Chapter 3 – Variation

Solutions to Exercise 3A
√
1 a y = kx2 x = 49 : y=3× 49
8 = k × 22 = 21
√
8 = 4k y = 90 : 3 x = 90
√
∴ k=2 x = 30

s
x=6: y = 2 × 62 x = 900

f
= 72 x 4 9 49 900

oo
y = 128 : 2x2 = 128 y 6 9 21 90

x2 = 64 1
d y = kx 5
x = 8 (assuming x > 0)

pr
! 15
x 2 4 6 8 1 1
=k×
y 8 32 72 128 5 32
1 1
=k×
ed
b y = kx 5 2
1 1 2
=k× ∴ k=
6 2 5
2 1
1 = 3k x = 32 : y=
× 32 5
ct
5
1 4
∴ k= =
3 5
re

1
x=1: y= ×1 8 2 1 8
3 y= : × x5 =
5 5 5
1
= 1
x5 = 4
or

3
2 1 2 !5
y= : x= 1
3 3 3 x 5 = 45
c

x=2
1 3 x = 1024
un

x 1 2 1
2 2 x 1 32 1024
1 1 1 2 32
y 1 2 4 8
6 3 2 3 y
5 5 5 5
√
c y=k x
√
6=k× 4
6 = 2k
∴ k=3

99
 2 V = kr3 a A = 6 × 12
125 = k × 2.53 = 72 cm2
125 = 15.625k
b 120 = 6h
1.25
∴ k= h = 20 cm
15.625
=8
5 E = kw
a V = 8 × 3.23

s
3.2 = k × 452
= 262.144

f
3.2
∴ k=

oo
b 200 = 8r3 452
8
r3 = 25 =
1130
√3
r = 25

pr
8
a E= × 810
≈ 2.924 1130
648
= cm
113
2
ed
3 a = b3 8
b 10 = ×w
2 2 1130
= k × 13
3 1130
w = 10 ×
2
ct
8
∴ k=
3 2825
=
2 2 2
re

a a= × 23 = 1412.5 g
3
≈ 1.058
6 W = kL2
or

2 2
b 2 = × b3 18 = k × 202
3
2 3 18 = 400k
b3 = 2 × = 3
c

2
18
2 3 k=
un

∴
b3 = 32 (assuming b > 0) 400
9
b ≈ 5.196 =
200
√
L = 225 = 15
4 A = kh
9
60 = k × 10 W= × 152
200
∴ k=6 = 10.125 kg

100
 √
7 V = kr3 10 T =k L
√
4188.8 = k × 103 1.55 = k × 60
∴ k = 4.1888 1.55
∴ k= √
1 m3 = 1 000 000 cm3 60
1.55 √
1 000 000 = 4.1888 r3 T = √ × 90
60
1 000 000 √
r3 = = 1.55 × 1.5
4.1888

s
≈ 238 731.85 ≈ 1.898 seconds

f
r ≈ 62.035 cm

oo
√
11 a d=k h
√
8 S ∝ r2 and S = kr2 where k is the 4.8 = k × 1.8
constant of proportionality.

pr
4.8
Initially set r = 1 ∴ k= √
1.8
Then S = k Person’s height above ground = 4 + 1.8
a If r is doubled set r = 2 = 5.8 m
ed
4.8 √
Then S = k(22 ) = 4k d= √ × 5.8
The surface area is increased by a 1.8
factor of 4. ≈ 8.616 km
ct
b If r is tripled set r = 3 b Height difference between person
Then S = k(32 ) = 9k and yacht = 5.8 + 10 = 15.8 m
√
re

The surface area is increased by a 4.8

d= √ × 15.8
factor of 9. 1.8
≈ 14.221 km
c If r is increased by 10% set r = 1.1
or

Then S = k(1.12 ) = 1.21k

The surface area is increased by 21%. 12 In each case set the initial value of
x to 1.
c

Initial value of y = k (when x = 1).

un

9 E ∝ v3 and E = kv3 where k is the

constant of proportionality. Initially set a i y = k × 22
v=1 = 4k (300% increase)
Then E = k.
√
If the wind increases by 15 % ii y = k × 2
Then E = k(1.15)3 = 1.52087k
≈ 1.41k (41% increase)
The energy is increased by 52%
iii y = k × 23
= 8k (700% increase)

101
 b i y = k × 0.52 iii y = k × 0.83
= 0.25k (75% decrease) = 0.512k (48.8% decrease)
√
ii y = k × 0.5 d i y = k × 1.42
≈ 0.71k (29% decrease) = 1.96k (96% increase)
√
iii y = k × 0.53 ii y = k × 1.4
= 0.125k (87.5% decrease) ≈ 1.18k (18% increase)

f s
c i y = k × 0.82 iii y = k × 1.43

oo
= 0.64k (36% decrease) = 2.744k (174.4% increase)
√
ii y = k × 0.8

pr
≈ 0.89k (11% decrease)
ed
ct
re
c or
un

102
 Solutions to Exercise 3B
2 k
1 a y= c y=
x x2
k k
2= 3= 2
1 1
∴ k=2 ∴ k=3
2 1 3 1
x=6: =y= x=3: y= 2
=
6 3 3 3

s
1 2 1 1 3 1
y= : = y= : =

f
16 x 16 12 x 2 12

oo
x = 2 × 16 = 32 x = 36
2

x = 6 (assuming x > 0)
x 2 4 6 8 16
x 1 2 3 6

pr
1 1 1 1
y 1 2 3 16 32 3 1 1
y 3 4 3 12

k k
b y= √ d y=
x 1
ed
x3
1 k
= √ 1
=
k
2 1 3 1
1 13
∴ k= 1
ct
2 ∴ k=
1 3
y= √ 1
2 x y= 1
re

1 1 1 3x 3
y= : √ = 1 1 1
4 2 x 4 y= : =
√ 9 1 9
2 x=4 3x 3
or

1
x=4 x3 = 3
1 x = 33 = 27
x=9: y=
c

√
2 9 1
x = 125 : y=
un

1 1
= 3 × 125 3
6
1
1 =
x 4 1 4 9 15
1
y 1 1 1 1 x 8 1 27 125
2 4 6
2 1 1 1
y 3 3 9 15

103
 k 80
2 a= b 20 =
b3 b4
k 80
4= √ b4 =
( 2)3 20
√ √ = 4 = 22
∴ k = 4 × ( 2)2 × 2
√ 1
=8 2 b = (22 ) 4 (assuming b > 0)
√ 1 √
8 2 = 22 = 2
a a=

s
b3
√

f
8 2 k
= √ 4 V=

oo
(2 2)3 P
√ k
8 2 22.5 =
= √ 1.9
8× 8
∴ k = 1.9 × 22.5

pr
1 1
= √ = = 42.75
4 2
√ 42.75
8 2 15 =
b a= P
ed
b3 42.75
√ P=
1 8 2 15
= 3
16 b = 2.85 kg/cm2
√
b3 = 8 2 × 16
ct
√
= 128 2 5 I=
k
R
re

≈ 181.01
k
b ≈ 5.657 3=
80
∴ k = 3 × 80
or

3 a=
k = 240
b4
240
c

k
5= 4 a I=
2 100
un

∴ k = 5 × 24 = 80 = 2.4 amperes

80 b 80% of 3 = 2.4
a a=
44 240
80 2.4 =
= = 0.3125 R
256 240
R=
2.4
= 100 ohms

104
 This is an increase of 20 ohms from k
iii y =
the original 80 ohms, i.e. an increase 23
of 25% = 0.125k (87.5% decrease)

k
k b i y=
6 I= 2 0.52
d
= 4k (300% increase)
k
100 =
202 k
ii y = √

s
∴ k = 100 × 400 0.5

f
= 40 000 ≈ 1.41k (41% increase)

oo
40 000
I= k
252 iii y =
0.53
= 64 candela
= 8k (700% increase)

pr
k k
7 r= √ c i y=
h 0.82
k = 1.5625k (56.25% increase)
ed
5.64 = √
10 k
√ ii y = √
∴ k = 5.64 10 0.8
√
ct
5.64 10 ≈ 1.12k (12% increase)
r= √
12
k
= 5.15 cm iii y =
re

0.83
≈ 1.95k (95% increase)
8 In each case set the initial value of
k
or

x to 1. d i y=
Initial value of y = k (when x = 1). 1.42
≈ 0.51k (49% decrease)
k
c

a i y= k
4 ii y = √
un

= 0.25k (75% decrease) 1.4

≈ 0.85k (15% decrease)
k
ii y = √
2 k
iii y =
≈ 0.71k (29% decrease) 1.43
≈ 0.36k (64% decrease)

105
 Solutions to Exercise 3C
2 6
1 a From the table, y = x, which is a b Gradient = =3
3 2
direct relationship. 1 3
y=3× =
x x
b From the table, y = 4x2 , which is a
direct square relationship. 10
c Gradient =
3
5
c From the table, y = , which is an 10 2

s
x y= x
inverse relationship. 3

f
2

oo
√
d From the table, y = 2 x, which is a d Gradient = =2
1
direct square root relationship. √
y=2 x
4
e From the table, y = 2 , which is an

pr
3 1
x e Gradient = =
inverse square relationship. 9 3
1 1 1
y= × √ = √
3 x 3 x
2 If direct variation exists, then the graph
ed
of y vs xn will be a straight line through 6
f Gradient = =6
the origin. 1
Graphs b and e fit these criteria. Graph y = 6x3
ct
f is a straight line but does not pass
through the origin.
5
re

3 If inverse variation exists, then the graph

1
of y vs n will be a straight line that is
or

x
undefined at the origin.
Graphs a, b and e fit these criteria.
Graph a is a curve when showing y vs x,
c

but will straighten out when showing y

1
un

vs n . The graph is a straight line through the

x
origin.
21.6
3 Gradient = = 2.4
4 a Gradient = =3 9
1
y = 2.4x2
y = 3x Note: Any point can be used to calculate
the gradient.

106
 6 8 CAS calculator’s Power Regression
function.
1√
a y= x
4
5
b y = 2x 4

c y = 3.5x0.4

s
2
d y = 10x 3

f
The graph is a straight line through the

oo
5
origin. e y = 2x− 2
7.5
Gradient = = 1.5
5
√ f y = 3.2x−0.4
y = 1.5 x

pr
Note: Any point can be used to calculate
the gradient. 9 a Use your CAS calculator’s power
regression function to determine a
and b.
ed
7 a = 100
b = 0.2
ct
b C = atb
= 100 × 100.2
re

≈ 158.49

10 a Use your CAS calculator’s power

or

regression function to determine a

The graph is a straight line through the
and b.
origin.
a = 1500
c

2
Gradient = = 2
1 b = −0.5
un

2
y= 2
x b I = atb
Note: Any point can be used to calculate
the gradient. = 1500 × 10−0.5
≈ 474.34

107
 Solutions to Exercise 3D
kx kz
1 y= 3 y=
z x2
2k 15 10k
1= = 2
10 2 2
∴ k=5 15 × 4
∴ k=
1 2 × 10
When y = and z = 60 :
2 =3

s
1 5x
= When y = 6 and z = 50 :

f
2 60 3 × 50
6=

oo
x=6 x2
When x = 10 and y = 4 : x2 =
150
= 25
5 × 10 6
4= x=5

pr
z
50 When x = 10 and y = 4 :
z= = 12.5
4 3z
x 2 4 6 10 4=
102
ed
z 10 2 60 12.5
3z = 400
y 1 10 0.5 4
400
z=
3
ct
2 y = kxz
x 2 3 5 10
10 = k × 2 × 10
re

400
1 z 10 4 50
∴ k= 3
2
When y = 25 and z = 50 : y 15
2
4
3 6 4
or

50x
25 =
2
x=1 kb2
4 a=
c

c
When x = 10 and y = 15 : k × 1.22
un

10z 0.54 =
15 = 2
2 0.54 × 2
k=
z=3 1.22
x 2 4 1 10 = 0.75
z 10 8 50 3 0.75 × 2.62
y 10 16 25 15 a=
3.5
≈ 1.449

108
 √
k x Initial value of y = k (when l = 1,
5 z=
y3 d = 1).
√
k× 5 k × 1.5
14.6 = a y=
1.53 0.52
1.46 × 1.53 = 6k (500% increase)
k= √
5
4.9275 k × 0.5
= √ b y=
5 1.52

s
√ ≈ 0.22k (78% decrease)
4.9275 x
z=

f
√
y3 5

oo
√
4.9275 48 kd2
= √ 10 a W =
L
2.33 5 Let the diameter be a and the length b
≈ 0.397 for a supported weight of C.

pr
ka2
C=
6 a 9.8 J/kg.m L
Let the new diameter be x.
b 5880 J
ed
If the length doubles and the weight
remains the same, then
kd2
7 I = krt C=
2L
ct
130 = k × 6.5 × 2 kx 2
ka2
=
130 2L L
k= = 10
13 ka2 2l
re

∴ x2 = ×
I = 10 × 5.8 × 3 L k
= 2a 2
= $174 √
or

x = 2a
The diameter
√ has increased by a
8 E = km v2 factor of 2 ≈ 1.41 or approximately
c

281.25 = k × 25 × 152 41%.

un

281 k × (2a)2
k= b W=
2.5 × 225 3L
= 0.5 4ka2
=
E = 0.5 × 1.8 × 202 3L
4C
= 360 joules =
3
The weight has increased by a factor
9 In both cases, set the initial length and 4
of ≈ 1.33 or approximately 33%.
diameter to 1. 3

109
 11 In both cases, set the initial values of p The tensions will both be the same.
and q to 1.
kx2
Initial value of y = k (when p = 1, b T=
l
q = 1). For the first spring,
k × 12 k
k × 22 T= =
a y= √ 3 3
2 For the second spring,
k × 0.92 3k
= 2.83k (183% increase) T= =
2.7 10

s
T (second spring)
k × 22 The ratio of tension =
b y= √ T (first spring)

f
0.5 0.3k

oo
=
= 5.66k (466%increase) k
3
3k 3
kx = ×
12 a T =

pr
10 k
l
For the first spring, 9
k×1 k = = 0.9
T= = 10
3 3 This is a 10% decrease; the tension in
For the second spring, the second spring is 90% that in the
ed
k × 0.9 k
T= = first.
2.7 3
ct
re
c or
un

110
 Solutions to Exercise 3E
1 C = b + kd 70 = 15k1 + 80k2 1

42.4 = b + 22k 1 43.5 = 15k1 + 27k2 2

1 − 2:
47.8 = b + 25k 2
2 − 1:
26.5 = 53k2
5.4 = 3k k2 = 0.5
∴ k = 1.8 14 = 3k1 + 16 × 0.5

s
42.4 = b + 22 × 1.8 14 = 3k1 + 8

f
42.4 = b + 39.6 3k1 = 6

oo
b = 2.8 k1 = 2
C = 2.8 + 1.8 × 17 p = 2 × 4 + 0.5 × 25

pr
= $33.40 = 20.5

2 a C = b + kd 4 C = k1 n +
k2
ed n
13 125 = b + 50k 1
k2
32 = 200k1 + 1
17 875 = b + 70k 2 200
2 − 1: k2
4750 = 20k 61 = 400k1 + 2
ct
400
∴ k = 237.5 Multiply 1 by 0.5:
13 125 = b + 50 × 237.5 k2
re

16 = 100k1 + 1
400
b = 1250 k2
The fixed overhead charge is $1250 61 = 400k1 + 2
400
or

and the cost per guest is $237.50 2 − 1:

45 = 300k1
b C = b + kd 45
k1 = = 0.15
c

= 250 + 4.75 × 100 300

k2
un

= $5000 32 = 200 × 0.15 +

200
k2
32 = 30 +
3 p = k1 x + k2 y2 200
k2
14 = 3k1 + 16k2 1 =2
200
14.5 = 5k1 + 9k2 2 k2 = 400
Multiply 1 by 5 and 2 by 3: 400
C = 0.15 × 360 +
360
≈ $55.11

111
 5 a s = k1 t + k2 t2 k2
6 t = k1 b +
m
142.5 = 3k1 + 9k2 1 k2
45 = 10k1 +
262.5 = 5k1 + 25k2 2 1
Multiply 1 by 5 and 2 by 3: 45 = 10k1 + k2 1

712.5 = 15k1 + 45k2 k2

1 30 = 8k1 + 2
2
787.5 = 15k1 + 75k2 2
Multiply 2 by 2:
2 − 1:

s
75 = 30k2 45 = 10k1 + k2 1

f
75 60 = 16k1 + k2 2
k2 = = 2.5

oo
30 2 − 1:

142.5 = 3k1 + 9 × 2.5 15 = 6k1

15
3k1 = 120 k1 = = 2.5
6

pr
k1 = 40
45 = 10 × 2.5 + k2
s = 40 × 6 + 2.5 × 36
k2 = 20
= 330 m 20
ed
t = 2.5 × 16 +
b The sixth second is the time from 4
t = 5 to t = 6. = 45 minutes
Distance travelled = 330 − 262.5
ct
= 67.5 m
re
c or
un

112
 Solutions to technology-free questions
1 a a = kb2 k
c y=
x2
3
= k × 22 1 k
2 = 2
3 2
3
∴k= 4
8 ∴k=
3 3
b=4: a = × 42 1 4
8 x= : y=

s
2 3x2
=6 4

f
3 =
a=8: × b2 = 8 3 × 0.52

oo
8 16
64 =
b2 = 3
3 4 4 4
8 y= : =

pr
27 3x 2 27
b=± √
3 3x = 27
2

1 x2 = 9
b y = kx 3
x = ±3
ed
1
10 = k × 23
kb
10 d a= √
k= 1 c
ct
23 1 k×1
10 1
= √
x = 27 : y= × 27 3 4
1 4
23
2 1
re

30 ∴k= =
= 1
4 2
23 b
a= √
1 10 1 1 2 c
or

y= : 1
× x3 =
8 8 4
23
= r9
1
1 23
=
c

x3 16
80 2
9
un

2
x= 3 4 1 3
80 = × ×
1 9 2 4
x= 1
256 000 =
6

113
 2 a d = kt2 k
4 t=
v
78.56 = k × 42 k
78.56 4=
k= 30
16 ∴ k = 4 × 30 = 120
= 4.91 120
t=
d = 4.91t 2
50
= 2.4 hours
b d = 4.91 × 102

s
= 491 m

f
1
5 y∝

oo
x
c 19.64 = 4.91t2
19.64 1
t =
2
=4 a y∝
491 2x

pr
t = 2 seconds ∴ y is halved.
1
√ b 2y ∝
3 a v=k s x
ed
√ 1
7 = k 2.5 x∝
2y
7 ∴ x is halved.
∴k= √
2.5 1
ct
√ c y∝ x
7 s
v= √ 2
2.5
1
re

2y ∝
r
s
=7 x
2.5
r ∴ y is doubled.
10
or

=7 y 1
2.5 d ∝
= 14 m/s 2 x
2
c

x∝
r
s y
b 28 = 7 ∴ x is doubled.
un

2.5
r
s
=4 6 C = ktRI 2
2.5
s
= 16 9 = k × 2.5 × 60 × 16
2.5
∴ k = 0.00375
s = 40 m
C = 0.00375 × 1.5 × 80 × 9
√
c Plot v against s = 4.05 cents

114
 7 C = a + kn k
9 I=
d2
20 = a + 100k 1
Let the initial distance be d1 . The final
30 = a + 500k 2 distance will be d2 .
k
2 − 1 : I1 =
(d1 )2
10 = 400k k
I2 =
10 1 (2d1 )2
∴ k= =
400 40 k

s
=
100 4(d1 )2
20 = a +

f
40 1
= I1

oo
20 = a + 2.5 4
a = 17.5
10 Set the initial values of x and z to 1.
700
C = 17.5 + Initial value of y = k

pr
40
k × 1.12
= $35 y=
0.9
≈ 1.34 (34% increase)
ed
8 v = kI
24 = k × 6
∴k=4
ct
72 = 4I
I = 18 amps
re
c or
un

115
 Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 C y = kx2 4
6 D Gradient = =4
1
3=k×9 √
y=4 x
1
k=
3 kx
7 E y=
k z2
2 A y= 1 k×2 k
x = 2 =

s
1 k 3 2 2
=

f
2
4 2 k=

oo
2 1 3
k= =
4 2 kp2
8 D a=
3 B a = kb3 q
k×4

pr
32 = k × 8 8=
5
k=4 40
k= = 10
a = 4 × 64 4
ed 10 × 9
= 256 a=
6
k = 15
4 C p=
q2
ct
9 D Set the initial value of q to 1.
1 k Initial value of p = k
=
3 9 p = k × 1.12
re

9
k= =3 = 1.21k
3
21% increase
3
1= 2
or

q 10 B Set the initial value of q to 1.

q =3
2
Initial value of p = k
√ k
q = 3 (assuming q > 0) p=
c

0.8
= 1.25k
un

6
5 B Gradient = =3 25% increase
2
y = 3x2

116
 Solutions to extended-response questions
1 m ∝ d2
∴ m = kd2 , where k ∈ R\ {0}
m
∴ k= 2
d
When m = 0.10, d = 9
0.10
k=

s
∴
92

f
1
=

oo
810
d2
∴ m=
810

pr
142
a When d = 14, m=
810
= 0.241 97 . . .
The mass of the second sphere is 0.24 kg, correct to two decimal places.
ed
b When m = 0.15, d2 = 810m
= 810 × 0.15
ct
= 121.5
∴ d = 11.022 70 . . .
The diameter of the third sphere is 11 cm, to the nearest centimetre.
re

2 a h ∝ n2
h = kn2 , where k ∈ R\ {0}
or

∴
h
∴ k= 2
n
When h = 13.5, n = 200
c

13.5
∴ k=
un

2002
= 0.000 3375
∴ h = 0.000 3375n2

b When n = 225, h = 0.000 3375 × 225

= 17.085 93 . . .
The water can be raised to a height of 17.1 m, correct to one decimal place.

117
 r
h
c Now n =
0.000 3375
r
16
When h = 16, n =
0.000 3375
= 217.732 42 . . .
The required speed is 218 revs/min, to the nearest rev/min.

3 Let s be the maximum speed of the yacht (in knots) and l be the length of the yacht (in

s
metres). √
s∝ l

f
√
s = k l, for k ∈ R\ {0}

oo
∴
s
∴ k= √
l
When l = 20, s = 15

pr
15
∴ k= √
20
√
15 5
= √ × √
ed
2 5 5
√
15 5
=
10
√
ct
3 5
=
2
√
re

3 5l
∴ s=
2
√
3 5 × 15
When l = 15, s=
or

2
= 12.990 38 . . .
The maximum speed of the yacht is 13 knots, to the nearest knot.
c

1
4 a V∝
un

P
k
∴ V = , where k ∈ R\ {0}
P
∴ k = VP
When V = 43.5, P = 2.8
∴ k = 43.5 × 2.8
= 121.8
121.8
∴ V=
P

118
 121.8
b Now P=
P
121.8
When V = 12.7, P=
127
= 9.590 55 . . .
The pressure is 9.6 kg/cm2 , correct to one decimal place.
1
5 a w∝
d

s
k
∴ w = , where k ∈ R\ {0}

f
d
k = dw

oo
∴
When d = 6, w = 500
∴ k = 6 × 500

pr
= 3000
3000
∴ w=
d
ed
3000
b When d = 5, w=
5
= 600
A weight of 600 kg could be carried.
ct

3000
c When d = 9, w=
9
re

= 333.333 33 . . .
A weight of 333 kg could be carried, to the nearest kilogram.
or

6 a By inspection, it can be conjectured that some type of inverse variation exists. As p

increases, v decreases.
1
Assume v∝ n for some positive number n.
c

p
k
un

∴ v = n, for k ∈ R\{0}
p
∴ k = vpn
Let n = 1, ∴ k = vp
When p = 12, v = 12
∴ k = 12 × 12
= 144

119
 When p = 16, v = 9
∴ k =16 × 9
= 144
When p = 18, v = 8
∴ k = 18 × 8
= 144

s
∴ k = 144 and n = 1

f
144
i.e. v=

oo
p
b i When p = 72,
144
v=
72

pr
=2
The volume is 2 units.
144
ii Now p=
ed
v
144
When v = 3, p=
3
= 48
ct
The pressure is 48 units.
1 1 1 1
p 12 16 18
re

v 12 9 8

c v
or

12

9
8
c
un

0 1 1 1 1
18 16 12 p

120
 CAS calculator techniques for Question 6
TI: Open a Lists & Spreadsheet
application. Call column A, p, column B,
v and column C, invp. Input the data for
the first two columns.
In the Grey box below the name invp
type =1/p then ENTER and choose
Variable Reference.

s
Open a Data & Statistics application.
Add the variable p to the horizontal axis

f
and variable v to the vertical axis.

oo
Now add the variable invp to the
horizontal leaving v on the vertical axis.
It can be seen that v is inversely

pr
proportional to p.
CP: Open the Statistics application. Type
the data for p into list1 and v into list2.
ed
At the bottom of list3 tap inside the Cal
ct
box and type 1/list1 followed by EXE.
Tap SetGraph → Settings and set
re

Draw: On, Type: Scatter, XList: list1,

YList: list2 then tap SET
Tap y to see the graph
or

Repeat this process changing XList to

list3
c
un

121
 7 Let t be the manufacturing time (in minutes), d be the diameter of the item (in cm) and
n be the number of parts.
There exist constants k1 and k2 such that t = k1 d + k2 n.
When t = 30, d = 3 and n = 8
30 = 3k1 + 8k2 ... 1
When t = 38, d = 5 and n = 10
38 = 5k1 + 10k2 ... 2

s
1 ×5 150 = 15k1 + 40k2 . . . 10

f
2 ×3 114 = 15k1 + 30k2 . . . 20

oo
10 − 20 36 = 10k2
∴ k2 = 3.6
Substitute k2 = 3.6 in 1

pr
∴ 30 = 3k1 + 8 × 3.6
30 − 8 × 3.6
∴ k1 =
3
ed
= 0.4
∴ t = 0.4d + 3.6n
When d = 4 and n = 12,
ct

t = 0.4 × 4 + 3.6 × 12
= 44.8
re

It will take 44.8 minutes.

8 Let C be the cost of wrought iron (in $) and l be the length of wrought iron (in metres).
or

There exist constants k1 and k2 such that C = k1 l + k2 l2 .

When l = 2, C = 18.4
c

∴ 18.4 = 2k1 + 4k2 ... 1

When l = 3, C = 33.6
un

∴ 33.6 = 3k1 + 9k2 ... 2

1 ×3 55.2 = 6k1 + 12k2 . . . 10
2 ×2 67.2 = 6k1 + 18k2 . . . 20
20 − 10 12 = 6k2
∴ k2 = 2

122
 Substitute k2 = 2 into 1
18.4 = 2k1 + 4 × 2
18.4 − 4 × 2
∴ k1 =
2
= 5.2
∴ C = 5.2l + 2l2
When l = 5, C = 5.2 × 5 + 2 × 52

s
= 76

f
The cost is $76.

oo
9 Let S n be the sum of the first n natural numbers. There exist constants k1 and k2 such
that S n = k1 n + k2 n2 .
Now S3 = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6

pr
S 4 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10
When n = 3, S 3 = 6
∴ 6 = 3k1 + 9k2 ... 1
ed
When n = 4, S 4 = 10
∴ 10 = 4k1 + 16k2 ... 2
ct
1 ×4 24 = 12k1 + 36k2 . . . 10
2 ×3 30 = 12k1 + 48k2 2 . . . 20
re

20 − 10 6 = 12k2
1
∴ k2 =
or

2
1
Substitute k2 = into 1
2
1
c

6 = 3k1 + 9 ×
2
un

1
6−9×
∴ k1 = 2
3
1
=
2
1 1
∴ S n = n + n2
2 2
1
= n(n + 1)
2

123
 10 a Using a CAS calculator,
TI: In a Lists & Spreadsheet application input 20, 30 and 60 into a column
called n and input 15 650, 19 170 and 27 110 to a column called p. Press
Menu→4:Statistics→1:Stat Calculations→9:Power Regression. Set X List
to n and Y List to p and Save RegEqn to f1. The relationship between N and P is
found to be
P = 3498.544 689N 0.500 099 300 8

f s
oo
pr
ed
CP: In the Statistics application input 20, 30 and 60 into list1 and input 15 650,
19 170 and 27 110 list2. Tap Calc → Power Reg and set XList to list1, YList to list2
ct
and Copy Formula to yl

b TI: In the Calculator application type f1(55)

re

CP: In the Main application type y1(55). Use the letter y from the 0 tab (do not use
the variable y) to find that the caterers would anticipate selling 25 956 pies on that
day.
or

c Sketch f 2 = 25 000.
TI: Scroll to f 1(x) = and press ENTER. Press Menu → 6:Analyze Graph → 4:Intersection
c

CP: Tap Analysis → G - Solve→Intersect

The point of intersection is (51.023 01, 25 000). The caterers would be hoping for a
un

maximum crowd of 51 000, to the nearest thousand.

11 a Using a CAS calculator, and Power Regression as in 10 a, the relationship is found

3600
to be t = 2
d

124
 b Using a CAS calculator, the relationship is found to be T = 0.14d2 .

c On a CAS calculator, let f 1 = 0.14x2 and f 2 = 80.

The point of intersection is found to be (23.904 572, 80).
The maximum dosage that should be given is 23.9 ml, correct to one decimal place.

d t = 3600d−2
When d = 23.904 57 . . . , t = 6.300 00 . . .
It would take 6.3 minutes for the patient to lose consciousness.

f s
e When d = 20, t = 3600 × 20−2

oo
=9
and T = 0.14 × 202
= 56

pr
The patient would lose consciousness after nine minutes and remain unconscious for
56 minutes.

12 a i Using a CAS calculator, and Power Regression as in 10 a so the relationship is

ed
pasted directly into f 1, the relationship is found to be approximately
T = 0.000 539R1.501 .

ii On the CAS calculator,

ct
TI: In the Calculator application type f 1({228, 779, 1427, 2872, 4497, 5900})
followed by ENTER to find the corresponding T values.
re

CP: In the Main application type y1({228, 779, 1427, 2872, 4497, 5900}) followed
by EXE to find the corresponding T values. (Use the letter y from the 0 tab)
The values (correct to two decimal places) are shown in the following table.
or

Planet R T
Mars 228 1.87
Jupiter 779 11.86
c

Saturn 1427 29.45

Uranus 2870 84.09
un

Neptune 4497 165.05

Pluto 5900 248.16

b Using f 1 as in a ii, let f 2 = 70 and set the screen to show the point of intersection.
The point of intersection is found to be (2540.0837, 70).
The radius of the comet’s orbit is 2.540 × 109 km, correct to four significant figures.

125
 Number of advertisements (n) 10 20 30
13
Number of enquiries (E) 30 40 47
Consider E = anb .
From a CAS calculator,
a = 11.7016 and b = 0.4093, correct to
four decimal places.

f s
oo
When n = 100, E = 77, correct to the

pr
nearest whole number.
There will be approximately77 enquiries
if 100 advertisements are placed.
Number of days (d) 3 5 7 10
ed
Number of enquiries (E) 45 25 17 11

Consider E = kd p .
From a CAS calculator,
ct
k = 163 and p = −1.167, correct to
three decimal places.
re
c or

When d = 14, E = 7.49, correct to two

un

decimal places.
After 14 days there will be about 7
enquiries.

126