Lecture 7

Decision Making and Looping

 Objectives
• Discuss the working of:
– while loop
– do…while loop
– for loop

• Clarify the difference between the while loop

and do…while loop

• Explain the types of for loops:

– Simple for loop
– Nested for loops
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 Decision Making and Looping
• Sequence of statements are executed until a
condition is satisfied
• A loop consists of two segments:
– body of the loop.
– control statement / test condition.

• Depending on the position of the control

statement in the loop, a loop may be classified
as an entry-controlled loop or as an exit-
controlled loop.
 Decision Making and Looping
• An entry-controlled loop:
– First the condition is checked and the body of the
loop is executed if the result of the condition is
true.

• An exit-controlled loop:
– First the body of the loop is executed and the
condition is checked at the end of the loop.
 Decision Making and Looping
• A looping process would involve the following
four steps:
– Setting and initialization of a counter.

– Test for a specified condition for execution of the

loop.

– Execution of the statements in the loop.

– Incrementing or decrementing the counter.

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 Decision Making and Looping
• C++ language provides three loop constructs for
performing loop operations.

• They are:
– The while statement
– The do…While statement
– The for statement

• The while and for statements are entry controlled

statements.

• The do…while statement is an exit controlled

statement. 6
 The while Loop
• The general syntax of the while loop is as
follows:
while (test condition)
{
body of the loop
}
Test False
condition

True

Body of the Loop

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 The while Loop
• First the condition is evaluated and if the result
of the condition is true the body of the loop is
executed.

• After the first iteration, the control variable is

either incremented or decremented and the
condition is checked again.

• This process repeats until the test condition

finally becomes false and the control is
transferred out of the loop.
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 The while Loop
• On exit, the program continues with the statement
immediately after the body of the loop.

• The body of the loop may have one or more

statements.

• Curly brackets are needed if the body of the loop

contains two or more statements.

• However, it is a good practice to use curly

brackets even if the body has only one statement.
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 Example: while Loop
• Write a C++ program using while loop to list numbers from
1 to 100.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int number = 1;
while(number <= 100)
{
cout<<number<<endl;
number = number + 1;
}
}
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 Example: while Loop
• Write a C++ program using while loop to list numbers from
100 to 1.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int number = 100;
while(number > 0)
{
cout<<number<<endl;
number = number - 1;
}
}
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 The do…while Loop
• The body of the loop will execute before checking the
condition.

• If the result of the condition is true, it will execute the

body of the loop once again.

• If the result of the condition is false, it will exit from

the loop.

• The general syntax of the do…while loop is:

do
{
body of the loop
}
while(test condition);
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The do…while Loop

Body of the Loop

Test True
Condition

False

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 Example: do…while Loop
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int max, sum = 0, digit = 2;
cout<<"Enter the maximum number ";
cin>>max;
do
{
sum = sum + digit;
digit += 2;
}
while(digit<=max);
cout<<"Sum of a set of even numbers = "<<sum;
}

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 Example: do…while Loop
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int sum = 0, digit = 10;
do
{
sum = sum + digit;
digit--;
}
while(digit>0);
cout<<"Sum of the numbers = "<<sum;
}
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 The for Loop
• Simple for loop- only one for loop
• The general syntax of the for loop is:

for(initialization;condition;increment/decrement)
{
body of the loop
}

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The for Loop

Test False
condition

True

Body of the Loop

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 The for Loop
• The execution of the for statement is as follows:

• Initialization of the loop control variable is done first.

• Example: i = 1
– The variable i is known as the loop control variable.

• The value of the loop control variable is tested using

the test-condition.

• If the result of the condition is true, the body of the

loop is executed; otherwise the loop is terminated.
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 The for Loop
• After executing the body of the loop, control is
transferred back to the for loop and evaluate the last
expression of the for loop.

• Control variable is incremented or decremented using

an assignment statement such as i++ or i-- and the new
value of the control variable is again tested to see
whether it satisfy the condition of the loop.

• If the result of the condition is true, the body of the

loop is again executed.

• This process continues till the value of the control

variable fails to satisfy the test-condition.
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 Example: for Loop
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int number, sum =0;
cout<<"Enter the number of elements ";
cin>>number;
for(int i=1;i<=number;i++)
{
sum = sum + i;
}
cout<<"\nValue of sum = "<<sum;
}

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 Example: for Loop
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int i;
for(i = 100; i > 0; i --)
{
if( i % 5 == 0)
cout<<i<<endl;
}
}

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 Additional Features of for Loop
• More than one variable can be initialized at a time in the for
loop separated by comma.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
for(int i = 1, j = 12; i<=12; i++)
{
int mul = i * j;
cout<<mul<<endl;
}
}

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 Additional Features of for Loop
• The increment / decrement section may also have more
than one part separated by comma.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
for(int a= 2, b=30; a<b; a++, b--)
{
cout<<"Value of a = "<<a<<endl;
cout<<"Value of b = "<<b<<endl;
}
}
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 Additional Features of for Loop
• It is also permissible to use expressions in the
initialization section and increment / decrement section.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a = 2;
for(a=a+0; a<=20; a=a+2)
{
cout<<"Value of a = "<<a<<endl;
}
}
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 Additional Features of for Loop
• The test-condition of the for loop may have a logical
expression.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int sum = 0;
for(int i=1,j=10;(i<20)&&(j>0);i++,j--)
{
sum = sum + i + j;
cout<<"Sum = "<<sum<<endl;
}
}
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 Additional Features of for Loop
• One or more sections of the for loop can be omitted.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int m = 5;
for(; m <= 100;)
{
cout<<"Valur of M = "<<m<<endl;
m = m + 5;
}
}
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 Additional Features of for Loop
• One for statement within another for statement is known as nesting
of for loops.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
for(int i = 0; i <3; i++)
{
for(int j = 0; j<5; j++)
{
cout<<"\nThis is INNER LOOP";
}
cout<<"\nThis is OUTER LOOP"<<endl;
}
}
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