CLASS: - X

PHYSICS NOTES
LIGHT: - REFLECTION AND REFRACTION

INTRODUCTION
Light is a form of energy that provides us sensation of vision. Light is called a transverse
wave or form of an electromagnetic radiation because it does not require any medium
for its propagation. A light wave travels with speed of 3 x 108 ms-1 in free space. Its medium
of propagation is rectilinear that is it travels in a straight line. A ray of light is a straight
line that indicates the path of light, generally shown by an arrow head whereas a beam of
light is the bundle of light rays originating from same source of light.
In this chapter we shall discuss important phenomenon related to Optics (branch of
physics dealing with various phenomenon of light) namely reflection and refraction.
Let us study in detail each one of the topic one by one.

REFLECTION
sin i
n=
sin r
The phenomenon of bouncing back of light when it strikes a hard surface is called
reflection of light. A highly polished surface or mirror reflects the light.
Before studying reflection in detail we must know the meaning of certain terms like: -

What is an object?
Anything which reflects light or which is visible to us is an object. Physically they are of
two types: - luminous and non luminous objects. All objects which have their own light
and emit it are called luminous objects whereas objects which do not have their own light
and emit the light of other are called non luminous objects. Sun, candle etc are examples
of luminous objects. Moon is an example of non luminous object. It takes light from sun
and emits it.

What is an image?
Image is said to be formed at a point where the rays of light after reflection either
actually meets or appears to meet. It is essential for the rays of light to meet in any way
actually or by appear to after reflection. Therefore minimum two or more than two reflected
rays are required for the formation of image. Physically image is of two types: - real and
virtual. A real image is said to be formed at a point where rays of light after reflection
actually meets. A real image is always inverted and can be obtained on a screen. A virtual
image is said to be formed at a point where rays of light after reflection appears to
meet. A virtual image is always erect and cannot be obtained on a screen.

NOTE: - Whenever light falls on any surface then always there is a probability of three
phenomenon to occur namely transmittance (to transmit the light), absorption (to absorb
the light) and reflection (to reflect the light). Now as we are studying reflection and if we
want to make reflection phenomenon to be more probably exhibit by a surface then
polishing is done at the back side of reflecting surface. Polishing is therefore essential to

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make a surface a best reflector of light. Silver mirrors (with silver polished at back) are
the best reflectors of light. They reflect 90-95 % of light falling on them.
In our course, we have to study reflection through three types of mirrors namely plane,
concave and convex mirrors. Let us study each in detail one by one.

Reflection through Plane mirrors

A Plane mirror reflects the light in the following manner: -

The particulars of above diagram are explained as follows: -

1. Incident ray: - The ray of light which falls on the surface of mirror is called
incident ray of light.
2. Point of incidence: - The point at which the incident ray strikes the surface of
mirror is called point of incidence.
3. Normal ray: - The ray of light which is perpendicular to the surface of mirror is
called normal ray.
4. Reflected ray: - The ray of light which bounces back just after striking the surface
of mirror is called reflected ray.
5. Angle of incidence: - The angle formed between the incident ray and normal ray
is called angle of incidence.
6. Angle of reflection: - The angle formed between the normal ray and reflected ray
is called angle of reflection.

Based on reflection through plane mirrors, there are two basic laws of reflection which
are stated as: -
1. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
2. The incident ray, the normal ray and the reflected ray are all lie on same plane.

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Ray diagram to show image formation through plane mirrors

The following diagram illustrates how image is formed taking plane mirror as reflecting
surface.

Characteristics of image formed by the plane mirror

1. The size of image is same as that of size of object. (h0=h1)

2. The distance of image from the surface of mirror is equal to the distance of object
from the mirror surface. (u = v)
3. The image formed by plane mirror is always virtual and erect
4. Image formed by plane mirror is laterally inverted i.e. left hand side of object
appears to be at right hand side and vice versa.

Magnification

Magnification is the ratio of height of image formed to the height of object. Height of
image is represented by h2 and height of object is represented by h1. Mathematically
magnification, m = h2 / h1.
In case of plane mirror, height of image formed is equal to the height of object; therefore
magnification produced by plane mirrors is 1 or unity.

Some important questions: -

1. How the ray of light reflects if it falls at an angle of 45◦ to the surface of plane
mirror?
Ans: - It will be reflected back at an angle of 45◦ to the normal ray. This is because
angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection.

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 2. What happens when ray of light falls normally on surface of plane mirror?
Ans: - When light falls normally on surface of plane mirror then it will retrace its path
that means it will be reflected back along the same path.

3. What is the focal length of plane mirror?

Ans: - The focal length of plane mirror is infinity.

Reflection through spherical mirrors

Spherical mirror: - A hollow reflecting surface which is of the form of a sphere in

which the inner or outer surface is reflecting is called spherical mirror. They are of
two types: - concave and convex. If the outer surface is silvered and reflection takes place
from inner surface, the mirror is called concave mirror. If the inner surface is silvered and
the outer surface reflects, the mirror is called convex mirror.

Some important definitions related to spherical mirrors

1. Pole: - The central point of the reflecting surface is called the pole.
2. Centre of curvature: - The centre of curvature is the centre of that spherical mirror
of which concave and convex mirrors are part.
3. Radius of curvature: - The radius of curvature is the radius of that spherical mirror
of which concave and convex mirrors are part.
4. Principal axis: - The axis passing through the pole of mirror is called principal
axis.
5. Aperture: - The width or diameter of the reflecting surface is called aperture.
6. Focus of concave mirror: - Focus of concave mirror is that point on principal axis
from which all the rays of light coming parallel to the principal axis after reflection
actually pass.
7. Focus of convex mirror: - Focus of convex mirror is that point on principal axis
from which all the rays of light coming parallel to the principal axis after reflection
appears to pass.
8. Focal length: - The distance between the pole and focus of mirror is called focal
length. It is represented by ‘f’.
9. Object distance: - It is the distance of the object from the pole of mirror. It is
represented by ‘u’.

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 10. Image distance: - It is the distance of the image from the pole of mirror. It is
represented by ‘v’.

Rules for drawing the ray diagrams using concave mirrors and convex mirrors

Following are listed four rules for drawing the ray diagrams: -
CONCAVE MIRROR RULES
1. All rays of light coming parallel to the principal axis after reflection passes through
focus.
2. If a ray of light passes through focus then after reflection it will become parallel to
the principal axis.
3. If a ray of light passes through centre of curvature, then it will retrace its path after
reflection.
4. If a ray of light falls at the pole then it gets reflected at the same angle on the other
side of principal axis.
CONVEX MIRROR RULES
1. All rays of light coming parallel to the principal axis after reflection appears to be
coming through focus.
2. A ray of light going towards centre of curvature of a convex mirror is reflected back
along the same path.
3. If a ray of light going towards focus of a convex mirror, becomes parallel to the
principal axis after reflection.
4. If a ray of light falls at the pole then it gets reflected at the same angle on the other
side of principal axis.

Summary of the Images formed by concave mirror

Position of Object Position of Image Size of Image Nature of Image

Within Focus Behind the mirror Highly magnified Virtual and erect
(between P and F)
At F At infinity Highly Magnified Real and inverted
Between F and C Beyond C Magnified Real and inverted
At C At C Equal to size of Real and inverted
object
Beyond C Between F and C Diminished Real and inverted
At infinity At F Highly diminished Real and inverted

Summary of the Images formed by convex mirror

Position of object Position of Image Size of Image Nature of Image
At infinity At F Diminished, Point Virtual and Erect
Sized
At finite distance Behind mirror Diminished Virtual and Erect

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Uses of concave mirrors: -
Concave mirrors can be used as shaving mirrors, as a reflector to concentrate light, as a
reflecting type astronomical telescope, head light of automobiles and in ophthalmoscope
to examine throat and ear of a person generally parabolic concave mirrors are used.

Uses of convex mirrors: -

Convex mirrors are used as rear-view mirrors in automobiles, as a device to check theft in
shops and to bring view of corners which are directly not accessible.

Sign conventions in case of spherical mirrors

The set of rules which are used to give positive and negative sign with the values while
doing any problem in physical optics are known as sign conventions.

Note: - All the distances are measured from pole. While measuring any quantity from pole,
if we move in a direction opposite to the direction of incident ray, then sign of that quantity
will be –ve. Further, if we move in the direction of incident ray, then sign of that quantity
will be positive. Further, whenever we are supposed to give sign to vertical distances like
height, then we use the concept of mathematical graphs. Upward distances are all +ve
whereas downward distances are all –ve. Sign will be assigned only to that variable which
is known to us. Sign of unknown variable will automatically come after evaluation.

Case: - 1 Concave mirrors

a) Object distance (u) is always –ve. This is because for measuring object distance
from pole, we move in a direction opposite to the direction of incident ray.
b) Focal length (f) is also –ve. This is because for measuring focal length from pole,
we move in a direction opposite to the direction of incident ray.
c) Radius of curvature (R) is also –ve. This is because for measuring radius of
curvature from pole, we move in a direction opposite to the direction of incident
ray.
d) Image distance (v) has two particular cases. If image formed is real, then in order
to measure image distance from pole we will move in a direction opposite to the
direction of incident ray. On the contrary, if image formed is virtual, then in order
to measure image distance from pole we will move in a direction of incident ray.
Therefore, we conclude that: -
If image is real, then v is –ve
If image is virtual, then v is +ve
e) Height of object (h1) is always +ve. This is because to measure this height we will
have to move up from pole. As discussed above that upward distances are taken
+ve therefore height of object is +ve.
f) Height of image (h2). Again it will have two cases. When image is real, then to
measure this height we will move down from pole and contrarily if image is virtual,
then to measure this height we will move up from pole. Therefore, we conclude
that: -
If image is real, then h2 is –ve

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 If image is virtual, then h2 is +ve

Case: - 2 Convex mirrors

a) Object distance (u) is always –ve. This is because for measuring object distance
from pole, we move in a direction opposite to the direction of incident ray.
b) Focal length (f) is +ve. This is because for measuring focal length from pole, we
move in a direction of the incident ray.
c) Radius of curvature (R) is also +ve. This is because for measuring radius of
curvature from pole, we move in a direction of the incident ray.
d) Image formed by convex mirror is always virtual. Therefore, if image formed is
virtual, then in order to measure image distance from pole we will move in a
direction of incident ray and hence v is +ve.
e) Height of object (h1) is always +ve. This is because to measure this height we will
have to move up from pole. As discussed above that upward distances are taken
+ve therefore height of object is +ve.
f) As image formed is virtual therefore to measure this height we will move up from
pole. Accordingly h2 is +ve.

Relation between object distance (u), image distance (v) and focal length (f) in case of
spherical mirrors
1 1 1
= +
f v u
Or
2 1 1
= + ( f = R/2)
R v u

Relation between magnification (m), object distance (u) and image distance (v)

v
m=−
u

Some important conceptual question related to spherical mirrors

1. Why concave mirrors are used as reflectors in torches, vehicles head lights and
search lights?
Ans: - This is because when a lighted bulb is placed at the focus of a concave reflector,
then it produces a powerful beam of parallel light rays. This helps us to see things up
to a considerable distance in the darkness of night.

2. Why concave mirrors are used as shaving mirrors?

Ans: - This is because when the face is held within the focus of a concave mirror, then
an enlarged image of the face is seen in the concave mirror. This helps us in making a
smooth shave.

3. Why concave mirrors are used by dentist?

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 Ans: - This is because when a tooth is within the focus of a concave mirror, then an
enlarged image of tooth is seen in the concave mirror. Due to this, it becomes easy to
rectify the defect in the tooth.

4. Why large concave mirrors are used in field of solar energy to focus sun rays
for heating solar furnaces?
Ans: - The solar furnace is placed at focus of a large concave reflector. The concave
reflector focuses the sun rays on the furnace due to which the solar furnace gets very
hot. Therefore concave reflector is used to increase the temperature of the furnace by
focusing sun rays.

5. Why convex mirrors are used as rear view mirrors?

Ans: - This is because: -
a) A convex mirror always produces an erect image of the objects.
b) The image formed in a convex mirror is highly diminished or much smaller
than the object, due to which a convex mirror gives a wide field of view.

REFRACTION

What is refraction?
The phenomenon of bending of light rays when they move from one medium to another is
called refraction.

What is the cause of refraction?

Speed of light in different media is different. Due to which whenever light moves from
one medium to another, a slight change in its speed results in its bending, and hence
refraction occurs.

Which physical quantity remains unchanged while refraction: - wavelength or

frequency of light?
Frequency of light remains unchanged while refraction.

What is medium? What is optically rarer medium and optically denser medium?

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A medium in which the sped of light is more is known as optically rarer medium and a
medium in which speed of light is less, is known as optically denser medium.

Note: -
1. When ray of light moves from a rarer medium to denser medium then it bends
towards the normal.

2. When ray of light moves from a denser medium to rarer medium then it bends away
from the normal.

Refraction through glass slab

The refraction through glass slab is shown in the following figure.

Note: - When light undergoes refraction through glass slab, then: -

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(i) The angle of emergence and angle of incidence will be equal.
(ii) The emergent ray will be parallel to the incident ray, but will be laterally displaced.

What is lateral displacement or lateral shift? On what factors do it depends?

It can be defined as the perpendicular distance by which the incident ray is displaced if
refraction through glass slab would not have occurred.
Lateral displacement depends upon the thickness of glass slab, the incident and refractive
angles.

What will happen if light falls normally on the interface separating two medias?
If an incident ray falls normally then there is no bending of the ray of light, and it goes
straight.

Why a stick partly immersed in water appears to be bent at water surface?

When a straight stick is partly immersed in water and held obliquely to the surface, it
appears to bent at the point where it enters water. This apparent bending of the stick is due
to the refraction of light when it passes from water into air. Following ray diagram makes
the point more clear: -

Why an object placed under water in a tank appears to be raised?

The coin under water appears to be raised due to the refraction of light which takes place
when it goes from water into air. This will become clear from the following ray diagram

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Why a pool of water appears to be less deep than it actually is?
A pool of water appears to be less deep than it actually is because of refraction of light
which takes place when light rays pass from pool of water into the air. This will become
more clear from the following ray diagram: -

State the laws of refraction of light.

Consider the following refraction: -

Based on above refraction two laws are given: -

a) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence, all lie
in the same plane.
b) The second law of refraction is known as Snell’s law of refraction. According to
Snell’s law of refraction: - The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of
angle of refraction is constant for a given pair of media i.e. called refractive index
of the medium.

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 sin i
Therefore, refractive index, n =
sin r
Define refractive index.
The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to sine of angle of refraction is a constant for a
particular pair of media in contact. This constant is known as refractive index of medium.
Refractive index is usually denoted by the symbol n.
sin i
Therefore, refractive index, n =
sin r

What is relative refractive index?

When light goes from one medium (other than vacuum or air) to another medium, then the
value of refractive index obtained is known as relative refractive index.
For example, when light moves from water to glass, then the value of refractive index is
relative refractive index, i.e. refractive index of glass with respect to water, denoted by ngw

What is absolute refractive index?

When light moves from (vacuum or air) to another medium, then the value of refractive
index obtained is known as absolute refractive index of that medium. For example when
light moves from air to glass, then refractive index obtained will be called the absolute
refractive index of glass, denoted by nga or simply ng

Define refractive index.

Refractive index of any medium can also be defined as the ratio of speed of light in air to
the speed of light in that medium.
speed of light in air
For example, refractive index of glass, nga =
speed of light in glass

Refractive index of diamond is 2.42. What is meant by the statement?

Refractive index of diamond is 2.42; by this we mean that ratio of speed of light in air to
speed of light in diamond is 2.42.

Light enters from air into glass plate having refractive index 1.50. What is the speed
of light in glass?
We know, nga = 1.50
Speed of light in air, (c) = 3 x 108 ms-1

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 speed of light in air
nga =
speed of light in glass
speed of light in air
speed of light in glass =
nga
3  108
= = 2 108 m / s
1.5
If the refractive index of water is 1.33, what is the refractive index of air with respect
to water?
We know that, nwa = 1.33, i.e. refractive index of water.
we know that
nwa  naw = 1
1 1 3
therefore, naw = = =
nwa 4 / 3 4
The refractive indices of medium A, B and C are 1.44, 1.47 and 1.33 respectively. In
which of these materials does light travels fastest?
We know that,
speed of light in air
nma =
speed of light in medium
In above expression, speed of light is constant therefore refractive index of medium relates
inversely with speed of light in that medium. Or we can say that if refractive index of
medium is greater, then speed of light in that medium will be less and vice versa.
Now, in given question refractive index of B is largest due to which speed of light in B will
be less than A and C. And refractive index of C is smallest due to which speed of light in
C will be more than A and B. Therefore in medium C light travels fastest.

Note: - When refractive index of medium is less, then speed of light in that medium will
be more and if refractive index of medium is more, then speed of light in that medium will
be less.

Refraction of light by spherical lenses

Some important definitions regarding spherical lenses

1. Lens: - It is a piece of transparent glass bound by two spherical surfaces.

2. Convex lens: - A convex lens is thick at the centre but thinner at the edges. It is a
converging lens because it converges a parallel beam of light rays passing through
it.
3. Concave lens: - A concave lens is thin in the middle but thicker at the edges. A
concave lens diverges parallel beam of light.
4. Optical centre: - The centre point of a lens is known as its optical centre.
5. Principal axis: - The principal axis of a lens is a line passing through the optical
centre of the lens and perpendicular to both the faces of the lens.

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 6. Focus of a convex lens: - It is that point on principal axis to which light rays
parallel to the principal axis converge after passing through the lens. A convex lens
has real focus.
7. Focal length: - The focal length of a lens is the distance between optical centre and
principal focus of the lens.
8. Focus of concave lens: - Focus of concave lens is a point on its principal axis from
which light rays, originally parallel to the axis, appear to diverge after passing
through concave lens.

Rules for drawing images by Lenses

CONVEX LENS RULES

1. A ray of light which is parallel to the principal axis of a convex lens, passes through
its focus after refraction through lens.
2. A ray of light passing through the optical centre of a convex lens goes straight after
refraction through the lens.
3. A ray of light passing through the focus of a convex lens becomes parallel to its
principal axis after refraction through the lens.

CONCAVE LENS RULES

1. A ray of light which is parallel to the principal axis of a concave lens, appears to be
coming through its focus after refraction through lens.
2. A ray of light passing through the optical centre of a convex lens goes straight after
refraction through the lens.
3. A ray of light passing through the focus of a convex lens becomes parallel to its
principal axis after refraction through the lens.

Summary of the Images formed by convex lens

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 Position of Object Position of Image Size of Image Nature of Image
Within Focus On the same side of Highly magnified Virtual and erect
(between O and F) object
At F At infinity Highly Magnified Real and inverted
Between F and 2F Beyond 2F Magnified Real and inverted
At 2F At 2F Equal to size of Real and inverted
object
Beyond 2F Between F and 2F Diminished Real and inverted
At infinity At F Highly diminished Real and inverted

Summary of the Images formed by concave lens

Position of object Position of Image Size of Image Nature of Image
At infinity At F Diminished, Point Virtual and Erect
Sized
At finite distance Between O and F Diminished Virtual and Erect

Relation between focal length (f), object distance (u) and image distance (v)

1 1 1
= −
f v u
Or
2 1 1
= − ( f = R/2)
R v u

Relation between magnification (m), object distance (u) and image distance (v)

v
m=
u

Sign conventions in case of spherical lenses

Here all the distances are measured from optical centre of lenses

Convex lens

1. Object distance (u) is always –ve. This is because for measuring object distance
from optical centre, we move in a direction opposite to the direction of incident ray.
2. Focal length of convex lens is + ve. This is because in measuring focal length of
convex lens from optical centre, we move in a direction of incident ray.
3. Radius of curvature is also +ve.
4. Image distance will depend upon its nature. If image is real, then to measure image
distance from optical centre we move in direction of incident ray, therefore v = +ve.
But if image is virtual, then to measure image distance we move in opposite
direction of incident ray. Therefore,
If image is real, then v is +ve

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 If image is virtual, then v is –ve
5. Height of object (h1) is always +ve. This is because to measure this height we will
have to move up from optical centre. As discussed above that upward distances are
taken +ve therefore height of object is +ve.
6. Height of image (h2). Again it will have two cases. When image is real, then to
measure this height we will move down from optical centre and contrarily if image
is virtual, then to measure this height we will move up from optical centre.
Therefore, we conclude that: -
If image is real, then h2 is –ve
If image is virtual, then h2 is +ve

Concave lens

1. Object distance (u) is always –ve. This is because for measuring object distance
from optical centre, we move in a direction opposite to the direction of incident
ray.
2. Focal length of convex lens is - ve. This is because in measuring focal length
of convex lens from optical centre, we move in a direction opposite to that of
incident ray.
3. Radius of curvature is also –ve
4. Image formed by concave lens is always virtual. Therefore, if image formed is
virtual, then in order to measure image distance from optical centre we will
move in a direction opposite to that of incident ray and hence v is - ve
5. Height of object (h1) is always +ve. This is because to measure this height we
will have to move up from optical centre. As discussed above that upward
distances are taken +ve therefore height of object is +ve.
6. As image formed is virtual therefore to measure this height we will move up
from optical centre. Accordingly h2 is +ve.

Power of lens
Power of lens is a measure of the degree of convergence or divergence of light rays falling
on it.
Mathematically, it is defined as the reciprocal of focal length.
P = 1/f
The unit of power is ‘dioptre’,(D) when focal length is taken in meter.

Define ‘1 D’
‘1 D’ can be defined as the power of that lens whose focal length is 1 m.

Note: - Power of lens depends upon the focal length. Therefore, power of convex lens is
+ve and that of concave lens is – ve because focal length of convex lens is + ve and concave
lens is – ve.

Power of combination of lens

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If a number of lenses are placed in close contact, then the power of the combination of
lenses is equal to the algebraic sum of the powers of individual lenses.
P = p1 + p2
Where p1 and p2 are the power of two lenses placed in contact to each other, whereas P is
the total power of combination of lens.

ASSIGNMENT ON NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

1. A concave mirror produces three times magnified real image of an object

placed at 10 cm in front of it. Where is the image located?
(v = − 30 cm)
2. An object 2 cm high is placed at a distance of 16 cm from a concave mirror
which produces a real image 3 cm high. Find the focal length of mirror and
position of image. (v = − 24 cm, f = − 9.6 cm)
3. When an object is placed at a distance of 50 cm from a concave spherical
1
mirror, the magnification produced is − . Where should an object be placed
2
1
to get a magnification of − ? (100 cm)
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4. A mirror forms an image which is 30 cm from an object and twice its height.
a) Where the mirror must be situated?
b) What is the radius of curvature?
c) Is the mirror concave or convex?
(10 cm from object , R = 40 cm, Concave mirror )
5. If a concave mirror has a focal length of 10 cm, find the two positions where
an object be placed to give an image that is twice the size of object.
(15 cm, 5 cm)
6. An object 5 cm high is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a convex mirror of
radius of curvature 30 cm. Find the nature, position and size of the image
formed. (v = 6 cm, h2 = 3 cm, virtual and erect )
7. An object 1 cm tall is placed 30 cm in front of a convex mirror of focal length
20 cm. Find the nature, size and position of the image formed.
(v = 12 cm, h2 = 0.4 cm, virtual and erect )
8. A shop security mirror 5 m from certain items displayed in the shop
produces one-tenth magnification. What is the type of mirror? Also find the
radius of curvature of mirror. (Convex mirror , 10 / 9 m)
9. An object is placed 15 cm form a (a) converging mirror, and (b) diverging
mirror, of radius of curvature 20 cm. Calculate the image position and
(a) v = − 30 cm, m = − 2
magnification in each case.
(b) v = + 6 cm, m = + 0.4

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10. An arrow 2.5 cm high is placed at a distance of 25 cm from a diverging
mirror of focal length 20 cm. Find the nature, position and size of image
formed. (v = 11.1 cm, h2 = 1.1 cm, virtual and erect )
11. A beam of light passes from air into a substance X. If the angle of incidence
be 72 and the angle of refraction is 40 , calculate the refractive index of
substance ‘X’. (Given sin 40 = 0.642, sin 72 = 0.951)
( Ans : Re fractive index of X = 1.48)
12. The refractive indices of kerosene, turpentine and water are 1.44, 1.47 and
1.33 respectively, in which of these materials does light travels fastest?
Explain your answer.
13. The speed of light in vacuum and in two different glasses is given in the table
below: -
MEDIUM Speed of light
Vacuum 3  108 ms −1
Flint glass 1.86  108 ms −1
Crown glass 1.97  108 ms −1
(a) Calculate the absolute refractive indices of flint glass and crown glass.
(b) Calculate the relative refractive index for light going from crown glass to
flint glass.
( Ans : 1.61, 1.52, 1.059)
14. Refractive indices of four media A, B. C, D are 1.33, 1.44, 1.52 and 1.65
respectively. In which of these medium is the speed of light (i) maximum and
(b) minimum? Explain your answer.
15. The refractive index of glass is 1.5 and refractive index of water is 1.33. Find
refractive index of: -
a) Glass with respect to water
b) Water with respect to glass
(1.1278, 0.8866)
16. If an object 0f 7 cm height is placed at a distance of 12 cm from a convex lens
of focal length 8 cm, find the position, nature and height of image formed.
(v = 24 cm, m = − 2, h2 = − 14 cm, real and inverted )
17. A lens of focal length 20 cm is used to produce a ten times magnified image of
a film slide on a screen. How far must the slide be placed from the lens?
(220 cm)
18. An object 50 cm tall is placed on the principal axis of a convex lens. Its 20 cm
tall image is formed on the screen placed at a distance of 10 cm from the lens.
Calculate the focal length of lens. (7.14 cm)
19. A lens forms a real image 3 cm high of an object 1 cm high. If the separation
of object and image is 15 cm, find the focal length of the lens. (+ 2.81 cm)
20. A magnifying lens has a focal length of 100 mm. An object whose size is 16
mm is placed at some distance from the lens so that the image is formed at a
distance of 25 cm in front of lens.
(a) What should be the distance between object and lens?

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 (b) Where the object should be placed if the image is to be formed at infinity?
(7.14 cm, 10 cm)
21. At what distance should an object be placed from a convex lens of focal
length 18 cm to obtain an image at 24 cm from it on the other side? What will
be the magnification produced in this case?
(72 cm, − 0.33 cm)
22. An object is 2 m from a lens which forms an erect image exactly 1/4th the size
of object. Calculate the focal length of lens. Identify the lens.
(− 66.7 cm, concave)
23. A 2 cm tall object is placed 40 cm from a diverging lens of focal length 15 cm.
Find the position, nature and size of image formed.
(−10.90 cm, 0.54 cm tall , virtual and erect )
24. An object is placed 20 cm form a (a) converging lens, (b) diverging lens, of
focal length 15 cm. Calculate the image position and magnification in each
a ) v = 60 cm, m = − 3
case.
b) v = − 8.5 cm, m = 0.42
25. A concave lens of focal length 20 cm is used for forming image of an object
that is 5 cm tall. At what distance the object should be placed in order to
form image 15 cm from lens? Also calculate the size of image.
( − 60 cm, 1.25 cm)
26. Two thin lenses of power +3.5 D and -2.5 D are placed in contact. Find the
power and focal length of combination. (+ 1 D, +1 m)
27. A convex lens of focal length 25 cm and a concave lens of focal length 10 cm
are placed in contact with one another.
(a) What is the power of this combination?
(b) What is the focal length of this combination?
(c) Is this combination converging or diverging?
(Ans: -6 D, -16.66
cm, Diverging)
28. The power of combination of two lenses X and Y is 5 D. If the focal length of
lens X is 15 cm. What is focal length of lens Y? What is nature of lens Y?
(-60 cm, concave)
29. Two lenses A and B of focal lengths +20 cm and -10 cm, respectively.
(a) What is the nature of lens A and lens B?
(b) What is power of lens A and lens B?
(c) What is power of lens A and B held together?
(A is convex, B is concave, Power of lens A is +5 D and Power of lens B is
-10 D and power of combination is -5 D)

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