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MTS 3013 Structured Programming: Chapter 4 - Looping

The document discusses various looping constructs in structured programming including the increment/decrement operators (++/--), while loops, do-while loops, for loops, and nested loops. It provides examples of how to use each loop, including using counters, accumulating running totals, reading from files, and validating user input. It also covers concepts like break, continue, and sentinels for terminating loops.

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Getsi Jebamalar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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53 views

MTS 3013 Structured Programming: Chapter 4 - Looping

The document discusses various looping constructs in structured programming including the increment/decrement operators (++/--), while loops, do-while loops, for loops, and nested loops. It provides examples of how to use each loop, including using counters, accumulating running totals, reading from files, and validating user input. It also covers concepts like break, continue, and sentinels for terminating loops.

Uploaded by

Getsi Jebamalar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MTS 3013

STRUCTURED
PROGRAMMING
Chapter 4 Looping

The Increment and


Decrement Operators
++

is the increment operator.

It adds one to a variable.


val++; is the same as val = val + 1;
++

can be used before (prefix) or after


(postfix) a variable:
++val;

val++;

The Increment and


Decrement Operators
--

is the decrement operator.

It subtracts one from a variable.


val--; is the same as val = val - 1;

can be also used before (prefix) or after


(postfix) a variable:

--

--val;

val--;

(Program Continues)

Prefix vs. Postfix


++ and -- operators can be used in
complex statements and expressions
In prefix mode (++val, --val) the operator
increments or decrements, then returns the
value of the variable
In postfix mode (val++, val--) the
operator returns the value of the variable,
then increments or decrements

Prefix vs. Postfix - Examples


int num, val = 12;
cout << val++; // displays 12,
// val is now 13;
cout << ++val; // sets val to 14,
// then displays it
num = --val;
// sets val to 13,
// stores 13 in num
num = val--;
// stores 13 in num,
// sets val to 12

Notes on Increment, Decrement

Can be used in expressions:


result = num1++ + --num2;

Must be applied to something that has a location in


memory. Cannot have:
result = (num1 + num2)++;

Can be used in relational expressions:


if (++num > limit)
pre- and post-operations will cause different comparisons

Introduction to Loops:
The while Loop
Loop:

a control structure that causes a


statement or statements to repeat
General format of the while loop:
while (expression)
statement;

statement; can also be a block of


statements enclosed in { }

while Loop How It Works


while (expression)
statement;

expression is evaluated

if true, then statement is executed, and


expression is evaluated again
if false, then the the loop is finished and
program statements following statement
execute

The Logic of a while Loop

How the Loop in Lines


9 through 13
Works

Flowchart of the Loop

while is a Pretest Loop


is evaluated before the loop
executes. The following loop will never
execute:

expression

int number = 6;
while (number <= 5)
{
cout << "Hello\n";
number++;
}

Watch Out for Infinite Loops


The

loop must contain code to make


expression become false
Otherwise, the loop will have no way of
stopping
Such a loop is called an infinite loop, because
it will repeat an infinite number of times

An Infinite Loop
int number = 1;
while (number <= 5)
{
cout << "Hello\n";
}

Using the while Loop for


Input Validation
Input

validation is the process of inspecting


data that is given to the program as input and
determining whether it is valid.

The

while loop can be used to create input


routines that reject invalid data, and repeat
until valid data is entered.

Using the while Loop for


Input Validation
Here's

the general approach, in pseudocode:

Read an item of input.


While the input is invalid
Display an error message.
Read the input again.
End While

Input Validation Example


cout << "Enter a number less than 10: ";
cin >> number;
while (number >= 10)
{
cout << "Invalid Entry!"
<< "Enter a number less than 10: ";
cin >> number;
}

Flowchart

Input Validation Example from


Program 5-4

Counters
Counter:

a variable that is incremented or


decremented each time a loop repeats
Can be used to control execution of the loop
(also known as the loop control variable)
Must be initialized before entering loop

The do-while Loop


do-while: a posttest loop execute the
loop, then test the expression
General Format:

do
statement; // or block in { }
while (expression);
Note

that a semicolon is required after


(expression)

The Logic of a do-while Loop

do-while Example
int x = 1;
do
{
cout << x << endl;
} while(x < 0);

Although the test expression is false, this loop will


execute one time because do-while is a posttest
loop.

do-while Loop Notes


Loop

always executes at least once


Execution continues as long as expression
is true, stops repetition when expression
becomes false
Useful in menu-driven programs to bring user
back to menu to make another choice (see
Program 5-7 in the book)

The for Loop

Useful for counter-controlled loop

General Format:
for(initialization; test; update)
statement; // or block in { }

No semicolon after 3rd expression or after the )

for Loop - Mechanics


for(initialization; test; update)

statement; // or block in { }
1)
2)

Perform initialization
Evaluate test expression

3)

If true, execute statement


If false, terminate loop execution

Execute update, then re-evaluate test


expression

for Loop - Example


int count;
for (count = 1; count <= 5; count++)
cout << "Hello" << endl;

A Closer Look
at the Previous
Example

Flowchart for the Previous


Example

A Closer Look at Lines 13


through 14 in Program 5-8

Flowchart for Lines 13 through


14 in Program 5-8

When to Use the for Loop


In

any situation that clearly requires


an initialization
a false condition to stop the loop
an update to occur at the end of each iteration

The for Loop is a Pretest


Loop
The

for loop tests its test expression before


each iteration, so it is a pretest loop.
The following loop will never iterate:
for (count = 11; count <= 10; count++)
cout << "Hello" << endl;

for Loop - Modifications

You can have multiple statements in the


initialization expression. Separate the
statements with a comma:
Initialization Expression
int x, y;
for (x=1,
{
cout <<
<<
<<
}

y=1; x <= 5; x++)


x << " plus " << y
" equals " << (x+y)
endl;

for Loop - Modifications

You can also have multiple statements in the test


expression. Separate the statements with a comma:

Test Expression

int x, y;
for (x=1,
{
cout <<
<<
<<
}

y=1; x <= 5; x++, y++)


x << " plus " << y
" equals " << (x+y)
endl;

for Loop - Modifications


You

can omit the initialization expression


if it has already been done:
int sum = 0, num = 1;
for (; num <= 10; num++)
sum += num;

for Loop - Modifications


You

can declare variables in the


initialization expression:
int sum = 0;
for (int num = 0; num <= 10; num++)
sum += num;
The scope of the variable num is the for loop.

Keeping a Running Total

running total: accumulated sum of numbers from


each repetition of loop
accumulator: variable that holds running total
int sum=0, num=1; // sum is the
while (num <= 10) // accumulator
{
sum += num;
num++;
}
cout << "Sum of numbers 1 10 is"
<< sum << endl;

(Program Continues)

Sentinels
sentinel:

value in a list of values that indicates


end of data

Special

value that cannot be confused with a


valid value, e.g., -999 for a test score

Used

to terminate input when user may not


know how many values will be entered

(Program Continues)

Using a Loop to Read


Data from a File
The

stream extraction operator >> returns


true when a value was successfully read,
false otherwise

Can

be tested in a while loop to continue


execution as long as values are read from the
file:
while (inputFile >> number) ...

Deciding Which Loop to Use

while: pretest loop; loop body may not be


executed at all

do-while: posttest loop; loop body will


always be executed at least once

for: pretest loop with initialization and


update expression; useful with counters, or if
precise number of repetitions is needed

Nested Loops
A

nested loop is a loop inside the body of


another loop
Inner (inside), outer (outside) loops:
for (row=1; row<=3; row++) //outer
for (col=1; col<=3; col++)//inner
cout << row * col << endl;

Lines from Program 5-14

Nested Loops - Notes


Inner

loop goes through all repetitions for


each repetition of outer loop

Inner

loop repetitions complete sooner than


outer loop

Total

number of repetitions for inner loop is


product of number of repetitions of the two
loops.

Breaking Out of a Loop


Can

use break to terminate execution of a

loop
Use

sparingly if at all makes code harder to


understand and debug

When

used in an inner loop, terminates that


loop only and goes back to outer loop

The continue Statement


Can

use continue to go to end of loop and


prepare for next repetition

while, do-while loops: go to test, repeat loop


if test passes
for loop: perform update step, then test, then
repeat loop if test passes

Use

sparingly like break, can make


program logic hard to follow

The end

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