Sure, here's a comprehensive explanation for each of your questions:

### 1. Definitions

a. **Computer Network**: A set of computers connected together for the purpose of sharing resources.
The most common resource shared today is a connection to the Internet. Other shared resources can
include a printer or a file server.

b. **Internet**: A global network of interconnected computers that communicate freely and share and
exchange information. It is the largest WAN (Wide Area Network) and connects millions of private,
public, academic, business, and government networks.

c. **Server**: A computer program or a device that provides functionality for other programs or
devices, called "clients". This architecture is called the client-server model, and a server provides various
functionalities, often called services, such as sharing data or resources among multiple clients.

d. **Client**: A piece of computer hardware or software that accesses a service made available by a
server. The client-server model refers to the relationship between the client and the server.

e. **Router**: A networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. Routers
perform the traffic directing functions on the Internet.

f. **Medium**: In networking, it refers to the physical path or channel through which data is
transmitted between devices. Common types of media include cables (copper, fiber optic) and wireless
signals.

g. **Peer-to-Peer Network**: A decentralized network model where each computer (peer) has
equivalent capabilities and responsibilities. Unlike client-server models, there is no central server; each
peer can act as both a client and a server.

### 2. Fill in the Blanks

a. **Hub/Switch** can be defined as a connection point among network devices.

b. The means through which we send our data from one place to another is known as **Transmission
Medium**.

c. HTTP stands for **Hypertext Transfer Protocol**.

### 3. Network-Related Acronyms

a. **HDMI**: High-Definition Multimedia Interface

b. **TCP**: Transmission Control Protocol

c. **UDP**: User Datagram Protocol

d. **ISP**: Internet Service Provider

e. **NIC**: Network Interface Card

f. **HTTPs**: Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure

g. **MAN**: Metropolitan Area Network

h. **UPS**: Uninterruptible Power Supply

i. **DHCP**: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

j. **DNS**: Domain Name System

k. **VGA**: Video Graphics Array

l. **TCP/IP**: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

m. **IEEE**: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

n. **BAN**: Body Area Network

o. **WLAN**: Wireless Local Area Network

p. **FTP**: File Transfer Protocol

### 4. Network Classifications

a. **Occupied Geography**:

- **LAN (Local Area Network)**: Covers a small geographic area, like a home, office, or building.
 - **MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)**: Spans a city or large campus.

- **WAN (Wide Area Network)**: Covers a large geographic area, such as a country or continent.

b. **Components Role/Structure**:

- **Client-Server Network**: Has dedicated servers and clients, where servers provide resources
and services, and clients request them.

- **Peer-to-Peer Network**: All computers have equal status and can both request and provide
resources and services.

c. **Ownership**:

- **Private Network**: Owned by a single organization.

- **Public Network**: Available for public use, often provided by telecommunications companies or
ISPs.

### 5. Network Devices

1. **Router**: Directs data packets between networks.

2. **Switch**: Connects devices within a single network, forwarding data based on MAC addresses.

3. **Hub**: A basic networking device that connects multiple Ethernet devices, making them act as a
single network segment.

4. **Modem**: Modulates and demodulates signals for data transmission over telephone lines or cable
systems.

5. **Access Point**: Provides wireless connectivity to a wired network.

6. **Firewall**: Monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on security rules.

7. **Gateway**: Acts as a bridge between different networks, often translating protocols.

8. **Network Interface Card (NIC)**: Provides a hardware interface between a computer and a network.

9. **Repeater**: Amplifies or regenerates signals to extend the range of a network.

10. **Bridge**: Connects and filters traffic between two network segments at the data link layer.
### 6. IP Address vs. MAC Address

- **IP Address**: A logical address assigned to each device on a network to identify its location on the
network. It can change depending on the network.

- **MAC Address**: A unique, fixed physical address assigned to a network interface card (NIC) for
communication on the physical network segment.

### 7. Router vs. Gateway

- **Router**: A device that routes data between different networks, typically using IP addresses.

- **Gateway**: A broader term for a device that acts as a "gateway" between different systems,
potentially translating different protocols and formats.

### 8. Network Protocol

A set of rules and conventions for communication between network devices. It ensures proper data
transfer and communication.

### 9. Examples of Protocols

- **HTTP**: For transferring web pages.

- **FTP**: For file transfers.

- **SMTP**: For sending emails.

- **DNS**: For resolving domain names to IP addresses.

### 10. Advantages and Disadvantages of Networks

**Advantages**:

- Resource sharing

- Improved communication

- Centralized data management

- Security through central administration

**Disadvantages**:

- Security vulnerabilities

- Network failures

- Complexity in management

- Initial setup costs

### 11. Applications of Networks

- Email communication

- File sharing

- Internet browsing

- Online gaming

- Remote access to resources

### 12. Network Technologies

- **Ethernet**: Common LAN technology.

- **Wi-Fi**: Wireless network technology.

- **Bluetooth**: Short-range wireless technology.

- **Fiber Optic**: High-speed data transmission.

### 13. Network Topology Types

- **Bus Topology**: Single central cable, terminators at both ends.

- **Star Topology**: Devices connected to a central hub.

- **Ring Topology**: Devices connected in a circular format.

- **Mesh Topology**: Devices interconnected.

- **Tree Topology**: Hierarchical connection of star topologies.

### 14. Main Network Components

- Routers

- Switches

- Hubs

- NICs

- Cables

### 15. Network Tools

Tools used to install, configure, and troubleshoot networks, such as:

- Cable testers

- Network analyzers

- Crimping tools

- Wi-Fi analyzers

### 16. Network Materials

Materials used in building networks, like:

- Cables (Ethernet, fiber optic)

- Connectors (RJ45, BNC)

- Patch panels

### 17. Network Equipment

Hardware required for network operation, such as:

- Servers

- Routers

- Switches

- Firewalls

### 18. Types of Network Cable Termination

- **Straight-Through**: For connecting different types of devices.

- **Crossover**: For connecting similar devices.

- **Rollover**: For connecting a computer terminal to a network router console.

### 19. Trunk in Networking

A trunk is a single transmission channel that carries multiple signals simultaneously, typically connecting
major switching centers in a network.

### 20. Types of Trunks

- **Voice Trunks**: Carry voice traffic.

- **Data Trunks**: Carry data traffic.

- **Fiber Trunks**: Use fiber optic cables for high-speed data transmission.

### 21. Connectors

Devices that join cables or connect network devices. Examples:

- RJ45

- BNC

- SC and LC for fiber optics

### 22. Classification of IP Addresses

- **Class A**: Large networks (1-126)

- **Class B**: Medium-sized networks (128-191)

- **Class C**: Small networks (192-223)

- **Class D**: Multicast (224-239)

- **Class E**: Experimental (240-255)

### 23. Definitions

a. **Subnetting**: Dividing a network into smaller sub-networks to improve management and

efficiency.

b. **Internet Protocol (IP)**: The protocol used for transmitting data across the Internet, defining
addressing, packet handling, and routing specifications.

### 24. Benefits of Subnetting

- Efficient IP address management

- Improved network security

- Reduced network congestion

- Enhanced network performance

### 25. Types of Subnetting

- **Classful Subnetting**: Based on fixed subnet masks.

- **Classless Subnetting**: Using Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM).

### 26. Ways of Assigning IP Addresses

- **Static Assignment**: Manually assigned IP addresses.

- **Dynamic Assignment**: Automatically assigned IP addresses via DHCP.

### 27. Testing Network Interconnection

- **Ping**: Check connectivity.

- **Traceroute**: Determine the path packets take.

- **Network scanners**: Identify devices on a network.

### 28. Preventive Maintenance

Regularly scheduled maintenance to prevent hardware and software failures, such as updating software,
cleaning hardware, and checking cables.

### 29. Corrective Maintenance

Repairing or restoring network components after a failure occurs, including hardware replacement and
software troubleshooting.

### 30. Network Troubleshooting

The process of identifying,

diagnosing, and resolving network issues, involving steps like:

- Checking physical connections

- Using diagnostic tools (ping, traceroute)

- Reviewing configuration settings