NCM 103 Reviewer: Week 3 Quiz CAT Scan Computerized Axial Tomography

Cath. catheter
PART 1: SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS CBC complete blood count
CBD common bile duct
A CC chief complaint
cc cubic centimeter
a.c. before meals CCU Coronary Care Unit
A.M. or a.m. before noon CHD Coronary Heart Disease
A/G albumin globulin ratio CHF Congestive Heart Failure
ACLS Advanced Cardiac Life Support CHO carbohydrate
ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone Chol. cholesterol
ad lib as much as needed, desired CI chlorides
ADH antidiuretic hormone CT clotting time
ADL activities of daily living cm. centimeter
AFB Acid Fact Bacillus CNS central nervous system
Ag antigen CO carbon monoxide
AGA average gestational age CO2 carbon dioxide
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Syndrome CPK creatine phosphokinase
AKA Above Knee Amputation CPR cardio-pulmonary resuscitation
AMA Against Medical Advice CRF chronic renal failure
Amt. amount cu. mm. cubic millimeter
ANA antinuclear antibodies CVA Cerebrovascular Accident
anes. anesthesia CXR chest x-ray
Anti – HA antibody to hepatitis A
Anti – HB antibody to hepatitis B D
Anti – HBc antibody to hepatitis B core antigen
Anti – Hbe antibody to hepatitis B “e” antigen D&C Dilatation and Curettage
Anti – HBs antibody to hepatitis B “surface” D/C discontinue
antigen D5NS 5% Dextrose in Normal Saline
AP & Lat. anteroposterior and lateral D5LR 5% Dextrose in Lactated Ringers
ARC AIDS Related Complex D5W 5% Dextrose in Water
ARDS Adult Respiratory Distress DOA dead on arrival
Syndrome DOE dyspnea on exertion
ARF Acute Renal Failure DR Delivery Room
ASAP as soon as possible DTR deep tendon reflex
ASHD Arteriosclerotic Heart Disease DUB Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
ASO Antistreptolysin – O Dx diagnosis

B E

b.i.d. twice a day E.N.T. Ear, Nose & Throat

B.R.P. bathroom privilege ECCE extracapsular cataract extraction
Ba barium ECT electro-convulsive therapy
BAO branch artery occlusion EEG electroencephalogram
BBB bundle branch block EKG electrocardiogram
BCG Bacillus Calmette Guerin vaccine elix. elixir
BKA Below Knee Amputation EMB ethambutol
BM bowel movement EMG electromyography
BP blood pressure EOM extra ocular movement
BPH benign prostatic hypertrophy ESR Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
BUN Blood Urea Nitrogen ESRD End-Stage Renal Disease
ET endotracheal
C ETOH ethanol

C&S Culture & Sensitivity F

C. centigrade/Celsius
F.C. Foley Catheter
C.P.D. Cephalopelvic Disproportion
F.R. fluid restriction
C.S.F. Cerebrospinal Fluid
FBS fasting blood sugar
C/S cesarean section
Fe iron
CA carcinoma
FHR fetal heart rate
Ca. calcium
FO2 Fraction of inspired O2
CAD Coronary Artery Disease
FSH Follicle Stimulating Hormone
cap. capsule
Fx. fracture
CAPD Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal
Dialysis
 G LDH lactic dehydrogenase
LE lupus erythematosus
G.T.T. Glucose Tolerance Test LH luteinizing hormone
G.U. genitourinary liq. liquid
GC gonococcus (gonorrhea) LLQ left lower quadrant
GCS Glascow Coma Score LMP last menstrual period
GDM Gestational Diabetic LOA left occipitoanterior
gm. gram LOC level of consciousness
gtt./gtts drop/drops LOP left occipitoposterior
GYN/gyne gynecology LOT lumbar puncture
LSA left sacroanterior
H
LSP left sacroposterior
h.s. hour of sleep LST left sacrotransverse
H2O water LUQ left upper quadrant (abdomen)
HAV hepatitis A virus LV left ventricle
HBcAg hepatitis B core antigen LVH left ventricular hypertrophy
HBeAg hepatitis B “e” antigen
M
HBV hepatitis B virus
Hct hematocrit mcg. microgram
HDL High Density Lipoprotein MCH Maternal and Child Health
HEENT head, eyes, ears, nose and throat Meq. Milliequivalents (per liter)
Hgb. Hemoglobin Mg magnesium
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus mg. milligram
HPV Human Papilloma Virus MI myocardial infarction
ml. milliliter or cc
I
mm. millimeter
I&D incision & drainage MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
I&O intake & output
N
I.U. international units
I.U.G.R. intrauterine growth N nitrogen
retardation N.S. (n.s.) normal saline
IBW ideal body weight N/A not applicable
ICCE intracapsular cataract extraction n/v nausea and vomiting
ICP Intracranial Pressure Na sodium
IgA immunoglobulin A NaCl sodium chloride
IgD immunoglobulin D NB newborn
IgE immunoglobulin E NGT nasogastric tube
IgG immunoglobulin G NHM No Heroic Measure (SPH)
IgM immunoglobulin M NPH Neutral Protamine Hagedorn = insulin w/ prolonged effect
IM intramuscular NPO nothing by mouth
Inf. Hep. Infectious Hepatitis nsg nursing
INH isoniazid NSVD normal spontaneous vaginal
IOL intraocular lens delivery
IPPB Intermittent Positive Pressure
Breathing O
IV intravenous
IVF intravenous fluid o.d. right eye
IVP intravenous pyelogram o.s. left eye
IVPB intravenous piggyback O.T. occupational therapy
o.u. both eyes
K O2 oxygen
OBS organic brain syndrome
K potassium O.D. once a day
kg. kilogram oint. ointment
KUB kidney, ureter, bladder (x-ray plain film of
OOB out of bed
abdomen)
KVO keep vein open OPD out-patient department
ophth. Ophthalmology
L OR Operating Room
ORIF open reduction, internal fixation
L liter ortho. Orthopedic
Lab. laboratory oz. ounce
Lap laparotomy
Lb pound P
LBBB left bundle branch block
P pulse RSA right sacrum anterior
p after RSR regular sinus rhythm
p.c. after meals RST right sacrum transverse
P.M.I. point of maximum Rt. right
p.o. by mouth RUE right upper extremity
P.P. post partum RUQ right upper quadrant
P.P.D. Purified Protein Derivative (tuberculin) Rx treatment
p.r.n. whenever necessary
S
P.R.O.M. premature rupture of membranes
P.T.A prior to admission
s without
P.Z.I. protamine zine insulin
s.l. Sub-lingual
PE physical exam
S/P/ Status post
PAC premature atrial contractions
S/S Signs and Symptoms
Pap Papanicolaou
SA Sino-atrial
PAP Prostate Acid Phosphatase
SA Block Sino-atrial block
Pb lead
sc subcutaneous
PBI protein bound iodine
sed. rate sedimentation rate
PCP Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
SGA small for gestational age
PD peritoneal dialysis
SGOT serum glutamic oxalacetic
PDA Patent Ductus Arteriosus
transaminase
PEEP positive end expiratory pressure
SLE systematic lupus erythematosus
PERRLA pupils equal, round, react to light &
accommodation
SOB shortness of breath
pH. hydrogen ion concentration Sod. Bicarb Sodium Bicarbonate
PID pelvic inflammatory disease Sp. Gr. specific gravity
PKU phenylketonuria ss half
PO2 partial oxygen tension ST sinus tachycardia
PO4 phosphate Staph staphylococci (us)
psych. psychiatry Strep streptococcus
pt. patient SVC superior vena cava
PTH parathyroid hormone
T
PTT partial thromboplastin time
PUD Peptic Ulcer Disease TOF Tetralogy of Fallot
PVC premature ventricular contraction T&A tonsillectomy & adenoidectomy
PZA pyrazinamide t.i.d. three times a day
T.O. telephone orders
Q
T3 triiodothyronine
q every T4 thyroxine
q.d. every day tab. Tablet
q.h. every hour TB tuberculosis
q.i.d. four times a day Tbsp. tablespoon
q.o.d. every other day Temp. temperature
q.o.h. every other hour TENS transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

q2h, q3h, q4h every two, three, four, etc. hours TIA transient ischemic attack
qt. quart TPN Total Parental Nutrition
TPR temperature, pulse, respiration
R trach. Tracheotomy
TSH thyroid stimulating hormone
R.N. Registered Nurse tsp. teaspoon
R.T. respiratory therapy TUR transurethral resection
R/O rule out TURP transurethral resection of the prostate
RA Rheumatoid Arthritis
RAIU radioactive iodine uptake U
RBBB right bundle branch block
RBC red blood cells or count u unit
Rehab. Rehabilitation U.G.I.B Upper Gastrointestinal Bleed
RF rheumatoid factor for arthritis USD ultrasound
Rh rhesus blood factor U.S.P. United State Pharmacopeia
RHD rheumatic heart disease U/A urinalysis
RMT right mentotransverse UGI Upper Gastrointestinal
ROA right occiput anterior UGIS Upper Gastrointestinal Series
ROM range of motion URI Upper Respiratory Infection
ROP right occiput posterior UTI Urinary Tract Infection
ROT right occiput transverse
V
RR recovery room
V.D. venereal disease make and maintain the hospital clean and
V.D.R.L Venereal Disease Research lab orderly.
(serology)
VS vital signs FACTORS TO CONSIDER:
VSD ventricular septal defect
1. Immediate disposal of waste and garbage is
VA visual acuity
essential for good sanitary practice.
VBAC vaginal birth after cesarean section
2. Care of floor is necessary to promote
VPB ventricular premature beat
cleanliness and provide attractive
VR ventricular rate
surroundings.
VT tidal volume
3. Furniture’s should be kept clean and in good
W condition at all times.
4. Torn lines should be sent to the sewing room
WBC white blood cells or count or lines room for mending.
wt. weight 5. All equipment used for personal care of the
patient must be cleaned and ready for use at
Z all times.
6. Cotton balls, cotton applicators, sanitary
Zn zinc
napkins, tissue paper should not be thrown
into the toilet bowl.
7. Bits of food dropped on the floor or any
surfaces and any spilled liquid must be
immediately wiped, mopped or removed.

PURPOSE:

- to maintain safe, clean and healthful

surroundings for the patient, visitors and
staff.

I. SWEEPING

MATERIALS:

1. Broom or Floor brush

2. Dustpan
3. Dust box

PROCEDURE:

1. Bring all the materials needed to the area to

be swept.
2. Leave the dust box out of traffic but near the
place of work.
3. Starting from the entrance, sweep with proper
strokes towards the center of the room.
4. Accumulate dirt into a dustpan and deposit it
into a dust box.
5. When dust is heavy, tap brush or broom on
the floor at the end of each stroke to free dirt.
6. After sweeping, examine the floor. See that all
areas had been swept and dust streaks are
not present.
7. Straighten the furniture and do other cleaning
operations.
8. Clean all the materials used and return to its
proper place.

II. MOPPING

PART 2: HOSPITAL HOUSEKEEPING DEFINITION:

DEFINITION: - It is a cleaning operation to rub or wipe

the floor with a mop using soap and water.
- Hospital housekeeping involves
procedures and measures done in order to MATERIALS:
 1. Floor mop 5. In dusting bars, wrap the cloth around your
2. Pail with soap solution hand and grasp the bar as you wipe along the
3. Pail with water surface.
4. Mop wringer 6. When dusting in between bars or in cervices
too small for the hands to enter, use small
PROCEDURE: brush chicken feathers or stick with cloth at
one end.
1. Bring the equipment to the area to be
7. If soap and water is to be used, rub the cloth
mopped.
moistened with soap to the areas rubbing it
2. Dip the mop into the soap solution.
with friction until dirt has been loosened,
3. Place the mop on the wringer and wring.
Rinse and dry.
4. Starting from the corner, mop the floor using
8. Never forget to dust all of the bed articles
firm and heavy strokes.
kept inside the drawer, if necessary, clean
5. Rinse and dry as necessary until whole area
and oil wheels of furniture and polish
had been mopped.
doorknobs with metal polish.
6. Inspect work. A clean floor should not have
9. Inspect work if everything has been properly
streaks of dirt.
dusted. If properly cleaned, it will appear
7. Clean all materials used and return to its
bright and free of dust streaks.
proper place.
10. Return all the materials to its proper places
clean and dry.
III. DUSTING
MATERIALS: (FOR HIGH DUSTING)
DEFINITION:
1. Same as for daily dusting
- It is a cleaning operation to remove dirt
2. Broom or brush with long handle
using a dusting or wash cloth.
3. Pieces of newspaper to cover cabinets
TYPES:
PROCEDURE:
1. Dry dusting – in which a dry cloth is used as
1. Bring all the materials to the room and place
in varnished furniture.
the tray on a chair or stool lined with
2. Damp dusting – in which a damp cloth is
newspaper.
used to furniture not affected by moisture.
2. Move all furniture that can be moved to one
CLASSIFICATION: side of the room.
3. For furniture that cannot be moved, cover the
1. Low Dusting – this includes dusting of all top with newspaper to protect it from catching
places reached by standing on the floor which all dirt from the ceiling.
is done daily. 4. Using broom or brush with long handle, start
2. High Dusting – this includes dusting of all cleaning from the ceiling to walls removing
places not easily reached by standing on the cobwebs and other dirt from the ceiling.
floor, which is done periodically. 5. Brush window screens or dust window bars
using dry dust cloth or wet with soap and
MATERIALS: (FOR LOW OR DAILY DUSTING) water as needed.
6. Rinse and dry.
A tray containing the following:
7. Sweep the floor and collect all dust and
1. A basin or pail half full of water deposit in a dust box.
2. Laundry soap or any detergent 8. Dust all furniture, inside of cabinets and
3. Whisk broom brush of chicken feathers or a drawers beginning from top shelves, removing
stick with cloth at one end the articles inside from one shelf at a time.
4. Metal polish, lubricant if necessary 9. Change the lining as necessary; clean all
5. Pieces of dusting cloth articles before returning it to the shelf.
6. Newspaper for lining 10. Move all furniture that has been cleaned to
the clean area of the room.
PROCEDURE: 11. Repeat step 3 onwards.
12. When everything has been cleaned including
1. Bring all the materials to the place of work. the floor, arrange the furniture back to the
2. Line the chair of steel with newspaper and place where they belong.
place the tray on it (never on the floor). 13. Inspect the room and see that everything to
3. To dust the room, begin at the entrance and its proper place.
proceed around the room. Use long strokes to
prevent overlapping of strokes and skipping of IV. WASHING
corners and edges.
4. Start dusting from the highest point to be DEFINITION:
dusted and going towards the floor.
 - It is cleaning operation to remove dirt or 2. Hang with opening downward.
soil by the use of water. A cleaning agent 3. Soak in 2% formalin solution for 30 minutes
is usually employed in the process. before cleaning, if it has been used in the
infectious cases like dysentery, typhoid fever,
MATERIALS: etc.

A tray of the following: ICE CAPS

1. Basin or pail half full of water PROCEDURE:

2. Whisk broom or chicken feathers
3. Cleaning solution 1. Empty contents. Wipe outside to dry.
4. Dust cloth 2. Inflate before closing to prevent 2 surfaces
5. Newspaper from coming in contact with each other.
3. If used in communicable cases, clean with
PROCEDURE: soap and water, rinse and dry.

1. Have all materials ready before starting to RUBBER TUBINGS, CATHETERS, RECTAL
work. TUBES, RUBBER NIPPLES
2. Bring tray to the area to be cleaned.
3. Line the floor with newspaper to protect floor PROCEDURE:
from the drips of water.
4. Wipe away loose dirt with the whisk broom (or 1. Place under the faucet and let cold-water run
feather) then with a dust cloth. thru its hole.
5. Dip cloth in the cleaning solution. Wring it to 2. Use syringe or asepto syringe to flush the
prevent dripping. lumen.
6. Wash small area in circular motion. 3. Rinse with warm water.
7. Rinse with another cloth the area. Then dry it. 4. Wipe with cloth by pressing between the
8. Continue washing, rinsing and drying over thumb and fits finger to in the lumen to drop.
entire area, overlap strokes to prevent 5. Powder and coil, wrap in gauze and boil for 5
streaking. minutes.
9. Change water as necessary.
RUBBER SHEET, RUBBER RINGS AND KELLY
10. Return furniture to their proper places when
PAD
done.
11. Clean equipment and return to their places. PROCEDURE:
V. CLEANING BEDPANS AND URINALS
1. Clean with soap and rinse with water.
MATERIALS: 2. Dry and roll and put it in its proper place.
3. If used in infectious cases, sprinkle or spray
Tray of the following:
2% formalin solution and roll for 2 hours.
1. Soap can with disinfectant solution 4. After 2 hours, clean with soap. Rinse with
2. Soap dish with laundry soap or cleanser water and hang to dry.
3. Bedpan brush
RUBBER GLOVES
PROCEDURE:
PROCEDURE:
1. Collect all bedpans.
1. Clean with soap and rinse with water.
2. Empty the contents into the toilet bowl and
2. Wipe both sides to dry, paying attention to
wash with plain water.
fingers and hang dry.
3. Soak bedpan in the can with disinfectant for
3. Invert gloves after an hour.
at least 2 hours.
4. Apply powder on both sides and pack for
4. Using the bedpan brush, clean the inner part
sterilization.
of the bedpan.
5. Clean the outer part of the bedpan with soap
VII. FUMIGATING ROOM
dusting cloth. For stubborn stain, use cleaner
powder. PROCEDURE:
6. Rinse, wipe and dry the bedpan and return to
its rack. 1. Move furniture away from the wall.
7. Urinals are clean the same way. 2. Lower window shades, and open bookshelves
and closets, etc.
VI. CARE FOR RUBBER GOODS 3. Arrange all contents of room that greatest
possible surfaces will be exposed to fumes.
HOT WATER BAG 4. Passing paper over them must seal all
opening such as keyholes, cracks in the walls,
PROCEDURE:
etc.
1. Empty contents after use. Wipe outside to 5. Place big basin of water in the middle of the
dry. floor.
6. Place the small basin with potassium Confirming the more contaminated surface
permanganate crystals in proportion to the air reduces the amount of contamination in the
space of the room in the big basin with water. air.
7. Pour formalin on the potassium
permanganate. 6. Put soiled linens away from the laundry bag
8. Go out immediately and close the door tightly. being careful to hold soiled lines away from
9. Room should remain closed for 12-24 hours. the uniform.

Rationale: Microorganisms can be

VIII. CARE OF THE UNIT AFTER USE/AFTER
transmitted by air currents, dust all lint and
PATIENT LEAVES
by direct contact.
PURPOSES:
7. Turn mattress from top to bottom and arch its
1. To make the unit that has been occupied free upper and lower side and allow it to air for
from pathogenic microorganisms. thirty minutes.
2. To learn the importance of hygienic
housekeeping in the care of the sick.
3. To prepare the room for the new patient. 8. Bring soiled linens in the improved laundry
A. STRIPPING AND AIRING THE BED bag away from the uniform and put it in its
designated place in the utility room.
DEFINITION:

- It is the removal of all linens from the bed

and allowing the bed and mattress to be
exposed to air sunlight.

PURPOSES:

1. To expose the bed and mattress to air.

2. To develop skill in handling the bedclothes.
3. To maintain order in the room.

EQUIPMENT:

1. 2 chairs
2. Close or open bed

PROCEDURE:

1. Open the window to air the unit.

2. Place two chairs back-to-back at the foot or
side of the bed conveniently.

Rationale: Placing the chairs conveniently

will give you more room to move around
freely.

3. Strip pillowcase from the pillow. Put the pillow

on the seat of the chair and make use of the
pillowcase as a laundry bag.

Rationale: Having a receptacle to receive

soiled linens will help lessen spread of
contamination.

4. Loosen the bedding all around the bed

starting at the center of the head part raising
the mattress with one hand and drawing out
the linens with other hand without raising the
dust and lints.

Rationale: Microorganisms can be

transported by dust.

5. Roll or fold soiled linens away from the

uniform.

Rationale: Friction and motion can dislodge

lints, which can transport microorganisms.
 4. Abdominal muscles retracted (pulled in),
gluteal muscles contracted (pinched together)
constituted “inner girdle” for pelvis, back and
abdomen.
5. Chest forward, back of head held high, chin
up.
6. Shoulders in even position.
PART 3: BODY MECHANICS
B. SITTING
DEFINITION: 1. Trunk and head same as in standing position.
2. Hips flexed at right angle to trunk and place
- It is the coordinated use of body parts to
along back of chair with thighs rest on seat of
produce motion and maintain equilibrium
chair.
in relation to skeletal, muscular and
3. Feet flat on the floor, one ahead of the other.
visceral system under neurological
association.
C. POSTURE IN ACTIVITY
PURPOSES: 1. Prepare for load before beginning to lift by
tightening the girdle and prepare to use
1. To maintain good body posture. heavy thigh and hip muscles for the task.
2. To help promote good physiological functions 2. To lift heavy objects, place feet close to object
of the body. to be lifted. Assume feet forward position to
3. To use the body correctly and to maintain its give good base, flex knees and hips and keep
effectiveness. back straight.
4. To prevent injury or for limitation of the 3. Carry objects close to body.
musculo-skeletal system. 4. Have equipment at good height for working.
When the equipment is not ideal, adjust to
GENERAL CONDITIONS: working height by flexing hips and knees
rather than by bending the back.
1. Work close to an object to prevent
5. Avoid torsion (twisting or bending sideways
unnecessary straining of muscles.
from waist to hips) for any activity.
2. Place feet apart in order to provide a wide
base of support when increased stability of
PROPER ALIGNMENT WHEN STANDING:
the body is necessary.
1. The head is erect and midline.
3. Use the longest and strongest muscles of the
2. The shoulders and hips are straight and
arms and legs to help provide the power
parallel.
needed for strenuous activities.
3. The vertebral column is straight.
4. Use the internal girdle (made by contracting
4. When observed laterally, the spine curves
the gluteus muscles downward and abdominal
forming a reversed “S”.
muscles upward) and a long midriff (done by
5. The abdomen is tucked in and the knees and
stretching the muscles in the waist) to
ankles are slightly flexed.
stabilize and protect the abdominal viscera
6. The arms hang comfortably at the person’s
when stopping, reaching, lifting, and pulling.
sides.
5. Push and pull, slide or roll an object to the
7. The feet are slightly apart to form a wide base
surface rather than lift it.
of support, with the toes pointed forward.
6. Use the weights of the body as a force for
8. The center of gravity is midline from the
pulling or pushing by rocking on the feet or
middle of the forehead to a midpoint between
falling forward or backward.
the feet.
PERSONAL BODY MECHANICS OF A NURSE
PROPER ALIGNMENT WHEN SITTING IN A CHAIR,
- Good posture is the skillful use of the body WHEELCHAIR OR REHABILITATION CHAIR:
to assure greater efficiency to lessen 1. The head is erect, and the neck and vertebral
fatigue and protect or prevent back strain. column are straight.
2. Body weight is evenly distributed on the
buttocks and thighs.
CRITERIA FOR GOOD POSTURE: 3. The feet are supported on the floor or a
footstool.
A. STANDING
4. There is a 2 to 4 cm. space between the edge
1. Body erect, with body segment balance one of the chair and the popliteal space on the
over the other. posterior surface of the knee.
2. Feet, 3-4 inches apart wide base of support 5. The forearms are supported on the armrests,
with weight on outer borders. on the lap, or on a table in front of the chair.
3. Knees held easy, neither flexed nor rigidly 6. Avoid using pillows at the back since they
extended. might interfere with proper alignment.
 PROPER ALIGNMENT WHEN LYING:
1. The vertebrae are in straight alignment
without curves.
2. The joints are slightly flexed and supported.
3. There should be support at the feet to prevent
plantar flexion, commonly referred as to foot
drop.
4. The top leg should be flexed and brought
slightly forward for balance.

NURSING GUIDELINES WHEN MOVING AND

POSITIONING PATIENTS:
1. Know the client’s diagnosis, capabilities & any
movement not allowed.
2. Explain to the client what you plan to do.
Then, encourage the client/patient to assist in
moving and positioning to their greatest
potential.
PART 4: BEDMAKING
3. If the client is in pain, administer the
prescribed analgesic sufficiently in advance of OCCUPIED AND UNOCCUPIED
the transfer to allow the client to participate
in the moves comfortably. BED MAKING TECHNIQUE
4. Position the bed at a height that reduces back
pain, and is comfortable and safe for you. - It is the proper adjustment of bed linens.
5. Move the patient closer to one side of the
PURPOSES:
bed.
6. Assess the amount of assistance necessary to  to provide clean environment
safely move the patient.  to promote physical comfort
7. Use aids in moving patients such as:  to maintain appearance of the bed
a. Pull sheets or turn sheets.  to prevent cross contamination
b. Overhead trapeze
c. Slings POINTS TO CONSIDER:
8. Lock the wheels of the bed, wheelchair, or
stretcher so that they do not slide about while 1. Safety and comfort of patient.
you are moving the client. 2. Neatness and cleanliness.
9. Observe the principles of the body mechanics 3. Economy of time and material.
while you work to prevent injuring yourself. 4. Dexterity and care in handling materials.
10. Be sure the client is in good alignment while
SAFETY AND COMFORT OF PATIENTS
moved and lifted to protect the client from
strain and muscle injury.  Wash hands and use gloves if necessary;
11. Support the client’s body well. Use large other personal protective equipment may also
muscle groups. Avoid grabbing and holding an be required.
extremity by its muscle.  Use proper body mechanics at all times to
12. Avoid causing friction on the client’s skin prevent back injury.
during moving.  Make sure the bottom sheet and draw sheet
13. Friction can be reduced by sprinkling powder (if used) are smooth and unwrinkled (wrinkles
or corn starch on bed linens and on the in bed linens can lead to skin breakdown,
client’s skin. especially on bedridden patients).
14. Avoid lifting if he can be rolled; move him  Follow the care plan for positioning the head
towards you rather than pushing him away, and foot of the bed, the number of pillows to
avoid reaching across the bed to do be used, and the use of pillows for positioning.
treatment.
15. Work with feet, head and body towards the NEATNESS AND CLEANLINESS
area of activity.  Laundry hampers placed in the hallway should
16. Avoid lifting heavy objects alone. be at least one room away from clean linen
17. Practice good body mechanics even when carts, or placed according to hospital policy.
performing light tasks in order to minimize  The clean linen cart is always covered;
exertion and strain. replace the cover after removing required
linen.
 Take only the linens you need into the
patient’s room.
 Linens that touch the floor are considered
dirty and are placed in the laundry hamper;
they are not used.
 Avoid contact between the linens and your incontinent and for people with draining
uniform (for both clean and soiled linens). wounds; protects the linens.
 Unused linen is never returned to the clean 3. Top Sheet - Is a flat sheet that covers the
linen cart; it is placed in the laundry hamper. person
 Soiled linen is never placed on environmental 4. Bath blanket - Used during bed baths and
surfaces in the room, such as the overbed linen changes
table, chair, or floor; soiled linens are placed 5. Pillowcase - Used to cover pillow and protect
in the appropriate laundry hamper. it from moisture and soiling
 Fill laundry hampers no more that two-thirds
full. Keep the lid of the hamper on tightly at FURNITURE
all times.
 Ward furniture is ideally used in various
 Many facilities do not permit laundry hampers
hospitals, medical centres and such other
or barrels to be taken into the patient’s room.
places.
Soiled linen may be placed in a plastic bag or
 Ward plain bed, IV stand, bedside screen,
a pillowcase in the room. Make a cuff at the
bedside locker deluxe, hospital washbasin
top of the bag or open end of the pillowcase
stand, hospital basin stand and other furniture
and place the cuff over the back of the chair.
comes in the category of ward furniture.
When the bag or case is two-thirds full, secure
the top and place it in the hamper in the DIFFERENT FURNITURE
hallway.
 Laundry hampers or barrels are returned to 1. Chairs and tables
the utility room after use, or as directed by - A table is an item of furniture with a flat
facility policy. top and one or more legs, used as a
surface for working at, eating from or on
ECONOMY OF TIME AND MATERIAL which to place things.
- A chair is a type of seat. Its primary
 Prepare and arrange the equipment in order
features are two pieces of a durable
of use.
material, attached as back and seat to one
 Work on one side of the bed at a time to
another at a 90° or slightly greater angle
complete removal of soiled linen and
2. Overbed tables
placement of clean linen.
- It is a narrow rectangular table designed
DEXTERITY AND CARE IN HANDLING MATERIALS especially for hospital patients that spans
the bed and is typically fitted with casters
 Never shake bed linens, because microbes and a crank for adjusting the height and
will be released into the air. tilting the top
 As soiled linen is removed from the bed, keep 3. Closets and dressers
the soiled areas on the inside and fold or roll - Closet is a cabinet or recess for especially
the linen toward the center. china, household utensils,
- Drawer is a piece of furniture that has
EQUIPMENT drawers for storing clothes and that
sometimes has a mirror.
1. Linens
4. Privacy curtains and room dividers
2. Furniture
- A hospital curtain is also known as a
3. Chairs and table
cubicle curtain and is a method of giving
4. Over-bed tables
privacy to a patient in a hospital.
5. Closets and dressers
5. Bedside tables
6. Privacy curtains and room dividers
- It is a table used to store patient’s things.
7. Bedside tables
6. Additional equipment
8. Other Equipment
- Call light and intercom system / Call
LINEN Button (signal device)
o It is a button or cord found in hospitals
 Cloth made of flax used to make sheets and nursing homes, at places where
 Linen is famous because of its strength and patients are at their most vulnerable,
durability hence it is known as versatile fabric. such as beside their bed and in the
 It is highly absorbent and can absorb up to bathroom. It allows patients in health
20% of its own weight. care settings to alert a nurse or other
 Linen is 100% natural and oldest fabric used health care staff member remotely of
by ancient Mesopotamia, their need for help. When the button is
pressed, a signal alerts staff at the
TYPES OF LINENS: nurse's station, and usually, a nurse or
nurse assistant responds to such a call.
1. Bottom Sheet - Placed over the mattress
Some systems also allow the patient to
pad
speak directly
2. Bed protector/ Water proof Underpad/
- Oxygen tank and accessories
Rubber sheet - Used for people who are
 o Oxygen tanks are filled with 3. Miter – to join at the corner, to secure the
pressurized oxygen and can help bed linen while the patient is on bed
people with health problems breath.
Typically, these cylindrical tanks are UNOCCUPIED BED
small enough to transport and can be
EQUIPMENT:
operated by the person with the health
issue. Once you properly attach the 1. Bottom Sheet
regulator to the tank, you can attach 2. Top Sheet
tubing that allows the oxygen to travel 3. Pillow Case
through the regulator and into your 4. Pillow
body.
- Suction apparatus and catheter OBSTETRICAL BED
o In medicine, devices are sometimes
necessary to create suction. Suction - A method of bed making for a patient who
may be used to clear the airway of has gave birth.
blood, saliva, vomit, or other
EQUIPMENT:
secretions so that a patient may
breathe. Suctioning can prevent 1. Waterproof under pad\
pulmonary aspiration, which can lead 2. Cotton draw sheet
to lung infections. 3. Top Sheet (Pink)
- Goose neck lamp 4. Pillow case
o A gooseneck lamp is a type of light 5. Pillow
fixture in which a lamp or lightbulb is 6. Bath towel
attached to a flexible, adjustable shaft
to allow the user to position the light SURGICAL BED
source without moving the fixture or
- A method of bed making for a patient who
item to be illuminated. It is an
underwent a surgical operation.
adjustable floor lamp with a gooseneck
arm for use in hospitals, surgical EQUIPMENT:
settings, clinics, rehabilitation centers,
nursing homes, or any medical facility. 1. Bottom Sheet (Green)
This is also been used in patients 2. Waterproof under pad
experiencing chills. 3. Cotton draw sheet
- Kidney / EMESIS basin 4. Bath towel
o It is a shallow basin with a kidney- 5. Top Sheet (Pink)
shaped base and sloping walls used in 6. Pillow case
medical and surgical wards to receive 7. Pillow
soiled dressings and other medical
waste. ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT:
- Padded tongue depressor
1. I.V. pole
o It is used to moisten the lips of the
2. Suction apparatus
patient by soaking the pad with water.
3. Suction catheter (fr.12-14 for adults; fr. 8-10
TYPES OF BEDS: for children)\
4. Oxygen tank prepared with necessary
Bed Making connections
5. Goose neck lamp (optional)
1. Unoccupied Bed 6. Kidney basin lined with tissue paper
- Open 7. Padded tongue depressor
- Close 8. Tissue wipes/ wash cloth
2. Obstetrical Bed
3. Surgical Bed OCCUPIED BED
4. Occupied Bed
- It is a method of bed making with a
TERMS TO REMEMBER: patient in bed.

1. Hem – the edge or border of a garment INDICATION:

Bigger Hem vs Smaller Hem - This is commonly suggested for patients

who are unconscious, critically ill and in
Right Side vs Wrong Side continuous traction.

2. RIBS (Right Side Inside Bottom Sheet) EQUIPMENT:

ROTS (Right Side Outside Top Sheet) 1. Gloves/mask

2. Bath blanket
3. Waterproof underpad 2. Unfold the bottom sheet on bed with right side
4. Cotton draw sheet up and tuck at the head part, make a miter
5. Pillow case corner and tuck from head to foot part of one
6. Pillow side.

BED MAKING PROCEDURE 3. Place rubber sheet across the center of the
bed about 18 inches from the head part.
UNOCCUPIED BED
Rationale: Rubber sheet is used to keep bottom
DEFINITION: sheet from becoming soiled

- A closed bed in one that is made and OPEN BED (UNOCCUPIED)

designed to protect the sheets from dust
and have a neatly tailored appearance. DEFINITION:
- A method of bed making for an incoming
patient. - An open bed in one that is originally made
as a close bed with the top sheet
TYPES: rearranged in such a way that is ready for
use.
a. Close Bed - is made following
discharge of a patient and after the unit is PURPOSE:
cleaned (terminal cleaning). It remains closed
until a new patient is to be admitted. (The top - To provide a comfortable and neatly
sheet is drawn up to the top of the bed over prepared bed for a patient to get into at
the pillows). his convenience.
b. Open Bed - is like a sign saying
MATERIALS:
“welcome” to the new patient. It indicates
that the patient’s arrival has been made. (The - Same as in close bed
top covers are folded back for the patient to
get in). PROCEDURES:

CLOSE BED (UNOCCUPIED) 1. Assemble all materials as in close bed

2. Unfold bottom sheet as in close bed.
PURPOSES: 3. Omit the rubber and cotton draw sheets
unless the patient’s condition indicates use.
1. To provide a comfortable bed for the patient.
4. Proceed with the top sheet as in close bed,
2. For cleanliness.
only fold back top sheet and fanfold towards
3. To maintain good appearance.
foot part or make a side flap.
5. Fluff the pillow and place at the head part.
6. Hang gown, towel and face towel at the head
EQUIPMENT: bed.

1. 1 bottom sheet OBSTETRICAL BED

2. 1 pillow case
3. 1 top sheet DEFINITION:
4. 1 pillow
- A method of bed making for a patient who
5. 1 blanket (optional)
has gave birth.
PROCEDURE:
EQUIPMENT:
1. Assemble all materials and place on the
1. 1 bottom sheet
bedside chair according to use at the foot of the
2. 2 cotton draw sheets (any clean cotton sheet)
bed.
3. 1 waterproof under pad
Arrangement of linens on chair is from the bottom 4. 1 top sheet
up: 5. 2 pillow cases
6. 2 pillows
1. Pillow case
PROCEDURE:
2. Top sheet
1. Do the same as in an unoccupied bed
3. Draw sheet 2. Fanfold top sheet to the foot-part.
3. Place the waterproof underpad where the
4. Rubber sheet buttocks lie and, tuck.
4. If pad is not available, fold any clean cotton
5. Bottom sheet
sheet and put it in place where the buttocks
Rationale: To save time and energy will rest.
 Rationale: To avoid frequent changing of Rationale: To provide wider working space
linen. 8. Roll soiled draw sheet, rubber sheet and
5. Slip the pillows inside their cases. Put 1 pillow bottom sheet toward the patient.
under the waterproof underpad, where the 9. Put clean bottom sheet and roll under the
back of the knees will rest. patient.
Rationale: The pillow will provide comfort to 10. Pull out the same rubber sheet over clean
the patient. Waterproof underpad will protect bottom sheet. And brush off crumbs from the
the pillow from getting soaked with secretions rubber sheet.
or blood from the patient. 11. Place a clean draw sheet over the rubber
6. Place the other pillow at the head of the bed sheet. Make folds of other half of the sheet
with the open end facing away from the pushing it well against the soiled sheet.
entrance. Fan fold the top linen to the 12. Tuck each layer at sides as in making an
footpart. unoccupied bed.
7. Place an extra cotton draw sheet over the 13. Put top sheet over patient and adjust lower
pillow where the knees of the patient will rest. hem.
8. Secure the signal device (buzzer) on the bed 14. Turn patient gently towards you. Go to the
according to hospital policy. other side of the bed.
9. Arrange the furniture and wash hands. 15. Remove all soiled linens separately, place on
the chair or the foot of the bed if chair is not
OCCUPIED BED available.
Rationale: Hold soiled linen out in front of
DEFINITION:
you and away from your clothing to avoid
- It is a method of bed making with a contamination.
patient in bed. This is commonly 16. Unroll other half of clean bottom sheet and
suggested for patients who are proceed as in the other side.
unconscious, critically ill and in continuous 17. Put back patient in lying position and adjust
traction. It is a preparation or changing of top sheet.
bed linens with patient on bed. 18. Tuck at the foot part of the bed and make a
miter corner.
PURPOSES: 19. Change the pillowcase and place pillow under
- To make a bed with least possible patient’s head with opening way from the
discomfort to patient. entrance.
- To provide exercise for the patient and 20. Fold back the upper edge of top sheet and
help stipulate circulation. place over the patient.
- To observe patient’s condition. 21. Adjust the back and knee rest.
22. Remove soiled linen and place in a hamper.
EQUIPMENT: Do after care.
23. Leave the unit in order.
1. 1 bottom sheet
2. 1 pillow case REMOVING THE PILLOWS:
3. 1 pair of working gloves, face mask (PPE)
4. 1 top sheet PURPOSE:
5. 1 bath blanket (optional)
- To make the patient comfortable.
6. gown (optional)
PROCEDURE:
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS:
- Avoid jarring the bed. For patient in need of support:
- Avoid unnecessary exposure of patient.
- Avoid having the top sheet uncomfortably 1. Stand at the side of the bed.
tight. 2. Grasp patient by the arm nearest you so that
the hand is in the region of the patient’s
PROCEDURES: axilla.
3. Tell patient to grasp the arm that is lifting him
1. Take all necessary materials and place on with both hands.
chair or bedside table according to its use. 4. Support head with free hand and raise patient
2. Explain procedure to patient. from pillow.
Rationale: To secure cooperation. 5. Remove support on head temporarily and
3. Lower back and knee rest until bed is flat. remove pillow.
Rationale: Some patients are not permitted
to lie flat on bed unless contraindicated REPLACING THE PILLOW
4. Remove pillow.
5. Loosen all linens. PROCEDURE:
6. Move patient to side of bed.
For a very sick patient;
7. Place patient on lateral position with back
towards you. 1. Distribute feathers or foam of pillow well.
2. Place pillow at the head part of the bed.
3. Grasp and lift patient by the arm nearest you
with support at the axilla region.
4. Adjust pillow with the other hand.

REMOVING AND CHANGING PATIENT’S

GOWN

PROCEDURE:

1. Untie string of gown.

2. If necessary, put patient to his side.
3. Remove the sleeves of the arm opposite you.
4. Fanfold it towards the chest where you are
standing and slip the arm on that side of the
sleeve of the gown.
5. Insert arm farthest you into the sleeve of the
clean gown by gathering sleeves with your
left hand and grasp patient’s hand with your
right hand.
6. Proceed with arm nearest you.
7. Adjust gown and the strings at the back.

SUMMARY:

The room, especially the bed is the patient’s

home while he or she is in the hospital or health
care facility. A well-made bed offers both comfort
and safety. It is an extremely important
contribution to the well-being of the patient.