxis.
3. Haemosiderosis.
4. Angiogenesis.
5. Cardinal signs of Inflammation.
6. Lipoxines.
7. Chemokine.
8. Giant cells.
9. Ulcer.
10. Six lesions seen in cardiovascular syphilis.
11. Hutchison's triad.

IMMUNOPATHOLOGY

MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. A 25 yr old woman complains of fever. She has a hyper-pigmented rash on the

bridge of her nose, splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy. What is the probable
diagnosis, etiopathogenesis her condition. Describe the any kidney changes In
this condition.
2. Describe the etiopathogenesis, modes of transmission and laboratory
diagnosis of AIDS.
3. Classify amyloidosis the pathogenesis and pathology of amyloidosis including
the special stains.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Anaphylaxis.
2. Delayed hypersensitivity.
3. Lab diagnosis of AIDS.
4. HLA.
5. Mediators of Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.
6. Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction.
7. Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction.
8. Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction.
9. Pathology of transplant rejection.
10. Etiopathogenesis of HIV.
11. GVH reaction.
12. Mention physical and chemical nature of amyloid. Write special stains for
amyloid.
13. Agranulocytosis.
14. Sago spleen (Amyloid spleen).

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Stains for amyloid. Mention appearance in each.

2. What are natural killer cells? Write two functions.
3. Gout.
 HEMODYNAMIC DISTURBANCES

MAIN QUESTIONS:
1. What is thrombosis? Define pathogenesis, pathology and fate of a thrombus.
2. Define infarction. Describe the pathology and mention the factors influencing
the development of infarction. Add a note on lab diagnosis.
3. Define shock. Enumerate the types of shock. Describe the stages and
morphology.
4. Define embolus. Enumerate the different types of emboli. Describe each in
detail.
5. Describe edema. Enumerate the causes of edema. Describe the
etiopathogenesis and pathology of renal edema.
6. A 60 yr old woman sustained fracture of femoral neck. Subsequently she
developed severe chest pain, dyspnoea and died. Give probable diagnosis
with reason. What is the explanation for dyspnoea and chest pain in this
individual.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Define edema. Describe the pathogenesis and pathology of pulmonary edema.

2. Air embolism.
3. Caissons disease.
4. Differences between transudate and exudates.
5. Pathogenesis of cardiac edema.
6. CVC - lung, liver, spleen.
7. Septic shock.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Virchow's triad.
2. What is hyperaemia? Give 2 examples.
3. What is passive congestion? Give 2 examples.
4. Heart failure cells. Mention the special stain used to demonstrate it.
5. Nutmeg liver.
6. Gamma-Gandy bodies.
7. Different types of infarcts with common sites of occurrence.

NEOPLASIA

MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. Define neoplasia. Describe the differences between benign and malignant

tumours
2. Classify carcinogens.Describe viral and chemical carcinogens.
3. Describe the lab method for diagnosis of cancer.
4. What are oncogenes? Enumerate them and give a summary of p53 gene

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Chemical carcinogens.
2. Lab diagnosis of tumours.
3. Hyperplasia.
4. Metaplasia.
5. Dysplasia.
6. Tumor suppressor gene.
7. Oncogenes.
8. Viral Carcinogens.
9. Classification of carcinogens.
10. p53 gene.
11. Antioncogenes.
12. Paraneoplastic syndrome.
13. Tumor markers.

SHORT ANSWERS

1. Wilms tumor.
2. Bowens disease .
3. Xeroderma Pigmentosum.
4. RB gene.
5. Hyperplasia.
6. Atrophy.
7. Metaplasia.
8. Pre-cancerous lesions.
9. CIN/SIL
10. Oncogenes.
11. Teratoma.
12. Hamartoma.
13. Choristoma.
14. Carcinoma in situ.
15. Diseases caused by EBV.
16. Alpha fetoprotein.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. A 10 yr old boy comes to the hospital with a history of evening rise of

temperature, cough and loss of weight He has cervical lymphadenopathy.
What is the probable diagnosis. What are the organs involved in this disease ,
what are the basic pathologic changes seen in these organs in the disease.

2. Define leprosy. Classify and write differences between tuberculoid and

lepromatous leprosy.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Rhinoscleroma.

2. Rhinosporidiosis.

3. Actinomycosis.

4. Maduramycosis.

5. Cysticercosis.

6. Amoebiasis.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. STD’s

2. Mycetoma.

3. Lymphogranuloma venerum.
 NUTRITIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES

MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. A 5 Year old child was admitted with stunted growth, hypo-pigmented hair,
depigmented skin and prominent abdomen. There is sift hepatomegaly. What
is the most probable diagnosis? Give reasons, Mention 4 relevant laboratory
investigations to be done in this child. What are the morphological changes in
the liver expected.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Obesity.

2. Vitamin A deficiency.

3. Rickets

4. Scurvy.

5. Beri-Beri.

6. Pellagra.

7. Xerophthalmia.

SHORT ANSWERS

1. Marasmus.

2. Niacin deficiency.

3. Diet and cancer.

4. Osteomalacia.

GENETIC DISORDERS

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Alkaptonuria.

2. Down's syndrome.
3. Gaucher's disease.

4. Marfans syndrome.

5. Pseudo-hermaphroditism.

6. Demonstration of sex chromosome.

7. Tumers syndrome.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Familial polyposis.

2. Ochronosis.

3. Organs affected in cystic fibrosis.

4. Name 4 autosomal dominant diseases.

5. Name 4 autosomal recessive diseases.

6. HLA.

7. Ataxia telengeclasia.

8. Klinefelters syndrome.

9. Barr body.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
1. Describe the etiopathogenesis, pathology and complications of
atherosclerosis.

2. Describe the etiopathogenesis and lab diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease.

3. Describe the etiopathogenesis, pathology and complications of bacterial

endocarditis.
4. Write a note on familial hypercholesterolemia. What is the pathogenesis of
hypercholesterolemia in this syndrome?

5. 15 yr old girl complained of fever, joint pain and swelling in several joints. What
is the probable diagnosis? Give reasons. Describe the gross and microscopic
features of the heart in this condition. How will you confirm your diagnosis?
6. A 55 yr old man developed acute chest pain radiating to the shoulders and
died after 12hours What is the probable diagnosis? Give reasons. Describe
autopsy findings of the heart in this patient.

7. Classily cardiomyopathies. Differentiate between major categories.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Vascular pathology in hypertension.

2. Describe the macro and microscopic changes in acute MI.

3. Syphilitic aortitis.

4. Aneurysms.

5. Dissecting aneurysms.

6. Atrial Septal Defect.

7. Fallot's tetralogy.

8. Rheumatic Carditis.

9. Extra cardiac manifestations of rheumatic fever.

10. Sequelae of Rheumatic heart disease.

11. Libmann - sachs endocarditis.

12. infective endocarditis.

13. Subacute bacterial endocarditis.

14. Types of vegetations in endocarditis.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Asbestos body,

2. Kaposi's sarcoma.

3. MacCallum patch.

4. Aschoff cells.
5. Tigroid heart.

6. Non bacterial thrombotic endocarditis.

7. Monckeberg's medial sclerosis.

8. Hemangioma.

9. Ventricular septal defect.

10. Patent ductus arteriosus.

11. Cor pulmonale - definition and 3 causes.

12. Jone's criteria.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

MAN QUESTIONS:

1. Describe the pathogenesis, clinical features, histological changes and

complications of respiratory distress syndrome In newborn.

2. A 60 ye old malnourished male presents with malaise, chills, rigors, fever,

cough, and expectoration. Clinical examination revealed consolidation of the
lower lobe of the let lung What is the probable diagnosis? Describe gross,
microscopy of lung and the various stages and complications of this condition.

3. Classify lung tumours. Describe morphology of SCC.

4. What is pre pneumoconiosis? List examples. Describe the gross and

microscopic complications of asbestos.

5. A 40 yr old male presents with fever, night sweats. Weight loss and productive
cough with blood streaked sputum. What is the probable diagnosis? What
investigation would you perform to confirm your diagnosis? Describe the
pathology of lungs in this ease.

6. Define and classify emphysema. Describe the etiopathogenesis and pathology

of emphysema.

7. Define branches Describe the EP and pathology of bronchiectasis.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Define bronchial asthma. Classify the lesion and describe the pathology.
2. Silicosis.

3. Asbestosis.

4. Coal workers pneumoconiosis.

5. Hyaline membrane disease.

6. ARDS

7. EP of carcinoma lung.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Oat cell carcinoma of lung.

2. Stages of lobar pneumonia.

3. Aetiologies of lung abscess.

4. Complications of bronchiectasis.

HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM
MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. Describe the etiology, pathogenesis and lab diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis.

2. Define and classify cirrhosis of liver. Describe the pathogenesis, pathology and
clinical features of cirrhosis.

3. Pathology of alcoholic liver disease.

4. What is jaundice? Enumerate the types of jaundice. Describe the lab

investigations in a patient with jaundice.

5. Enumerate the different types of gallstones Describe the pathogenesis and

complications of gallstones.
SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Hepatocellular carcinoma.

2. List types of gallstones.write about etiology of pigment gallstones.

3. Wilson's disease.

4. Describe gross and microscopic features of liver CVC.

5. Nutmeg liver.

6. Serological markers of HepB and their clinical significance.

7. Liver abscesses.

8. Hemochromatosis.

9. Pathogenesis of gallstones.

10. Acute pancreatitis.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Hepatoblastoma.

2. Urinary findings in obstructive jaundice.

3. Councilman body.

4. Hydatid cyst.

5. Mallory bodies.

6. Complications of portal cirrhosis.

7. Clinical features of portal hypertension.

8. Causes and complications of acute pancreatitis.

 GIT

MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. Describe EP, pathology and complications of gastric ulcers.

2. Describe the EP, pathology of gastric carcinoma. Add a note on early

gastric carcinoma.

3. What are inflammatory bowel diseases? Describe the EP pathology and

complications of ulcerative colitis and crohn’s disease.

4. Describe the EP and pathology of colorectal carcinoma. Add a note on

staging.

5. Classify the tumours of salivary glands, Describe the pathology of

pleomorphic adenoma.

6. Enumerate the ulcers of GIT. Describe the pathology and complications

of peptic ulcer.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Warthin's tumor.

2. Gastric carcinoma.

3. Ulcerative colitis.

4. Crohn’s disease.

5. Differences between adenocarcinoma of right and left side of large

intestine.

6. Precancerous lesions of GIT.

7. Meckel’s diverticulum.

8. Intestinal tuberculosis.
9. Carcinoid tumor.

10. Hirschsprung disease.

11. Neoplastic polyps - intestine.

SHORT ANSWERS

1. Barrett's oesophagus.

2. Oral leukoplakia.

3. Tropical sprue.

4. Achlorhydria.

5. Linitis plastica.

6. Typhoid ulcer.

7. Peutz - Jegher’s syndrome.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. Classify the testicular tumours. Describe the pathology of seminoma.

2. Classify ovarian tumours. Describe morphology of mutinous cystadenoma of

the ovary.

3. Classify breast tumours. Describe the EP and pathology of Infiltrating Ductal

Carcinoma.

4. Describe the EP, pathology and lab diagnosis of cervical cancer.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. BPH.
2. Phyllodes tumor.

3. Paget’s disease of the breast.

4. Pathology of fibroid uterus.

5. Choriocarcinoma.

6. Dysgerminoma.

7. Hydatidiform mole.

8. Premalignant lesions of the penis.

9. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

10. Etiology of Ca Cervix.

11. Endometriosis.

12. Leiomyoma.

13. Teratoma ovary.

14. Struma ovary.

15. Fibroadenoma breast.

16. Medullary carcinoma of breast.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Cryptorchidism.

2. Granulomatous orchitis.

3. Krukenberg tumor.

4. Brenner tumor.

5. Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia.

6. Sites of ectopic pregnancy.

7. Dermoid cyst - ovary.

8. Gynecomastia.
 RENAL SYSTEM

MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. Enumerate the types of primary glomerulonephritis. Describe the EP and

pathology of post streptococcal glomerulonephritis.

2. What is nephritic syndrome? Describe the pathophysiology and etiology

and urinary findings of nephrotic syndrome.

3. Describe the etiology, pathogenesis and pathology of acute and chronic

pyelonephritis.

4. Classify tumours of the kidney. Describe the pathology of renal cell

carcinoma.

5. Enumerate the different types of renal calculi. Describe the EP and

complications of renal calculi.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN).

2 Chronic glomerulonephritis.

3. Describe the pathologic findings in diabetic nephropathy.

4. Acute tubular necrosis.

5. Chronic pyelonephritis.

6. Describe renal changes in hypertension.

7. Hydro nephrosis.

8. Renal cell carcinoma.

9. Wilm's tumor.

10. Adult Polycystic kidney disease.

11. Transitional cell carcinoma.

12. IgA nephropathy.

13. Lupoid nephrosis.

14. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.

15. Nephrotic syndrome.

16. Nephritic syndrome.

17. Good pasture syndrome.

18. Benign nephrosclerosis.

19. EP of renal calculi.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.

2. 4 complications of renal stones.

3. 4 conditions of contracted kidney.

4. Staghorn calculus.

5. Kimmelstein-Wilson disease.

6. Malakoplakia.

7. Cystic disease of kidney.

8. Lesions of diabetic nephropathy.

9. Flea bitten kidney.

10. Struvite stones.

11. Causes of urothelial tumours.

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

MAIN QUESTIONS:

1.Classify bone tumours. Describe the morphology of osteogenic sarcoma.

2. Classify bone tumours. Describe the EP, gross and microscopic features of
osteoclastoma/giant cell tumor of bone.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Osteomyelitis.

2. Chronic osteomyelitis.

3.Tuberculous osteomyelitis.

4. Osteosarcoma.

5. Chondrosarcoma.

6. Osteoclastoma (Giant cell tumor).

7: Ewing's sarcoma.

8. Rheumatoid arthritis.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Paget's disease of bone.

2. Mention bone forming tumours.

3. Synovial sarcoma.

4. Neuroblastoma.
5. Sequestrum.

6. Renal osteodystrophy.

7. Pott’s spine.

8. Microscopic features of gout.

9. Gouty tophi.

SKIN AND SOFT TISSUES

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Precancerous lesions of skin.

2. Basal cell carcinoma.

3. Malignant melanoma.

4. Squamous cell carcinoma.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Xeroderma pigmentosum.

2. Molluscum contagiosum.

ENDOCRINES

MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. A 45 year old man complains of tiredness, excessive thirst and nocturia.What

is the most likely diagnosis? What are the laboratory tests to be done in this
patient? Mention complications and write gross and microscopic findings of
kidney in this disease. (Diabetes Mellitus)
SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Cushing's syndrome.

2. Pheochromocytoma

3. Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

4. Toxic goitre

5. Iodine deficiency goitre.

6. Müll nodular goitre

7. Classify thyroid tumours. Describe in detail any one.

8. Thyroid adenoma.

9. Papillary carcinoma of thyroid.

10. Multiple endocrine neoplasia.

11. Renal glycosuria.

CNS
MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. Classify brain tumours. Define the pathology of astrocytoma. Add note on

staging.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Subarachnoid haemorrhage.

2. CSF findings in pyogenic and tubercular meningitis.

3. Meningioma.

4. Gliomas.

5. Neurofibroma.
6. Medulloblastoma.

7. Schwammoma.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Tuberculoma.

2. Glioblastoma multiforme.

3. Brain abscess.

4. Retinoblastoma.

5. Glitterzillen cells.

LYMPHORETICULAR SYSTEM

MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. Classify Hodgkin's lymphoma. Describe the morphology and add a note

on the staging.

2. Enumerate the different classifications of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Describe the pathology of Burkitt's lymphoma.

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Classify Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

2. Burkitt's lymphoma.

3. Morphology of Reed Sternberg cell and its variants.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Hypersplenism.

2. 4 causes of massive splenomegaly.

 HEMATOLOGY

MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. Define and classily anaemia. Describe the lab findings in iron deficiency
anaemia.

2. 40 yr old man presents with anaemia, fatigue, weight loss and marked
splenomegaly of 3cml months duration. Investigation revealed leukocyte of
1,00,000/ml. What is the probable diagnosis? Describe the peripheral blood
and bone marrow findings in this patient.

3. 8 yr old child presents with hepatospleenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, tiredness

and bone pain of 2 months duration. What is the likely diagnosis Give reasons.
List investigations. Describe the peripheral blood and bone marrow changes in
this patient.

4. 50 yr old male comes to the hospital with severe anomia, glossitis, loss of
appetite, numbness and tingling of both lower limb and difficulty in walking.
What is the probable diagnosis? Describe the peripheral blood smear and bone
marrow finding in him.

5. 70 yr old man present with progressive pallor, hepatospleenomegaly,

generalised lymphadenopathy and 2 months history of bone pain. What is the
most probable diagnosis? Give reasons. Indicate 4 relevant lab investigations
to confirm the diagnosis. Write bone marrow and blood findings in this patient.

6. 60 yr old woman presented with anaemia and backache. X ray revealed

multiple punched out lesions in the skull. What is the probable diagnosis? Give
reasons. Write relevant lab Investigations. Describe bone marrow findings in
this patient.

7. Classify leukaemia. Describe haematological findings in AML.

8. Classify thalassemia Discuss the clinical, pathological and radiological findings

in thalassemia.

9. Describe in detail iron deficiency states and laboratory investigations of iron

deficient anaemia.

10. Classify haemolytic anaemia. Write pathogenesis, lab investigations in sickle

cell anaemia.

11. Classify the hemorrhagic diseases. Describe the EP. peripheral smear, bone
marrow finding and lab investigations in ITP.

SHORT ESSAYS:
1. Pancytopenia. 4 causes.

2. Classify haemolytic anaemia. Investigations.

3. Lab findings in iron deficiency anaemia.

4. Lab findings in multiple myeloma.

5. FAB classification of acute leukemias.

6. ITP

7. Causes of thrombocytopenia.

8. What is ESR? Mention the methods, anticoagulants used and conditions where
increased values are seen.

9. LE Cell.

10. DIC

11. Leukemoid reaction.

12. PCV

13. Immune thrombocytic purpura.

14. Transfusion reactions.

15. Megaloblastic anaemia.

16. Multiple myeloma.

17. PNH

18. Von-Willebrand disease.

19. Heriditary spherocytosis.

20. Sickle cell anaemia.

21. Aplastic anaemia.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Agranulocytosis.

2. Uses of Coombs test.

3. Reticulocyte.

4. Spherocyte.

5. Macropolymorph.

6. 4 conditions of eosinophilia.

7. Name 4 anticoagulants.

8. Megaloblast.

9. Myeloblast.

10. Philadelphia chromosome.

11. Polycythemia.

12. Sickling test.

13. Prothrombin time.

14. What is LE cell? Name conditions where it Is seen.

15. Indications for bone marrow aspiration.

16. Erythropoietin.

17. RBC indices.

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

SHORT ESSAYS:

1. Microscopic examination of urine.

2. CSF findings in meningitis.

3. Methods of haemoglobin estimation.

4. ESR
5. PCV

6. Methods of blood grouping.

SHORT ANSWERS:

1. Special stains in histopathology.

2. Special stains for fat.

3. 4 causes of hemorrhagic fluid tap.

4. Liver function tests.

5. Renal function test.

6. Indications of lumbar puncture.

7. Oliguria.

8. Specific gravity of urine.

9. Tests of proteinuria.

10. Sulfosalicylic test.

11. Benedict’s test.

12. Causes of hematuria.

13. Semen analysis.

14. Romanowsky stains.

15. ESR

16. Buffy coat.

17. Haemoparasites.

18. Needles for bone marrow biopsy