Ce Document Est Mis À Disposition Selon Les Termes de La Licence Creative Commons "Attribution - Partage Dans Les Mêmes Conditions 4.0 International"
Ce Document Est Mis À Disposition Selon Les Termes de La Licence Creative Commons "Attribution - Partage Dans Les Mêmes Conditions 4.0 International"
Ce Document Est Mis À Disposition Selon Les Termes de La Licence Creative Commons "Attribution - Partage Dans Les Mêmes Conditions 4.0 International"
! = " = #
! = − #
$πε %
& ' ( " ≈ ≈ " =%#
& ) * ( "
− =δ =∇ ⋅
⋅
" = ⋅ " =
$πε % +
$πε % +
, - (
" ' . . #
θ
! =
$πε %
/
! (
" #
• ! = −∇ "
θ θ
, = " θ = " ϕ =%#
$πε % +
$πε % +
• )
− ⋅ −
! = −∇ = ∇ + = ⋅ #∇ + ∇ ⋅
$πε % $πε % + +
−+
"∇ +
= +× ∇ = × +
, " ⋅ = + + " ∇* ⋅ =
+ ⋅
,' 0 = −
$πε % +
•
& 1
θ
θ
2 3 = + θ
44
3 " " 4 .
θ
θ
# + θ# θ
, = = θ
= + θ
" = + θ θ "
θ
= =
θ θ θ
θ# θ
5 =
θ
, = θ + " = θ#
& 1
#
θ
1 = " = 6
− θ θ θ
5 − +
=%
= " = # + θ# θ
" 6 = 6# + 6 θ 6# θ
"
6+ 6 θ θ 6 = %
− 6 θ6
, =
θ 6
! − θ= θ
θ
6 θ6
, − θ6= − θ6 * " θ =θ6 = 6
6
. #
7 8 . '
4
ρ*
! = " 6=
ρ* τ
" * =
$πε % 6
! = + +
⋅ + ###
6
,
ρ* τ ρ* τ
* = + ⋅ + ###
$πε % $πε % +
ρ* τ
=
$πε %
+
$πε %
( ρ* # )
τ ⋅ +
+ ###
= % + + ###
• :
! =
$πε %
%
• :
& 1
! = ρ* # τ#
" = ⋅
$πε % +
& /
! ρ = − δ* − + δ* −
+
5 = ρ* # τ=
& '
5 ' " . 6 .
6= ρ* # 6 τ+ ρ* # τ= 6 +
6
, ' #
1 ' "
6 & & = %" ' #
+ , .
! = % + + + + + ###
+ ;
, " "
+ θ−
' 4 = # *
<π #ε % +
,
, 4
' = > 9 ?
&
& "
& @ ' * = ⋅
$πε % +
& A ' #
& ! 4 = ;
$
! 4 . ( << * .
4
&
! =− * + *
, =%
, #
!
* = ∧ *− + ∧*
= ∧
5 = ∧ #
" 4 #
! δ =− ⋅ + ⋅ = ⋅ = * ⋅
, =− ⋅ +
7 4
&
*! ( <<
/
•
! = * * − *
, = * * − * = *∇ ⋅ = ⋅∇
= " #
!
= ⋅∇
•
∂ ∂ ∂
! = + +
∂ ∂ ∂
∂ ∂
∇∧ =%" = ###
∂ ∂
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂* ⋅
, = + + = ⋅ =
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
*
" = ∇* ⋅ #
1 #
*
! * = ∧ *− * + ∧ * = ∧* * + *
5 * = ∧ *
! =− ⋅ *
A . ' #
B 4 ∇* ⋅ " .
'
<
3
, 4
! ) 9 4 #
& '3 "
* =− # *
1 < * >θ = % θ >> τ D % − <
* 9 " 9 " ' 9
& '
! *
* " = =
= α# #
/
! . 4 = α 6ε %# * . )
' = '
' " 9
3 " 3 #
• 3
& '3 * =%
' "
E F' " E
< >= %
< >≠ %
& '
E = α# #
E 44 < > +α #
! . *$ 9
, 3 *E " 3
*E " 3 *G ) 3 " =
3 #
C
1 ) ' *4
• G
! 4 9 =−
! ' 4 3 * (
! I 4 4 =−
• 3
& = %" I 4 " ' 3
' 9 " = %#
& ≠ %" ' 3 ! =− − −
=% =%
−
, =
&
J
, =− = " α= #
ρ >%
*+ I 4 ) #
"
α= = $πε % # + * α 6 = 4π ## + " . '
. +× . 3 9 #
H
*$ 2
5 I
M " ' 3 " %=− % −
−"
. = * ) '
$πε % +
! ) ' 3 * )
4 ) "
#
' :
9 ' #
7 , *N
• ,
. ' 9 ' #
" '3 " '9 #
1 ≠ %" . . 9 #
A . τ . "
= ) 3 " . #
τ
L
/
& ' #
! . ' 9 *
O
& 3)
. & = 6"
* . .
" 6; ' I
• ,
" . " L 9 #
C ' ' " . 3 3 #
" '
#
" . . 3
* F "
) #
Σ
! ' - * " . * #
•
⋅ ⋅
* = = τ
$πε % +
$πε % +
⋅ ∇⋅
! +
= ⋅∇ = ∇ ⋅ −
,
−∇⋅
* = ∇ ⋅ τ+ τ
$πε % $πε %
−∇⋅
= ⋅ $+ τ
Σ $πε % % $ $πε %
⋅% −∇⋅
= $+ τ
Σ $πε % $πε %
• B
! ⋅% =σ " −∇⋅ =ρ
σ ρ
" * = $+ τ
Σ $πε % $πε %
! = ' 4
ρ
σ
%
• 9 9
! = #
5 4
! 3 δ = δ& +
" ' #
, ρ = % = −∇ ⋅ #
σ =− σ = = = ⋅%
δ&
5 ' 4
5 = * " . >%
∂
! = * δ& " 6 = * + δ& δ& " − 6= − δ& + #
∂
− 6 ∂
, ρ= =− = −∇ ⋅
δ& +
∂
4 = #
• ∇∧ =%
ρ ρ ρ −∇⋅ ρ
• ∇⋅ = = + 3 = + 3
ε% ε% ε% ε% ε%
ρ3
, ∇⋅ + =
ε% ε%
. = ε% + " ' .
∇⋅ =ρ 3
' ' ( #
$ EB* )
•
&
= ε % χD * 0χ
!
= ε % (χ )
χD ' 3 #
& E )
χD #
& B
χ = ε%χ
•
& ∇∧ =%
ρ3
& ∇⋅ + =
ε% ε%
. = ε%χ " ' .
ρ3
∇ ⋅( + χ ) =
ε
ε%
ρ3
5 ∇⋅ = * ) " ε
ε %ε
" "
ε% ε %ε #
ε . .#
ε = ε %ε . #
•
E! P ε = CH
&
= * 3 "
$πε %ε +
−δ
+δ +δ
& G
6
=
$πε % +
5 I '
6
6=
$πε %ε +
*G .
, 4
•
σ*
Σ+ −σ *
*
Σ−
!4 * . % σ* . +∞
σ= * =
• , 4
$
Σ
4 $ ' 4 "
= * $ F * F 4 #
• 1 3 3
β
α
3 #
• Q
B9 I . 4 *
> 3 ?
+
+ , .
Σ
! =
⋅ * $⋅ −
! * = = = * Ω
$πε % Σ +
$πε % Σ +
$πε % Σ
. 4 "
! 4 Ω≈ π "
#
−
" * = * × π * = * × π
$πε % $πε %
*
, * − * =
ε%
• 9
"
− −σ
3
−
−σ
ε%
"
σ#
ε%
−
−σ#
ε%
$
@ . %" 3 3
ε%
−
ε%
$ /
•
δ$
Σ
δ
! " . 4 4 δφ = =%
ε%
, ⋅ δ$ − ⋅ δ$ = % " %" − %" =%
• ,
Σ
!
* *' ∇
− −* − = − = ⋅ *−
ε% ε% ε%
' '
= − ' −* − ' = ⋅ − ⋅
∇
, − =−
ε%
" "
∇
− =−
ε%