BME2301 - Circuit Theory

The Instructors:
Dr. Görkem SERBES (C317)
gserbes@yildiz.edu.tr
https://avesis.yildiz.edu.tr/gserbes/

Lab Assistants:
Nihat AKKAN
nakkan@yildiz.edu.tr
https://avesis.yildiz.edu.tr/nakkan
1
 Objectives of the Lecture
• Explain mathematically how resistors in series are
combined and their equivalent resistance.
• Explain mathematically how resistors in parallel are
combined and their equivalent resistance.
• Rewrite the equations for conductances.
• Explain mathematically how a voltage that is applied to
resistors in series is distributed among the resistors.
• Explain mathematically how a current that enters the a
node shared by resistors in parallel is distributed among
the resistors.
• Describe the equations that relate the resistances in a
Wye (Y) and Delta (D) resistor network.
• Describe a bridge circuit in terms of wye and delta sub-
circuits.
2
Voltage Division

V1
-

+
V2
_

3
Voltage Division

4
 Voltage Measurement
• Using voltmeters to measure the voltages across the resistors
• The positive
(normally red) lead
of the voltmeter is
connected to the
point of higher
potential (positive
sign), with the
negative (normally
black) lead of the
voltmeter connected
to the point of lower
potential (negative
sign) for V1 and V2.
• The result is a positive reading on the display.
• If the leads were reversed, the magnitude would remain the same, but
a negative sign would appear as shown for V3.

5
 Current Measurement
• Measuring the current throughout the series circuit.

• If each ampermeter is to provide a positive reading, the

connection must be made such that conventional current
enters the positive terminal of the meter and leaves the
negative terminal.
– The ampermeter to the right of R3 connected in the reverse
manner, resulting in a negative sign for the current.
6
 Example 01
• Find the V1, the voltage across
+ R1, and V2, the voltage across R2
V1
- V1 = R1 (R1 + R2 )Vtotal
V1 = 3k (3k + 4k ) 20V sin(377t )

+
V1 = 8.57V sin(377t )
V2

V2 = R2 (R1 + R2 )Vtotal

_

V2 = 4k (3k + 4k ) 20V sin(377t )

V2 = 11.4V sin(377t )

– Check: V1 + V2 should equal Vtotal

• 8.57sin(377t) + 11.4sin(377t) = 20sin(377t) V
7
 Example 02
• Find the voltages listed in the circuit below.
Req = 200 + 400 + 100
+ Req = 700
V1
-
V1 = 200 / 700 (1V )
+ V1 = 0.286V
V2
-
V2 = 400 / 700 (1V )
V2 = 0.571V
+

V3 = 100 / 700 (1V )

V3
-
V3 = 0.143V

– Check: V1 + V2 + V3 = 1V
8
Example 03
• Determine vx in this
circuit:
6 Ω || 3 Ω = 2 Ω

9
 Symbol for Parallel Resistors
• To make writing equations simpler, we use a symbol
to indicate that a certain set of resistors are in parallel.
– Here, we would write

R1║R2

to show that R1 is in
parallel with R2.

– This also means that we should use the equation for

equivalent resistance if this symbol is included in a
mathematical equation.
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Current Division in Parallel Connection

11
Current Division

12
Current Division

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 Current Division
• For three resistors parallel circuit, current in branches:
R2 R3
I1 =
+
I in
R1 + R2 R3
V R1 R3
I2 = I in
R2 + R1 R3
_
R1 R2
I3 = I in
R3 + R1 R2
• Alternatively, you can reduce the number of resistors in
parallel from 3 to 2 using an equivalent resistor.
• If you want to solve for current I1, then find an equivalent
resistor for R2 in parallel with R3.
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 Current Division

Vin

R2 R3 Req
where Req = R2 R3 = and I1 = I in
R2 + R3 R1 + Req

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 Current Division

The current associated  The current associated

with one resistor R1 in with one resistor Rm in
parallel with one other parallel with two or more
resistor is: resistors is:

 R2   Req 
I1 =   I total I m =   I total
 R1 + R2   Rm 
where Itotal is the total of the currents entering the
node shared by the resistors in parallel.

16
Voltage Measurement in Parallel Connection

• Measuring the voltages of a parallel dc network

– Note that the positive or red lead of each voltmeter is

connected to the high (positive) side of the voltage across
each resistor to obtain a positive reading.
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Current Measurement in Parallel Connection

• Measuring the source current of a parallel

network

– The red or positive lead of the meter is connected so that the

source current enters that lead and leaves the negative or
black lead to ensure a positive reading.
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Current Measurement in Parallel Connection

• Measuring the current through resistor R1

– resistor R1 must be disconnected from the upper

connection point to establish an open circuit.
• The ampermeter is then inserted between the resulting
terminals so that the current enters the positive or red
terminal
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Example 04

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 Example 05…
• The circuit to the right I1
has a series and parallel
combination of resistors +
plus two voltage
V1
sources.
– Find V1 and Vp _
– Find I1, I2, and I3
I2 I3

Vp

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 ...Example 05…
I1

• First, calculate the

+
total voltage applied +
to the network of V1
resistors.
_
– This is the addition of
two voltage sources in
series. I2 I3
Vtotal

Vp
Vtotal = 1V + 0.5V sin( 20t )
_ _

22
 …Example 05…
I1
• Second, calculate the +
equivalent resistor
+ V1
that can be used to
replace the parallel _
combination of R2
and R3.
Vtotal
R2 R3
Req1 = +
R2 + R3
400(100 ) Vp
Req1 =
400 + 100 _ _
Req1 = 80
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 …Example 05…

• To calculate the value I1

for I1, replace the
series combination of
+
R1 and Req1 with
another equivalent
resistor.

Vtotal
Req 2 = R1 + Req1
Req 2 = 200 + 80
Req 2 = 280
_

24
 …Example 05…
I1

Vtotal
I1 = +
Req 2
1V + 0.5V sin(20t )
I1 =
280
1V 0.5V sin(20t ) Vtotal
I1 = +
280 280
I1 = 3.57mA + 1.79mAsin(20t )

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 …Example 05…
I1

• To calculate V1, use +

one of the previous + V1
simplified circuits
where R1 is in series _
with Req1.
Vtotal
R1
V1 = Vtotal +
R1 + Req
or Vp

V1 = R1 I1 _ _

V1 = 0.714V + 0.357V sin(20t )

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 …Example 05…
I1

 To calculate Vp: +
Req1
Vp = Vtotal + V1
R1 + Req1
or _

V p = Req1 I1
or Vtotal
V p = Vtotal − V1 +
V p = 0.287V + 0.143V sin(20t )
Vp
Note: rounding errors can occur. It is best to
carry the calculations out to 5 or 6 significant _ _
figures and then reduce this to 3 significant
figures when writing the final answer.

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 …Example 05…
I1

• Finally, use the +

original circuit to find V1
I2 and I3.
_

I2 I3
R3
I2 = I1
R2 + R3
+
or
Vp
Req1
I2 = I1 _
R2
I 2 = 0.714mA + 0.357mAsin(20t )
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 ...Example 05
I1

• Lastly, the calculation +

for I3.
V1
R2
I3 = I1 _
R2 + R3
or I2 I3

Req1
I3 = I1 +
R3
Vp
or
_
I 3 = I1 − I 2
I 3 = 2.86mA + 1.43mAsin(20t )
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 Summary

• The equations used to • The equations used to

calculate the voltage calculate the current
across a specific resistor flowing through a specific
Rn in a set of resistors in resistor Rm in a set of
series are: resistors in parallel are:
 Rn  Req
Vn =   Vtotal Im = I total
 Req  Rm
 Geq  Gm
Vn =   Vtotal
Im = I total
 Gn  Geq
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Summary Table

31
Wye and Delta Networks (3 Terminals)
• 3 terminal arrangements – commonly used in
power systems

Wye (Y) Delta (D)

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 Wye and Delta Networks
• Sometimes when you are simplifying a resistor
network, you get stuck.
• Some resistor networks cannot be simplified using the
usual series and parallel combinations. This situation
can often be handled by trying the Delta (Δ) −Wye (Y)
transformation.
• The names Delta and Wye come from the shape of the
schematics, which resemble letters. The
transformation allows you to replace three resistors in
a Δ configuration by three resistors Y configuration,
and the other way around.

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 T and P (4 Terminals)

• Drawn as a 4
terminal arrangement
of components.

34
 T and P

• 2 of the terminals
are connecting at
one node. The node
is a distributed
node in the case of
the P network.

35
 Wye and Delta Networks
To transform a Delta into a To transform a Wye into a
Wye Delta

If R1 = R2 = R3 = R, then Ra = Rb =Rc = 3R
If Ra = Rb = Rc = R’, then R1 = R2 = R3 = R’/3
36
 Example 06
• We want to find the equivalent resistance
between the top and bottom terminals

37
 Example 06 (cont.)
• First, let's redraw the schematic to emphasize
we have two Δ connections stacked one on the
other.

38
 Example 06 (cont.)
• Now select one of the Δ's to convert to a Y. We will perform
a Δ→Y transformation and see if it breaks the logjam, opening
up other opportunities for simplification.

39
Example 06 (cont.)

40
Example 06 (cont.)

41
Example 06 (cont.) – A different approach

42
 Uses
• Distribution of 3 phase power
• Distribution of power in stators and windings in
motors/generators.
– Wye windings provide better torque at low rpm and
delta windings generates better torque at high rpm.

43
 Bridge Circuits

 Measurement of the voltage

VCD is used in sensing and
full-wave rectifier circuits.
 If RA = RB = RC = RD, VCD = 0V
 In sensing circuits, the
resistance of one resistor
(usually RD) is proportional to
some parameter – temperature,
pressure, light, etc. , then VCD
becomes a function of that
same parameter.

44
 Bridge Circuits

• Back-to-back Wye
networks

45
 Bridge Circuit

• Or two Delta
networks where Rc1
= Rc2 = ∞.

46
 Bridge Circuits

• Alternatively, the
bridge circuit can
be constructed
from one Delta
and one Wye
network where
Rc = ∞.

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Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

48
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

49
 Summary
• There is a conversion between the resistances
used in wye and delta resistor networks.
• Bridge circuits can be considered to be a
combination of wye-wye, delta-delta, or delta-
wye circuits.
– Voltage across a bridge can be related to the change
in the resistance of one resistor if the resistance of
the other three resistors is constant.

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