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ADVANCES IN AI FOR BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION, ELECTRONICS
AND COMPUTING
This book contains the proceedings of 5th International Conference on Advances in AI for
Biomedical Instrumentation, Electronics and Computing (ICABEC - 2023), which provided
an international forum for the exchange of ideas among researchers, students, academicians,
and practitioners.
It presents original research papers on subjects of AI, Biomedical, Communications &
Computing Systems. Some interesting topics it covers are enhancing air quality prediction
using machine learning, optimization of leakage power consumption using hybrid techni-
ques, multi-robot path planning in complex industrial dynamic environment, enhancing
prediction accuracy of earthquake using machine learning algorithms and advanced
machine learning models for accurate cancer diagnostics.
Containing work presented by a diverse range of researchers, this book will be of interest
to students and researchers in the fields of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Computer Science Engineering, Information Technology, Electrical Engineering,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Computer applications and all inter-
disciplinary streams of Engineering Sciences.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCES IN AI FOR
BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTING (ICABEC 2023),
GHAZIABAD, INDIA, 22–23 DECEMBER 2023
Vibhav Sachan
KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Shahid Malik
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
Table of Contents
Preface xiii
About the Conference xv
v
Compact-size frequency reconfigurable antenna for sub-6 GHz 5G applications 68
Sachin Kumar, Himanshu Nagpal, Ghanshyam Singh & L. Harlan
vi
Deep learning solution for real-time violence detection in video streams 142
Sachin Tyagi, Shivansh Tyagi, Varun Bagga, Sourish Bansal,
Siddharth Goswami, Yash Verma, Mohit Tyagi & Satya Prakash Singh
Disease diagnosis with instant first aid and medicine recommender 147
Akanksha Shukla, Shivani Agarwal, Nandita Goyal &
Kartikeya Patel
Versatile 4-bit signed binary multiplier for complex digital circuits 153
Deepti Maurya & Uma Sharma
Path finding visualizer 158
Ankit, Anushka, Akash, Shahid, S. Ranjan & Richa Srivastava
Exploring smartphone-driven indoor localization systems: A systematic
literature review 163
Prashant Kumar, Chandan Kumar, Gaurav Jain & Aakanshi Gupta
vii
Satellite security: Navigating threats and implementing safeguards in
the modern space age 218
Abhishek Sharma, Divyanshi Srivastava, Suryanshi Singh, Ira Nafees,
Satvik Aggarwal, Himanshu Chaudhary & Praveen Kumar
UAV meets VANET: A hybrid model for performance enhancement
in smart cities 222
Hunny Pahuja, Manoj Sindhwani & Shippu Sachdeva
Vending machine for medicine using automated arm mechanism 228
Pankaj Kumar, Kaushal Saraf, Prakhar Nigam, Rishi Yadav,
Kartik Verma & Divya Sharma
viii
ArthritisCare: Empowering wellness through personalized arthritis detection
and physiotherapy exercise recommendation 294
Vijaylaxmi Bittal, Makarand Shahade, Isha Wagh, Pratiksha Yeshi,
Pritam Lokhande, Hindraj Patil & Khalid Alfatmi
Rights reach: AI-powered legal assistance for the physically challenged 300
Vijaylaxmi Bittal, Sakshi Pingale, Makarand Shahade, Manish Patil,
Ketaki Patil, Manashri Patil & Khalid Alfatmi
Simplifying legal language: An AI-powered approach to enhance
document accessibility 306
Kiran Somwanshi, Khalid Alfatmi, Ashwini Vibhandik, Darshana Karbhari,
Gagan Jarsodiwala, Rahul Relan & Makarand Shahade
Fuel theft detection system with SMS alert using microcontroller 311
Vipin Kumar Verma, Nilesh Yadav, Pankaj Gupta, Prateek Dhar Dubey,
Purushottam Mani Tripathi & Vikram Vishwakarma
Unmasking attacker identity behind the VPN 316
A.S. Awate, B.N. Nandwalkar, M.R. Shahade, D.B. Mali, H.V. Patil,
H.R. Waghare & H.R. Patil
e-Nidan: Autism spectrum disorder detection using machine learning 322
Ashish Awate, Krutika Yeola, Makarand Shahade, Vaishnavee Patil,
Mayuri Vispute, Hemshri Amrutkar & Bhushan Nandwalkar
Real-time automated fabric defect detection system 327
Umakant Mandawkar, Makarand Shahade, Samruddhi Wadekar,
Chetan Kachhava, Yash Patil & Sakshi Mandwekar
Comprehensive analysis of communication quality: Signal to noise ratio
with respect to bit error rate for nanosatellite beacon 333
Vidushi Pandey, Ayush Singh, Abhishek Sharma, Gati Saraswat, Amrita Singh,
Ayush Yadav & Ruchita Gautam
Single page optimization techniques using react 338
Abhishek Pokhriyal, Saurav Pratihasta, Shubh Kansal, Vasu Goyal,
Shourya Singh & Shruti Mishra
DAM: Drone Automation and Mapping 343
Pranjal Agarwal, Prajesh Pratap Singh & Sharad Gupta
Development of an advanced, cost-effective prosthetic limb with an
EMG sensor 348
Shivam Kesarwani, Shrey Shekhar, Shruti Mishra, Abhinav Singh, Somya Tyagi,
S.P. Singh, Neelesh Ranjan Srivastava, Sachin Tyagi & Mohit Tyagi
Detection of disease and appointment to the Doctor 353
Yashasvi Singh, Sanskar Gupta, Rituz Gupta, Riya Tyagi & Amit Kumar
Image encryption with switching effects 356
Sunil Sriharsha Gudimella, Umesh Ghanekar & Kundan Kumar
ix
An innovative hybrid full adder design for low-power VLSI circuit
applications 368
A. Sharma, N.S. Singha, R. Yadav & A. Kumar
Performance evaluation of full adder cells implemented in CMOS technology 374
Yash Pathak & Dharmendra Kumar Jhariya
Code converter realization in IoT by TCP/IP network layer through node
MCU and LabVIEW 380
G. Dhanabalan, H.B. Michael Rajan & R. Ashok
Prediction of spam reviews using feature-driven opinion mining deep
learning model 385
Surya Prakash Sharma, Laxman Singh, Nagesh Sharma, Abdul Khalid &
Rajdev Tiwari
Design and implementation of automatic street light systems 391
Mohit Tyagi, Kanishka Chauhan, Hardik Mitra, Raman Pundhir,
Naman Gupta, Sachin Tyagi & Satya Prakash Singh
Shoe extension using ultrasonic sensor and gyroscope for blinds 402
Shikha Agarwal, Aarti Chaudhary, Veena Bharti & Shivam Umrao
Dynamic power allocation technique for IOT applications in mobile
edge computing 407
Ashvini Joshi, Anjulata Yadav & Amit Naik
Review on smart landmine and landmine detection 411
Hans Kumar, Abhas Kanungo, Kartik Chaudhary, Jatin Tomar,
Priyanshu & Harshit Yadav
Design of multiplexer in 90nm technology using energy recovery logic
circuit 416
Sitaram Kumar, Amit Kumar & Dharmendra K. Jhariya
Blockchain in education: A revolutionary paradigm for enhanced security
and transparency 422
Shikha Agarwal, Aarti Chaudhary, Komal Shivhare & Ashish Bajpai
Analysis of different categories of prediction methods in intelligent
transport VANET system 429
R. Gracelin Sheeba & N. Edna Elizabeth
CNN sight: Precision detection in gangrene diagnostics 436
Priyanshu Aggarwal, Sahil Aggarwal, Harshita & Ritu Pahwa
Implementation of crowbar protection in DFIG 443
Farhat Nasim, Shahida Khatoon, Ibraheem & Mohammad Shahid
A simplified low-cost portable ventilator design 450
Mohd Shadaab, Shahida Khatoon & Mohammad Shahid
x
Generating maximum power in photovoltaic systems using HHO-based
embedded controllers 455
T.P. Sujithkumar, Shanmugasundaram, V. Rajendran & Debarchita Mishra
5G Network – Deployment, status and roadmap in Indian telecom
ecosystem 461
Manu Srivastava
Iteration-based reduction in cell population for biomedical applications 466
Ashutosh Mishra & Piyush Kumar Tripathi
Unraveling the power of AI assistants 473
Abhinav Karn, Prashant Kumar Singh, Chirag Agarwal, Ayush Verma,
Deepak Singh & Mupnesh Kumari
Retinal diseases analysis and detection – A comprehensive review 480
P. Renuka, V. Sumitra, P. Latha & K. Swaminathan
MediSafe – Enhancing secure medical data management and doctor–patient
communication 486
Neha Rajas, Hrishikesh Potnis, Chinmayee Prabhu, Dnyaneshwari Pote,
Payal Powar & Sujal Powar
Face detection attendance system in Artificial Intelligence 491
Simran Kaur Arora, Priyanka Behki, Gourav Batar, Vivek Tiwari &
Siya Jindal
Smart helmet for bike riders 497
Devansh Gupta, Sanchit Jain, Agrim Chauhan, Tanay Srivastava,
Abhinav Saini, Praveen Kumar, Himanshu Chaudhary & Abhishek Sharma
Performance investigation of an improved high speed WDM RoFSO link in
foggy and rainy weather 502
Kamaldeep Kaur & Abhimanyu Nain
Automated plant monitoring system with WebCAM and shadow shelter 507
Sulekha Saxena, Ritik Kumar, Harsh Singh, Rishabh Kumar,
Mohd. Harmain & Meet Choudhary
Social media news verifier 511
Ritik Rana, Rohit Jha, Saksham Singh, Sarthak Choudhary & Chirag Arora
Review of performance parameters of PV array based on different
configurations operating in mismatch scenarios 516
Aisha Naaz, Mohd Faisal Jalil, Shahida Khatoon & Pushpender
Correlates of integrated marketing communication with respect to banking
industry in India 522
P. Jain, A. Saihjpal, N. Aggarwal & A. Kaur
Non-contact temperature detection system 527
Vikas Nandeshwar, Devang Bissa, Sarthak Biyani, Darshan Biradar,
Bilal Khan, Pratham Bisen & Saif Bichu
A review of humidifier for healthcare 534
Garima Bhargava, Jassi Sandhu, Lakshmi Tiwari, Lokender Singh,
Shreya Dubey, Parvin Kumar & Vipin Kumar
xi
Design of ECG monitoring system using NI LabVIEW 538
Shivansh Sinha, Shraddha Tripathi, Sumit Srivastava, Shubhi Sharma,
Krishna Pratap Singh, Parvin Kumar, Abhishek Sharma & Vipin Kumar
High-performance dual band graphene slotted antenna for terahertz
applications 543
R. Yadav, S. Sood & V.S. Pandey
Australian wildfire visualization 549
Manjinder Kaur, Roop Lal, Ankur Pandey, Anurag Singh & Dipak Rajbhar
Live code sync 554
Aditya Kumar & Er. Manjinder Kaur
Farm automation using NodeMCU 560
Vikas Nandeshwar, Ishawar Borade, Atharva Borade, Atharva Bonde,
Tanmay Bora, Om Bobade & Vishal Bokare
Multiple disease prediction using machine learning algorithms 567
Parth Dayal, Deepansh Sharma, Aman Agarwal, Himanshu Chaudhary,
Ruchita Gautam, Praveen Kumar & Abhishek Sharma
Helping hand for handicap (triple h) 573
Sumit Sharma, Shagun Kumar, Shri Bihari Singh, Satyam Singh &
Divya Sharma
Single-input voltage mode differentiator using DDCCTA and grounded
passive elements 577
Priyanka Jain & Chandra Shekhar
Discrete hartley transform using recursive algorithm 583
Vivek Singh, Dhwani Kaushal & Priyanka Jain
Experimental study on variants of Gaussian mixture model for segmentation 589
Sanjeev Kumar Katti, Shrinivas D. Desai, Vishwanath P. Baligar &
Gururaj N. Bhadri
Real-time-abuse detection model 595
Ayush Kumar, Aryan Nigam, Aradhana Tripathi, Aftab Khan,
Nigam Kumar Mishra & Rochak Bajpai
Comparative analysis of machine learning models for sentiment analysis on
X (twitter) dataset 600
Akshat Singh, Akanksha Singh, Anisha Kumari, Aryan Chauhan &
Richa Srivastava
Design of a 1-bit full adder in hybrid logic for high end computing in
biomedical instrumentation 607
A. Tomar, V.K. Sachan, J. Kandpal, N. Singh, P. Chauhan & S. Bhandari
Author index 613
xii
Advances in AI for Biomedical Instrumentation, Electronics and Computing – Sachan et al. (eds)
© 2024 The Editor(s), ISBN 978-1-032-64298-7
Preface
Dear Delegates,
It is with great pleasure that we extend a warm welcome to all of you on behalf of the
editorial team as the Chief Editor of this prestigious 5th International Conference on
Advances in AI for Biomedical Instrumentation, Electronics and Computing (ICABEC 2023).
This will provide a forum for researchers around the globe to explore and discuss various
aspects of Biomedical, Electronics & Computing.
In the fast-paced landscape of biomedical research, electronics development, and com-
puting innovations, staying abreast of the latest breakthroughs is crucial. The papers and
contributions contained in these proceedings reflect the tireless efforts of researchers, aca-
demics, and industry professionals who are at the forefront of driving progress in these fields.
As per the market estimates the global market involving biomedical instrumentation was
around USD 10.56 billion and estimated to reach 16.78 billion by year 2026, at CAGR of
approximately 6.3%. This growth trajectory requires innovative designs and applications to
satiate the large demand from the industry.
This volume encompasses a diverse range of topics, from groundbreaking biomedical
discoveries that have the potential to revolutionize healthcare to the latest developments in
electronics and computing that promise to reshape the way we interact with technology. Our
contributors have delved into the intricacies of their respective disciplines, presenting novel
approaches, methodologies, and solutions that will undoubtedly inspire and inform the
wider scientific community.
The conference comprises of various parallel sessions including keynote sessions. Each
session will be addressed by outstanding experts who will highlight the recent advances in
various facets of Biomedical, Instrumentation and Electronics Engineering This conference
will offer the rich resource for budding engineers to develop their own individual perspective
to understand the challenges and the proposed solutions during the discussions.
The organizing committee is extremely gratified by the tremendous response to the call for
papers. More than 250 papers were submitted by researchers, academicians, and students on
a wide range of topics. The conference is approved by CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group).
The proceedings will be published online by CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group). The
conference received more than 250 papers. The acceptance rate of the conference is about
45%. Speakers and participants across the globe are participating in the conference.
We hope that the conference provides a forum for researchers to collaborate and work on
novel ideas.
The Editors
xiii
Advances in AI for Biomedical Instrumentation, Electronics and Computing – Sachan et al. (eds)
© 2024 The Editor(s), ISBN 978-1-032-64298-7
xv
Human Machine Interfaces and Brain Computer Interfaces
This track cover the development and application of AI-based human machine and brain-
computer interfaces in healthcare.
Category-2: Applications of AI and ML for Electronics and Signal Processing
Machine Learning and Data Analytics for Biomedical Applications
This track cover the application of AI and machine learning in biomedical data analysis and
decision-making, such as disease diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning.
Healthcare Information Systems and Electronic Health Records
Explore the use of AI and machine learning in managing and analyzing electronic health
records and healthcare information systems, including clinical decision support systems and
disease registries.
Big Data and Cloud Computing for Biomedical Applications
This track could focus on the use of AI and cloud computing in handling and analyzing
large-scale biomedical data, such as genomics, proteomics, and electronic health records.
Category-3: Generalized Tracks for Space Technologies, Electronics Engineering, and Image
Processing
Space based medical Technologies and Satellite Program
This track covers the use of AI and machine learning in designing and developing medical
technologies for space applications, such as remote diagnosis and Health Monitoring, Space
based Medical Technologies
Image Processing for Biomedical Applications
This track focus on the use of image processing techniques in biomedical research and
healthcare, including medical image analysis and computer-aided diagnosis.
Electronic Circuits and devices for Biomedical Applications
This track explore the applications of electronic engineering principles, circuits and techni-
ques in biomedical research and healthcare.
Drug Discovery and Development
This track includes the development of various drug discoveries for medical applications.
xvi
Advances in AI for Biomedical Instrumentation, Electronics and Computing – Sachan et al. (eds)
© 2024 The Author(s), ISBN 978-1-032-64298-7
1 INTRODUCTION
One of the significant risks faced by individuals with diabetes is the susceptibility to a
diabetic-related eye condition known as Diabetic Retinopathy. Early detection of this con-
dition is paramount in preventing vision impairment or loss. However, recent advancements
in deep learning have demonstrated promising outcomes in enhancing the accuracy and
efficiency of diagnosis (De Calleja et al. 2014). Deep learning, a subset of machine learning,
focuses on developing algorithms capable of learning from extensive datasets to make
informed decisions. In the realm of medical diagnosis, deep learning algorithms can analyze
large repositories of retinal images and identify specific features associated with diabetic
retinopathy . This approach holds considerable potential for automating the detection pro-
cess, facilitating early diagnosis, and enabling timely intervention (Acharya et al. 2009).
In contrast to traditional methods reliant on manual interpretation by ophthalmologists,
deep learning algorithms can directly learn from labeled training data and automatically
categorize images based on predefined criteria (Anant et al. 2017). This not only reduces
subjectivity but also enhances consistency across various diagnoses. An additional advantage
is early diagnosis, a crucial factor in mitigating the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Within
DOI: 10.1201/9781032644752-1 1
the domain of deep learning, various techniques have been devised for diagnosing diabetic
retinopathy, with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) being particularly effective in image
classification tasks due to their capability to capture spatial patterns within images.
Several studies in the literature focuses on the Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy (DDR),
employing Deep Learning models such as Densenet-169, GoogleNet, and general CNN
models. Despite these efforts, the highest accuracy reported in previous papers remains at
81%. Some studies have explored modifications like changing kernel sizes and resizing
images, resulting in negligible improvements.
For our studies, we adopted a strategy of utilizing multiple Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) models with the aim of achieving the highest possible accuracy. APTOS 2019 dataset,
the benchmark dataset for retinopathy is used for experimental validation of the proposed work.
Considering the computational resources available, we trained these models with the highest
feasible configurations. As a result, the ensemble of all employed methods yields an accuracy of
85.32%. This demonstrates a significant improvement over the accuracy reported in previous
studies and also significantly better than any of the single model involved in the study.
2 LITERATURE SURVEY
The following are the observations from the mentioned papers on Diabetic Retinopathy.
Few significant contributions to the field of diabetic retinopathy (DR) detection and
analysis are summarized in this section.
Computer-based detection of diabetic retinopathy was introduced and achieves an accu-
racy rate exceeding 85% (Acharya et al. 2009). This study focused on analyzing various
features such as blood vessels, microaneurysms, exudates, and hemorrhages using 331 fun-
dus images to enhance patient care and clinical decision-making.
Building upon this foundation, Anant proposed a model for detecting type 2 diabetes
through image mining (Anant et al. 2017). Leveraging Image Processing and Data Mining
techniques on the DIARETDB1 database, their research demonstrated an impressive
accuracy rate of 97.95% in identifying diabetic retinopathy by utilizing texture and wavelet
characteristics from the dataset.
In a similar vein, an approach for automated DR detection using a Support Vector Machine
(SVM) classifier was presented (Dhanasekaran et al. 2013). Their machine learning approach,
particularly the SVM Classifier, was employed for decision-making on the severity level of
Diabetic Retinopathy, showcasing the potential of machine learning in this domain.
Further advancements were made by employing Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)
for hand-crafted feature extraction to detect red lesions within the eye’s retina (Orlando et al.
2018). This integration of manual and deep learning feature extraction methods aimed to
improve diabetic retinopathy analysis by harnessing the power of CNNs.
Expanding beyond diabetic retinopathy, machine learning and data mining techniques
were utilized to predict heart disease while considering both benefits and drawbacks (Preetha
et al. 2020). Their work proposed a different approach using machine learning and data
mining techniques compared to traditional heart disease prediction methods, showcasing the
versatility of these methodologies in medical research.
2
A quantitative methodology was developed to establish new parameters for proliferative
diabetic retinopathy detection (Sadda et al. 2020). By considering the position, volume, and
size of lesions, their study aimed to enhance retinal disease prediction, utilizing techniques such
as Ultrawide Field Image Lesion Segmentation, Quantification Lesion Parameters, and
Statistical Analysis. These collective efforts underscore the interdisciplinary nature of medical
research and highlight the potential for innovative solutions to complex healthcare challenges.
3 MODELING
The proposed approach involved in modeling diabetic retinopathy detection involves several
key steps. Each of those steps is discussed in this section.
Firstly, the input data is divided into training, validation, and test sets. The model then
loads and extracts images and labels from fundus data files, followed by pre-processing and
augmentation operations. Hyper-parameter setup, regularization techniques, and optimiza-
tion algorithms are explained as part of the method’s structure. Finally, network training
and performance computations are conducted.
3.2 Pre-processing
Since the chosen dataset is already pre-processed, the images are resized to 244 244, and
the data is split into training and validation sets, with 80% of the data allocated for training
and 20% for validation.
Figure 2. Architecture of the proposed ensemble of diverse pre-trained convolutional neural network models.
3
3.3 Custom CNN models
Custom Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models play a crucial role in pixel-based
image recognition tasks. These models offer flexibility in terms of architecture, allowing
researchers to experiment with different configurations to optimize accuracy. CNN archi-
tectures can vary significantly in terms of their structure, including the number of hidden
layers, convolutional layers, dense layers, normalization techniques, and dropout layers.
This diversity enables researchers to explore a wide range of possibilities to achieve the best
performance for a given task. Each layer within a CNN communicates information with one
another, facilitating the learning process and ultimately enhancing the accuracy of image
categorization. Through the hierarchical arrangement of layers, CNNs can effectively cap-
ture and represent complex patterns and features present in images.
Training a CNN involves various techniques, including feature extraction and data
feeding. Feature extraction entails dividing the layers of the model into blocks of different
sizes and extracting relevant features from these blocks. These features can then be aggre-
gated using methods such as addition, averaging, concatenation, or maximum pooling. Once
the features are extracted, they are fed into the model, which predicts the output class for the
provided image. By iteratively adjusting the model parameters through processes like
backpropagation, the CNN learns to accurately classify images based on the features
extracted from them. Overall, custom CNN models offer a powerful framework for image
recognition tasks, providing researchers with the flexibility and tools necessary to optimize
accuracy and performance for specific applications.
The proposed ensemble approach involves combining seven distinct neural network models:
DensNet121, ResNet101, InceptionResNetV3, RegNetX080, and Xception. The input data
undergoes training with each individual model and subsequently with ensembles comprising
four, five, and all seven models. Notably, the resulting accuracies vary with each combina-
tion, highlighting the dynamic nature of ensemble learning. Finally, the accuracies of each
model configuration are evaluated and tabulated for comparison.
Below is the brief overview of the architectures of each model:
4.1 ResNet101
Renowned for its exceptional performance in image classification tasks, ResNet-101 has
demonstrated state-of-the-art results across various benchmarks, including the extensive
ImageNet dataset. Despite its remarkable accuracy, ResNet-101 computational demands are
substantial due to its complex architecture, which includes a significant number of layers and
parameters (Bodapati et al. 2021).
4.2 EffnetV2B3
EfficientNet is a group of convolutional neural networks designed to achieve high accuracy
in image classification while prioritizing computational efficiency. It employs a unique
scaling technique to adjust depth, width, and resolution dimensions uniformly, thereby
striking a balance between performance and efficiency (Bodapati et al. 2023).
4.3 RegNetX-080
RegNetX-080 is tailored for image classification tasks and is part of the RegNet family of
models, which aims to provide efficient and scalable network architectures. RegNetX
models strike a balance between accuracy and efficiency by leveraging techniques such as
4
linear bottleneck blocks, group convolutions, and network width multiplier adjustments
(Bodapati et al. 2021).
4.4 Densenet-121
DenseNet-121 belongs to the DenseNet family of models, known for their densely connected layers.
DenseNet addresses the vanishing gradient problem by establishing direct connections between every
layer in a feed-forward manner. This dense connectivity facilitates feature reuse and gradient flow
throughout the network, enabling effective learning with fewer parameters (Bodapati et al. 2023).
4.5 Xception
Xception, or Extreme Inception, is a deep convolutional neural network architecture intro-
duced by François Chollet. Based on the Inception architecture, Xception incorporates
depth-wise separable convolutions, enhancing its efficiency and effectiveness in various
computer vision tasks (Qummar et al. 2019).
5 EXPERIMENT RESULTS
The data is processed through every model that has been proposed and also the data is
trained with the ensembled model of all the proposed models. The accuracies for both
datasets for different network models have been recorded as tabulated below.
6 CONCLUSION
Diabetes mellitus affects various bodily systems, including the nervous system, kidneys, and
retina, leading to organ damage. Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) specifically manifests as a
5
consequence of diabetes affecting the eyes. In this study, an ensemble model comprising
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) is proposed for the classification of Diabetic
Retinopathy (DDR). The ensemble incorporates CNN architectures such as VGG16,
VGG19, InceptionV3, EffNetV2B3, Xception, DenseNet101, and DenseNet169.
Individually, each model achieved accuracies of 83.8, 81.6, 82.7, 84.6, 83.87, and 85,
respectively, while the ensemble model yielded the highest accuracy of 85.7%. This culmi-
nation underscores the efficacy of ensemble learning in enhancing diagnostic accuracy for
Diabetic Retinopathy detection.
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The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B 104.3 (2023): 569–578.
Bodapati, Jyostna Devi. “Modified self-training based statistical models for image classification and speaker
identification.” International Journal of Speech Technology 24.4 (2021): 1007–1015.
Bodapati, Jyostna Devi. “SAE-PD-Seq: sequence autoencoder-based pre-training of decoder for sequence
learning tasks.” Signal, Image and Video Processing 15.7 (2021): 1453–1459.
De Calleja J., Tecuapetla L., and Medina M. A., “LBP and Machine Learning for Diabetic Retinopathy
Detection,” pp. 110–117, 2014.
Gandhi M. and Dhanasekaran R., “Diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy using morphological process and SVM
classifier,” Int. Conf. Commun. Signal Process. ICCSP 2013 – Proc., pp. 873–877, 2013, doi: 10.1109/
iccsp.2013.6577181.
Kakani, Vamsi, et al. “Post-COVID Chest Disease Monitoring using self adaptive Convolutional Neural
Network.” 2023 IEEE 8th International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT). IEEE, 2023.
Orlando J. I., Prokofyeva E., del Fresno M. and Blaschko M. B., “An ensemble deep learning based approach
for red lesion detection in fundus images,” Comput. Methods Programs Biomed., vol. 153, pp. 115–127,
2018, doi: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2017.10.017.
Preetha S., Chandan N., Darshan N.K. and Gowrav P. B., “Diabetes Disease Prediction Using Machine
Learning,” Int. J. Recent trends Eng. Res., vol. 6, no. 5, 2020, doi: 10.23883/IJRTER.2020.6029.65Q5H.
Qummar, Sehrish, et al. “A deep learning ensemble approach for diabetic retinopathy detection.” Ieee Access 7
(2019): 150530–150539.
Sadda S. R. et al., “Quantitative assessment of the severity of diabetic retinopathy,” Am. J. Ophthalmol., 2020,
doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.05.021.
6
Advances in AI for Biomedical Instrumentation, Electronics and Computing – Sachan et al. (eds)
© 2024 The Author(s), ISBN 978-1-032-64298-7
Rushvi Sajja*
Department of Advanced Computer Science and Engineering, VFSTR Deemed to be University,
Andhra Pradesh, India
Keywords: Air Quality, Random Forest Classifier, SVM, Air Quality Index (AQI),
Classification, Normalization, Boosting
1 INTRODUCTION
Air pollution is a pressing global concern with profound implications for public health and the
environment. Exposure to poor air quality can result in a myriad of respiratory and cardiovas-
cular ailments, allergies, and premature mortality. Of particular concern is the air quality in the
vicinity of educational institutions, such as schools, colleges, and universities, which is susceptible
to pollution due to the high volume of vehicular traffic (Xiaojun, C. et al. 2015). It is imperative
to regulate air quality near these institutions to safeguard the health of students and faculty
members. Accurate prediction of air quality enables governments, public health authorities, and
individuals to implement proactive measures to mitigate the adverse effects of pollution (Raipure
DOI: 10.1201/9781032644752-2 7
et al. 2015). The application of air quality prediction systems spans various sectors, each bene-
fiting from its predictive capabilities. In the realm of public health, these systems play a vital role
in issuing early warnings and disseminating information about potential air pollution events.
Environmental monitoring relies on air quality prediction systems to assess the impact of diverse
pollution sources on the ecosystem. Additionally, industries emitting pollutants, such as power
plants, factories, and refineries, can optimize their operations by leveraging the insights provided
by these systems (Xi et al. 2015). This study proposes a predictive model that utilizes the
Random Forest Algorithm and the AdaBoost Boosting Algorithm to calculate air quality. The
model is trained on a dataset comprising 16 attributes, with the ‘AQI_Bucket’ attribute trans-
formed into ‘AQI_quality’ to enhance predictive accuracy. Data for model training is sourced
from City_data, and the resultant model is characterized by its ability to process large datasets
with minimal time complexity and high accuracy. The Air Quality Index (AQI) serves as a
crucial metric for assessing air quality, and our proposed system leverages this measure to
achieve superior performance (Gómez et al. 2017).
2 LITERATURE SURVEY
In a study by Shaban, Khaled Bashir, Abdullah Kadri, and Eman Rezk, published in the IEEE
Sensors Journal in 2016, the authors delved into urban air pollution monitoring systems with
forecasting models. They emphasized the importance of integrating real-time monitoring data
with forecasting models to facilitate proactive decision-making and effective pollution control
measures (Shaban et al. 2016). Another notable contribution comes from Xiaojun, Chen, Liu
Xianpeng, and Xu Peng, who explored IoT-based air pollution monitoring and forecasting sys-
tems in their paper published in the ICCCS. They focused on the integration of IoT devices, data
collection, and analysis techniques to enhance air pollution monitoring capabilities (Xiaojun et al.
2015). Gómez, Jorge E., et al. conducted research on the use of IoT technology for monitoring
environmental variables in urban areas. Their study, published in Procedia Computer Science in
2017, provided insights into the advancements in IoT-based environmental monitoring systems,
aiming to improve urban environmental quality (Gómez et al. 2017). Xi, Xia, et al. presented a
comprehensive evaluation of air pollution prediction improvement using machine learning
methods at the IEEE International Conference on Service Operations Logistics, and Informatics
(SOLI) in 2015. Their work highlighted the effectiveness of machine learning algorithms in
enhancing air pollution prediction accuracy (Xi et al. 2015). Raipure, Shwetal, and Deepak
Mehetre investigated the use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for pollution monitoring in
metropolitan cities. Their paper, presented at the International Conference on Communications
and Signal Processing (ICCSP) in 2015, emphasized the integration of WSNs, data collection, and
analysis techniques for efficient pollution monitoring and management (Raipure et al. 2015). In a
study by Fuertes, Walter, et al. presented at the IEEE/ACM 19th International Symposium on
Distributed Simulation and Real-Time Applications (DS-RT) in 2015, the authors explored the
potential of distributed systems and the Internet of Things (IoT) for low-cost, real-time air pol-
lution wireless monitoring. Their research aimed to leverage distributed systems and IoT tech-
nologies to enable real-time monitoring of air pollution levels (Fuertes et al. 2015).
3 PROPOSED MODEL
Machine learning encompasses computations that learn from complex data. The initial step
in modeling involves data pre-processing, which includes handling null attributes, removing
unnecessary data, normalization, data splitting, dimensionality reduction, and deploying a
variety of prediction, classification, and scoring models. The model can effectively detect
patterns and engage in self-learning. The classification methods employed in this model are
Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest classifiers.
8
Figure 1. Proposed air quality prediction model.
3.2 Normalization
Normalization is a crucial pre-processing technique utilized to convert the values of numerical
columns in the dataset to a common scale, particularly when the dataset contains values from diverse
ranges. By ensuring that all elements lie within the range of 0 to 1, normalization facilitates fair
comparison and prevents features with larger scales from dominating the learning process. Various
normalization techniques, including Standard Scaler, z-score, and Minmax Normalization, can be
applied based on the specific requirements of the model. In this case, Minmax Normalization is
employed, which performs a linear transformation on the data, preserving the relationship among
the original data while ensuring that all data falls within the specified range (0, 1).
Figure 2. Overview of the hyper plane produced by SVM algorithm. Hyper plane generated by SVM
for Separating the classes for classification 2a) without Error 2b) With Error.
9
Figure 2 depicts an overview of the hyperplane produced by the Support Vector Machine
(SVM) algorithm. The hyperplane generated by SVM serves to separate classes in a classifi-
cation task, facilitating the classification of data points into distinct categories. Two scenarios
are presented: Figure 2a illustrates the hyperplane generated by SVM without error, show-
casing its effectiveness in accurately separating the classes in the dataset. In this scenario, the
hyperplane effectively delineates the boundaries between different classes, enabling reliable
classification of data points. Figure 2b depicts the hyperplane produced by SVM with error,
indicating instances where the algorithm may struggle to perfectly separate the classes. Despite
potential errors or misclassifications, the hyperplane still serves as a valuable decision
boundary, albeit with some imperfections. Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a supervised
learning algorithm that utilizes support vectors to delineate the boundary between different
classes in a dataset. This boundary, known as the hyperplane, serves to separate the classes
effectively. The hyperplane can be linear or nonlinear, depending on the nature of the data,
and SVM employs various types of kernels such as linear, polynomial, and quadratic to
achieve optimal classification accuracy. On the other hand, Random Forest is a widely used
machine learning algorithm capable of handling both classification and regression tasks. It
employs an ensemble learning approach wherein multiple decision trees are trained on dif-
ferent subsets of the input dataset. By averaging the predictions of these trees, Random Forest
enhances predictive accuracy while mitigating the risk of overfitting.
3.6 Adaboost
Adaboost, short for Adaptive Boosting, is a powerful machine learning algorithm that has
gained significant traction in recent years. Its key strength lies in its ability to iteratively
improve the performance of weak learners, subsequently enhancing the overall predictive
accuracy of the model. This essay aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Adaboost,
delving into its fundamental components, operational mechanisms, and applications across
various domains. Additionally, it seeks to elucidate the advantages of Adaboost while also
addressing any limitations or challenges associated with its implementation.
4 EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
The experimental analysis involves the application of classification models such as Random
Forest and SVM, followed by dimensionality reduction using Quadratic Discriminant
Analysis (QDA), and subsequently boosting the model’s accuracy using the Adaboost
algorithm. The dataset utilized for this analysis is “city_data,” sourced from Kaggle,
encompassing 16 attributes including “City,” “Date,” “PM2.5,” “PM10,” “NO,” “NO2,”
“NOX,” “NH3,” among others. The target attribute considered is “AQI_Bucket,” which
comprises six distinct classes ranging from “Poor” to “Good,” indicating air quality levels.
The dataset consists of 29,532 instances of data. Data preprocessing involves handling null
attributes and removing unnecessary data, followed by normalization using appropriate
techniques. The dataset is then split into training and testing sets, with 99.5% of the data
allocated for training and 0.5% for testing, a configuration chosen for its superior accuracy
performance. The classification models are trained both with and without dimensionality
reduction, and their performance is evaluated. It is observed that the Random Forest
Classification model outperforms the SVM Classification model in terms of accuracy.
10
4.1 Dataset summary
The dataset utilized in this experimental analysis, known as “city_data” and sourced from
Kaggle, encompasses a total of 16 attributes. These attributes include various parameters related
to air quality such as “PM2.5,” “PM10,” “NO,” “NO2,” “NOX,” “NH3,” alongside others.
The dataset also includes categorical variables like “City” and “Date.” The target attribute of
interest is “AQI_Bucket,” which categorizes air quality levels into six distinct classes ranging
from “Poor” to “Good.” In total, the dataset comprises 29,532 instances, each providing a
snapshot of air quality measurements and corresponding attributes for specific cities and dates.
5 RESULTS
The experimental analysis using classification and boosting algorithms provided insightful
results. Without dimensionality reduction but with boosting, the model achieved an accuracy
of 81.44888. On the other hand, when dimensionality reduction was applied but boosting
was not, the accuracy slightly increased to 81.45.
1 82 61 70 85 78 81
2 67 71 69 70 82 76
3 58 35 43 69 62 65
4 74 88 81 86 86 86
5 0 0 0 84 69 75
6 69 70 70 80 83 82
The findings underscore the critical importance of monitoring air quality, particularly in
the context of industrial development that often results in pollutant emissions. The
AdaBoost algorithm emerged as particularly effective, demonstrating superior accuracy
compared to other methods. Specifically, the combination of Random Forest and the
boosting capability of AdaBoost yielded the highest accuracy of 83%.
1 83 61 71 80 76 78
2 67 73 64 72 78 75
3 60 35 43 67 64 66
4 74 90 80 86 87 87
5 0 0 0 75 64 69
6 65 71 67 81 82 82
11
6 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the pursuit of predicting air quality emerges as a critical endeavor in today’s
industrial landscape, where burgeoning pollution levels necessitate vigilant monitoring and
proactive measures. Through this project, AdaBoost emerges as a standout algorithm, par-
ticularly potent when coupled with Random Forest, showcasing an impressive accuracy rate
of 83%. This underscores the pivotal role of advanced machine learning techniques in
addressing complex environmental challenges. By harnessing algorithms like AdaBoost, we
not only deepen our comprehension of air quality dynamics but also fortify our ability to
formulate effective strategies for pollution control and mitigation. Moving forward, sus-
tained exploration and experimentation with diverse algorithms will be imperative in refin-
ing air quality prediction models and augmenting their efficacy. Through the power of
machine learning, we can forge a path towards more informed decision-making and proac-
tive interventions to safeguard our environment and public health from the pervasive impact
of air pollution.
REFERENCES
Bodapati, Jyostna Devi. “Modified self-training based statistical models for image classification and speaker
identification.” International Journal of Speech Technology 24.4 (2021): 1007–1015.
Bodapati, Jyostna Devi. “SAE-PD-Seq: sequence autoencoder-based pre-training of decoder for sequence
learning tasks.” Signal, Image and Video Processing 15.7 (2021): 1453–1459.
Bodapati, J. D. “Enhancing brain tumor diagnosis using a multi-architecture deep convolutional neural net-
work on MRI scans.” Inf. Dyn. Appl 2.1 (2023): 42–50.
Bodapati, Jyostna Devi, and Bharadwaj Bagepalli Balaji. “Self-adaptive stacking ensemble approach with
attention based deep neural network models for diabetic retinopathy severity prediction.” Multimedia
Tools and Applications (2023): 1–20.
Bodapati, Jyostna Devi, and Bharadwaj Bagepalli Balaji. “TumorAwareNet: Deep representation learning
with attention based sparse convolutional denoising autoencoder for brain tumor recognition.” Multimedia
Tools and Applications (2023): 1–19.
Bodapati, Jyostna Devi, RamaKrishna Sajja, and Veeranjaneyulu Naralasetti. “An Efficient Approach for
Semantic Segmentation of Salt Domes in Seismic Images Using Improved UNET Architecture.” Journal of
The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B 104.3 (2023): 569–578.
Fuertes, Walter, et al. “Distributed system as internet of things for a new low-cost, air pollution wireless
monitoring on real time.” 2015 IEEE/ACM 19th International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and
Real Time Applications (DS-RT). IEEE, 2015.
Gómez, Jorge E., et al. “IoT for environmental variables in urban areas.” Procedia computer science 109
(2017): 67–74.
Kakani, Vamsi, et al. “Post-COVID Chest Disease Monitoring using self adaptive convolutional neural
Network.” 2023 IEEE 8th International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT). IEEE, 2023.
Raipure, Shwetal, and Deepak Mehetre. “Wireless sensor network based pollution monitoring system in
metropolitan cities.” 2015 International Conference on Communications and Signal Processing (ICCSP).
IEEE, 2015.
Shaban, Khaled Bashir, Abdullah Kadri, and Eman Rezk. “Urban air pollution monitoring system with
forecasting models.” IEEE Sensors Journal 16.8 (2016): 2598–2606.
Xi, Xia, et al. “A comprehensive evaluation of air pollution prediction improvement by a machine learning
method.” 2015 IEEE international conference on service operations and logistics, and informatics (SOLI).
IEEE, 2015.
Xiaojun, C., L. Xianpeng, and X. Peng. “IOT-based air pollution monitoring and forecasting system-IEEE
Conference Publication.” Ieeexplore. ieee. org (2015).
12
Advances in AI for Biomedical Instrumentation, Electronics and Computing – Sachan et al. (eds)
© 2024 The Author(s), ISBN 978-1-032-64298-7
ABSTRACT: The prediction of missed appointments in dental clinics is a critical challenge that
impacts the efficient utilization of resources and the delivery of timely care. In the study, the
researchers predicted the dental missed appointments from categorical Electronic Health Records
data using Logistic Regression, Random Forest, LightGBM, Extra Trees, and Artificial Neural
Network (ANN). The study attempted to address the class imbalance issue through the imple-
mentation of Adaptive Synthetic Sampling (ADASYN). The Performance is measured in terms of
Accuracy, Precision, Recall and Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC).
The Logistic Regression, and LightGBM approaches, outperformed other models in predicting
missed appointments, offering insights for researchers to adopt the best predictive model, and
highlighting the significance of enhancing dental clinics’ operational efficiency and effectiveness.
1 INTRODUCTION
Dental clinics hold an indispensable role in promoting oral health and overall patient well-being.
However, the persistent challenge of missed appointments significantly undermines the efficiency
and effectiveness of healthcare delivery. This issue disrupts daily clinic operations and leads to
the underutilization of resources, causing delays in providing essential services to those in need.
Consequently, both researchers and dental clinics face the crucial task of developing effective
strategies to predict and mitigate the occurrence of missed appointments, with the goal of
improving patient engagement and optimizing the scheduling process. In a study conducted by
(Alabdulkarim et al. 2022), machine learning techniques were employed to predict dental missed
appointments, resulting in a Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC) of 0.72 and an F
measure of 66.5%. Similarly, a distinct study established a substantial big data framework, in
which Gradient Boosting emerged as the most successful approach, achieving an accuracy of
79% and an 81% ROC score in predicting missed appointments (Daghistani et al. 2020).
Another comprehensive study undertook a systematic review encompassing 727 articles,
revealing significant patient attributes and prevailing determinants of missed appointments
(Dantas et al. 2018). In parallel, (Fan et al. 2021) predicted online outpatient missed appoint-
ments, resulting in an 11.1% patient no-show rate, with Bagging emerging as the algorithm
yielding the highest AUC. In another study in the Saudi Arabian context, AlMuhaideb et al.
(2019) implemented diverse machine learning algorithms, achieving accuracy rates of 76.44%
and 77.13%. Notably, another study introduced an interpretable deep learning-based metho-
dology, successfully identifying 83% of no-shows during appointment scheduling (Liu et al.
2022). Another study employing various predictive models, Logistic Regression, Artificial
Neural Networks, and Naïve Bayes Classifier, showcased commendable AUC values
(Mohammadi et al. 2018). This literature highlights the growing body of research dedicated to
DOI: 10.1201/9781032644752-3 13
predicting and addressing missed dental appointments, with various studies employing diverse
machine learning techniques and big data frameworks. While previous studies have demon-
strated promising results in terms of prediction accuracy and identification of relevant factors,
the current study advances this field further by utilizing a comprehensive set of models Logistic
Regression, Random Forest, Extra Trees, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and LightGBM
for predicting dental missed appointments. The study also addressed the class imbalance issue
through the implementation of Adaptive Synthetic Sampling (ADASYN). The findings of the
study indicate that Logistic Regression and LightGBM outperform other models, offering
valuable insights for improving the effectiveness of appointment scheduling and patient
engagement in dental clinics.
2 MODEL DEVELOPMENT
Figure 1. Analysis of variables Age, Gender, Marital Status and Top Nationalities, with Shows and
No-Shows.
14
Figure 2. Analysis of variables Appointment Week Day, Appointment Month, Time of Appointment,
Lead Time, Appointment Duration, SMS Send, Temperature of the Day and Weather Condition of the
day, with Shows and No-Shows.
The variable “Age” comprised seven categories: Infant (0-1), Child (1-12), Teenager (13-19),
Young Adult (20-35), Adult (36-64), Young Senior (65-74), and Senior (75+). The variable
“Gender” had two categories: Male and Female. “Marital Status” consisted of Single and
Married. The variable “Nationality” encompassed 28 categories, including 27 nationalities
and a ‘missing’ category.
15
Another variable, “Appointment Weekday,” included categories Monday through Sunday
except Friday. The variable “Appointment Month” contained categories from January through
December. Another variable, “Time of Appointment,” was divided into eight categories: Early
Morning: 3:00 AM – 5:59 AM, Dawn: 6:00 AM – 7:59 AM, Morning: 8:00 AM – 9:59 AM,
Late Morning: 10:00 AM – 11:59 AM, Noon: 12:00 PM – 12:59 PM, Afternoon: 1:00 PM – 4:59
PM, Evening: 5:00 PM – 7:59 PM, Night: 8:00 PM – 11:59 PM, Midnight: 12:00 AM –
2.59 AM. The variable “Lead Time” had categories: Very Short (0 to 7 days), Short (8 to 14
days), Moderate (15 to 30 days), Long (31 to 90 days), Very Long (91 to 180 days), Extended
(181 to 400 days), Exceptionally Extended (Above 400 days). Another variable, “Appointment
Duration,” was categorized as Very Short (5 to 15), Short (16 to 30), Moderate (31 to 60), Long
(61 to 120), and Very Long (121 to 300). “Doctor ID” is a variable that included 105 unique IDs
of different doctors with whom appointments were made. Another variable, “SMS Send,” had
two categories: Yes and No. The variable “Temperature of the Day” had categories: Cold
(4 C – 10 C), Cool (11 C – 20 C), Moderate (21 C – 30 C), Warm (31 C – 40 C), Hot
(41 C – 43 C). Additionally, the variable “Weather Condition of the day” encompassed nine
categories: Clear, Clouds, Drizzle, Dust, Haze, Mist, Rain, Sand, and Thunderstorm.
16
Step 6: Model Training: Each selected model was trained on the training dataset. Logistic
Regression, Random Forest, LightGBM, Extra Trees, and ANN were trained separately
using the training dataset. Additionally, Logistic Regression with ADASYN, Random
Forest with ADASYN, LightGBM with ADASYN, Extra Trees with ADASYN, and ANN
with ADASYN were trained separately using the training dataset.
Step 7: Model Evaluation: The performance of each trained model was evaluated using
the test dataset. Performance metrics, including Accuracy, Precision, Sensitivity (recall),
F-measure, and Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC-AUC), were
calculated for each model to assess their performance.
Step 8: Comparison and Selection: The performance metrics of all models were compared
to determine the best-performed model.
The study encompasses the exploration of prediction using traditional, ensemble learning,
and deep learning techniques. Both Logistic Regression (LR) and its implementations with
Adaptive Synthetic Sampling (ADASYN) exhibit comparatively better performance, achiev-
ing an Accuracy of 0.66 and ROC-AUC of 0.65. LightGBM also demonstrates an improved
accuracy of 0.66 and displays better AUC values, suggesting its suitability for the task.
Random Forest and Extra Trees show comparable accuracies of 0.64, both before and after
implementing ADASYN to address class imbalance. Notably, the use of ADASYN does not
consistently enhance model performance across all metrics. The Artificial Neural Network
(ANN) exhibits relatively lower performance. Both Logistic Regression and LightGBM
showcase notable performance, achieving an Accuracy of 0.66 and an ROC-AUC of 0.65,
respectively, demonstrating competitive outcomes. These findings also underline the sig-
nificance of considering various metrics like Precision, Recall, F-measure, and ROC-AUC in
addition to Accuracy when evaluating model performance in prediction tasks. The variations
in results highlight the influence of the algorithm choice on predictive performance.
4 CONCLUSION
The study underscores the diversity in model performances, with both the Logistic
Regression and LightGBM models emerging as particularly promising models. The effec-
tiveness of applying ADASYN becomes evident in its uneven augmentation of predictive
17
capabilities across various models and highlights the importance of selecting the right
algorithm and preprocessing techniques based on the specific situation. Thus, the study holds
significance, by providing valuable insights into the effective prediction of missed dental
appointments through the utilization of diverse machine learning algorithms and addressing
class imbalance, thereby contributing to enhanced resource utilization and timely patient
care in dental clinics.
5 FUTURE RESEARCH
In the realm of future research, there is an opportunity to explore hybrid models that com-
bine various algorithms in order to enhance the accuracy of predicting missed appointments
at dental clinics. Additionally, the inclusion of historical missed appointment data could
provide valuable insights into recurring trends and patient behaviors, potentially enhancing
predictive models to better understand the complexities of patient decision-making.
REFERENCES
Alabdulkarim, Y., Almukaynizi, M., Alameer, A., Makanati, B., Al-thumairy, R., & Almaslukh, A. 2022.
Predicting no-shows for dental appointments. PeerJ Computer Science, 8, e1147.
AlMuhaideb, S., Alswailem, O., Alsubaie, N., Ferwana, I., & Alnajem, A. 2019. Prediction of hospital no-
Show appointments through artificial intelligence algorithms. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 39(6), 373–381
Daghistani, T., AlGhamdi, H., Alshammari, R., & AlHazme, R. H. 2020. Predictors of outpatients’ no-show:
Big data analytics using apache spark. Journal of Big Data, 7(1).
Dantas, L. F., Fleck, J. L., Cyrino Oliveira, F. L., & Hamacher, S. 2018. no-shows in appointment scheduling –
a systematic literature review. Health Policy, 122(4), 412–421.
Fan, G., Deng, Z., Ye, Q., & Wang, B. 2021. Machine learning-based prediction models for patients no-show
in online outpatient appointments. Data Science and Management, 2, 45–52.
Liu, D., Shin, W.-Y., Sprecher, E., Conroy, K., Santiago, O., Wachtel, G., & Santillana, M. 2022. Machine
learning approaches to predicting no-shows in pediatric medical appointment. Npj Digital Medicine, 5(1).
He, H., Bai, Y., Garcia, E. A., & Li, S. 2008. ADASYN: Adaptive synthetic sampling approach for imbal-
anced learning. In 2008 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IEEE World Congress
on Computational Intelligence), Hong Kong, 2008 (pp. 1322–1328).
Mohammadi, I., Wu, H., Turkcan, A., Toscos, T., & Doebbeling, B. N. 2018. Data analytics and modeling for
appointment no-show in community health centers. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 9,
215013271881169.
18
Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
Front entlang. Unter uns fährt aus der düstern Landschaft da und
dort ein Feuerdolch: unsre Geschütze, die feuern.
Wir sind 400-500 Meter hoch und geben Flaggensignal. Langsam
steigen wir herunter. Wie ein störrisches Pferd am Halfter muß der
Ballon zur Winde gezogen werden. Über dem Boden wälzt er sich ein
paarmal hin und her, dann steht er still.
Ich steige aus. Im nächsten Augenblick schon jagt er wieder mit
dem Beobachter in die Höhe.
Der Argonnerwald
Im Juli
Im Juli
Im Juli
F rüher war sie grün. Das Unterholz war so dicht, daß man sich wie
durch einen Urwald vorwärtsarbeiten mußte. Dazwischen
standen mannsdicke Eichen und sonstige Bäume, vielleicht alle
zehn Schritte ein hoher Baum. Wir lagen ihnen auf vierzig bis fünfzig
Schritt gegenüber. Zu sehen war nichts. Sie hatten ein Labyrinth von
Gräben angelegt, Blockhäuser und große Unterstände. Aber man sah
nichts! Regte man sich, so pfiffen die Kugeln. Woher, das wußte man
nicht, sie saßen irgendwo in den Bäumen. Sie waren oben, wir
unten, also sehr im Nachteil.
Seit Ende September pfiffen hier die Kugeln. Die Bäume und die
Stämme des Unterholzes wurden hundertfach durchlöchert, bis sie
abstarben. Die Granaten knickten die Eichen, das Laub wirbelte. Es
wurde allmählich, ganz langsam, lichter.
Man trieb Sappen vor und kam einander näher. Die Wurfminen
flogen von Graben zu Graben. Man trieb Stollen vor, unter der Erde,
wir und er. Die Sprengungen rissen die Bäume in die Luft. Es wurde
immer lichter.
Als ich die Höhe 285 sah, war sie ganz kahl. Sie ist so groß, daß
eine kleine Stadt darauf Platz hätte. Kein grüner Fleck.
Zerschmetterte und zerfetzte Bäume, das ist alles, was geblieben ist.
Ein Schutthaufe, auf den ein Wolkenbruch niederprasselte und
Rinnen, Furchen, Gräben und krumme Schluchten wühlte. So sah sie
aus.
Sie bot große Vorteile. Sie beherrschte einen Teil der Höhenzüge
ringsum, das Tal gegen Boureuille; er konnte unsre Straßen
einsehen, unsre Zufuhr unter Feuer nehmen. Das war keineswegs
angenehm. Die Höhe 285 mit La Fille morte dahinter war, klar
ausgedrückt, ein Dorn, der uns im Fleisch saß. Der Dorn mußte weg!
Der Franzose mußte hinter die Höhe geworfen werden, weil er dann
nichts mehr sehen konnte.
Es mußte sein und wurde vollbracht! Am 13. Juli.
Es war eine Höllenarbeit, denn er hatte sich eine vollkommene
unterirdische Festung gebaut, in der er bombensicher eingedeckt
lag. Nur bei gewissenhaftester Vorbereitung konnte der Sturm
gelingen.
Tagelang vorher schleppten die Pioniere die zentnerschweren
Wurfminen durch die engen Gräben in die Depots. Tausende von
Handgranaten wurden herangeschafft, Munition aller Art. Die
unterirdischen Gänge wurden ausgebaut, so daß man nur die Decke
einzustoßen brauchte, und man war im Freien. Jeder Mann kannte
seinen Platz und wußte, wohin er den Fuß zu setzen hatte, sobald er
den Graben verließ. Im Kopfe hatte jeder Mann den Sturm schon
vollendet, bevor die erste Granate krepierte. Er wußte, in welchen
Graben er zu gehen hatte, wenn er verwundet wurde. Er wußte,
durch welchen Graben die Gefangenen geführt werden sollten. Alles
war vorher festgesetzt und besprochen. Die Reserven genau
instruiert. Die Gräben sind ein Labyrinth, und nichts ist leichter, als
sich darin zu verlaufen.
Noch eines: die vorderste Sturmkolonne muß formiert werden.
Freiwillige vor! Da melden sich alle. Man verstehe recht: nach einem
Jahr Krieg, nach Monaten von Argonnenkrieg, Monaten von Mühen,
Entbehrungen und Gefahren! Woher schöpfen sie, die Grauen, diese
Kraft? frage ich. Es mußte gelost werden.
Nun also gut, so war es, als der 13. tagte.
Die erste Granate kommt über den morgengrauen Wald und
schlägt krachend auf der Höhe ein. Das ist das Signal. Die
Geschütze, da hinten, stehen schon bereit, ausgerichtet, fertig zum
Schuß. Hauptleute und Kanoniere sind auf dem Posten. Los! Der
Wald ist ein einziges Donnern. Die Kanonen geben Schnellfeuer, ein
Maschinengewehrfeuer von Granaten wirbelt auf die Stellungen des
Feindes nieder. Die schweren Minenhunde rauschen durch den
Morgen. Die Höhe ist eine einzige Staub- und Rauchwolke. Die
Grauen stecken die Köpfe aus den Gräben, um die rauchende Hölle
drüben zu sehen. Die Geschütze rasen.
Der Feind bleibt nicht müßig und antwortet mit wütendem Feuer.
Kaltblütig stehen unsre Artilleriebeobachter in den vordersten
Gräben und dirigieren das Feuer, unbekümmert um Granaten und
Minen, die ringsum krachen. Die Sturmkolonnen kauern dicht
gedrängt in den Unterständen und warten auf ihr Kommando. Sie
liegen in den Sappen bereit, mit Handgranaten am Gürtel und im
Arm, soviel sie schleppen können. Sie kauern in den unterirdischen
Stollen, die unter unsren Drahtverhauen hindurchführen.
Plötzlich schweigt das Feuer.
In der nächsten Minute stürzen die schlesischen Jäger vor. Aus
Sappen, Stollen, Gräben. Der Feind legt einen Feuerriegel vor unsre
Gräben. Hindurch! Ein Leutnant setzt mit einem Sprung über einen
vier Meter breiten feindlichen Drahtverhau. In sieben Minuten sind
die vordersten Gräben überrannt.
Ungeheuer sind die französischen Verluste! Seine Gräben
wimmelten von Truppen, denn er hatte selbst einen Angriff geplant,
und wir waren ihm um einen Tag zuvorgekommen. Eine Mine war in
ein Lager von Handgranaten eingeschlagen und hatte furchtbare
Verwüstungen angerichtet. In einem einzigen Unterstand fand man
einhundertundfünf Tote. Seine Verbände waren zersprengt, aber
noch keineswegs geschlagen.
Sie kämpfen wie Rasende.
Gräben, Sappen, Verbindungsgänge, Sprengtrichter und
Granatlöcher, überall sitzen sie wie festgeschraubt und zerren so viel
Feinde mit in den Tod, wie sie können. In einem Verbindungsgraben
hat sich, mit zwei Gewehren, ein französischer Offizier eingenistet,
der unaufhörlich feuert. Ein Soldat hockt neben ihm und ladet ihm
die Gewehre. Es ist ein Einzelgefecht im großen Kampfe, bis es
gelingt, den kühnen Gegner zu vernichten. Ein Hauptmann bedient
einen verborgenen Minenwerfer, obschon seine Leute ringsum
gefallen sind. Er kämpft mit äußerster Todesverachtung, bis ihn ein
Schlesier niederschlägt.
Schon beginnt wieder das Dickicht. Tausendfach schwirrt der Tod
durch den Wald. Ein Fort, ein eingegrabenes Blockhaus. Ein paar
Pioniere heran, Sprengladung angebracht, fort! Das Blockhaus fliegt
in die Luft. Der Feind läßt eine Mine hochgehen, Steine und Erde
hagelt es aus der Luft. Im nächsten Augenblick sitzen unsre Grauen
im Sprengtrichter und verteidigen ihn nach allen Seiten. Es sind
rasche Teufel, man muß es zugeben!
Der Feind ist zersprengt, gefangen, geschlagen.
Die Argonnenleute sind nicht zum Stehen zu bringen. Sie jagen
weiter, die Höhe hinunter. Sie stürmen ein französisches Lager,
vernichten, was sie vernichten können. Für all diese Fälle sind sie
schon vorbereitet. Sie haben Beile bei sich! Sie stürmen bis zu den
feindlichen Geschützen vor und ringen mit den grauen Untieren, um
sie wegzuschleppen, um sie auf die Höhe zu schaffen. Mit, alles mit,
was mitgehen kann! Aber die Geschütze sind zu schwer, zu fest
eingebaut – es ist menschenunmöglich, sie gefangenzunehmen und
schon nahen französische Reserven. Kurzer Prozeß! Sie schlagen
kaputt, was sich kaputt schlagen läßt, die Richtvorrichtungen, die
Verschlüsse. Sie schieben den grauen Untieren noch rasch ein paar
Handgranaten ins Maul, um sie zu zerstören.
Es ist höchste Zeit! Einer wirft noch rasch eine Handgranate in das
Munitionslager und es fliegt in die Luft.
Zurück! In stehender Schützenlinie feuern sie auf die anrückenden
Reserven ...
Der einzelne zählt hier, der einzelne Mann, er muß rasch, kühn,
verwegen handeln.
Der Krieg unter der Erde
Im Juli
I n die Erde sind die Gräben eingewühlt, tiefe, krumme Rinnen. Sie
laufen quer durch Felder und Wälder, Dörfer und Friedhöfe, sie
nehmen keine Rücksicht. Vor den Gräben sind die Drahtverhaue,
niedrige, kriechende Gestrüppe mit eisernen Dornen. Diese
Dornengestrüppe sind Geschöpfe des Menschen von heute. Sie
tragen keine Früchte, der Mensch stirbt in ihnen wie die Fliege in
den Haarborsten der fleischfressenden Pflanze. Zwischen den
Drahtverhauen, hinüber und herüber, schwirren die Gewehrkugeln.
Aus dem wassergekühlten Lauf des Maschinengewehres stürzen sich
die zischenden Schwärme. Die Granate kommt aus weiter Ferne
herüber und tastet nach allem, was lebt. Mehr, noch mehr. Die
zentnerschweren Wurfminen stürzen aus den Gräben heraus, in die
feindlichen Gräben hinüber. Die Handgranaten fliegen. Das ist noch
lange nicht alles! Wir, die wir in der Luft, im Wasser, unter dem
Wasser, auf den Schneefeldern und in der Wüste kämpfen, wir
kämpfen heute auch unter der Erde. Wo die Gräben sich einander
nähern, kommt zum Grabenkrieg noch der Minenkrieg. Weiter geht
es nicht.
Es ist der Krieg der Pioniere!
Erst waren sie hinten, Stege und Brücken, dann kamen sie vor,
Unterstände, Gräben und Drahtverhaue. Und schließlich begannen
sie ihren eigenen Krieg, auf ihre Weise. Heute sind sie vorn bei den
Vordersten, und wo der Mann fällt, fällt der Pionier mit ihm.
Sie sind Teufelskerle und ohne sie geht es nicht mehr. Sie sind
unentbehrlich, geliebt und bewundert.
Also sie kommen, Offizier und Mann, und betrachten sich die
Sache. Sie zögern nicht lange, es ist nicht ihre Art, lange zu fackeln.
Sie fangen an. Hinein in die Erde! Es ist ein Loch, ein Brunnen, ein
Schacht. Ganze Stockwerke tief. Knüppelleitern und Leitern von
Stricken führen hinab. Dann geht es vorwärts, unter den Gräben und
Drahtverhauen hindurch. Von da aus geht es nach rechts und nach
links. Der Stollen wächst. Eine Anzahl von Schächten wird in die Erde
getrieben, und die Stollen strahlen von ihnen aus. Galerien und
Korridore verbinden die Stollen unter der Erde. Da unten in der
Dunkelheit sind neue Laufgräben entstanden. Spitzhacke und Spaten
und Druckluftbohrer fressen sich durch Erde und Stein und es
entsteht ein richtiges Bergwerk.
„Wir haben da und dort eine Mine gesprengt.“ Wer denkt sich
etwas dabei? Niemand. Wer kennt die furchtbare Arbeit?
Sie suchen hier unter der Erde nicht nach Erzen, sie suchen nach
dem Menschen, sie wollen ihn von unten fassen, da es von oben
nicht genügt.
Schwer und hart ist die Arbeit des Pioniers. Acht Stunden lang
schleppt er ununterbrochen Erde und Gestein durch die düsteren
Stollen. Oben, im Licht der Sonne, schüttet er die Erde aus, und
wenn der Feind sieht, daß neue Erdwälle entstehen, so schießt er
augenblicklich mit Granaten hinein. Aber der Pionier? Nun, der
Pionier tut seine Pflicht.
Mit Kompaß und Meßband wird hier unten gearbeitet. Es handelt
sich um geringste Winkel, Gefälle und Steigung, um Meter und halbe
Meter. Züge mit Grubenhölzern rollen heran, die Pioniere schleppen
Tag und Nacht Holz und Balken durch die Stollen, um sie
auszubauen, damit sie ihnen nicht über dem Kopf zusammenbrechen
eines Tages. Das wäre eine hübsche Geschichte! Kilometerlang sind
oft Gänge und Galerien unter der Erde. Aber niemand sieht sie,
niemand kennt die Arbeit der Pioniere.
Es ist eine Arbeit von Wochen und Monaten, eine Arbeit von
Schweiß, Überlegung und Mut.
Wie steht es? Baut auch er? Der Pionier lauscht drunten in seiner
Nacht. Der Pionier lugt aus, ob nicht drüben bei ihm auffallend viel
Erde aufgeworfen wird. Es regnet in Strömen, tagelang, und der
Pionier horcht: Ja, seine Pumpen spielen! Er hat Wasser in die
Stollen bekommen.
Natürlich baut er, der Franzose. Er hat den Anfang damit gemacht
und ist Meister in diesen Dingen.
Mit List und größter Vorsicht wird dieser Krieg unter der Erde, in
der Finsternis, geführt, viele Meter unter dem Boden. Eines Tages, in
einer Stunde der Nacht, während draußen die Gewehre peitschen
und die Leuchtkugeln alles taghell beleuchten, in einer glücklichen
Minute hört man ihn schaben und scharren, ihn, der von drüben
herübergekommen ist, in den Wochen, in den Monaten, und der, wie
wir, versucht, den Feind von unten zu packen, weil es von oben nicht
genügt. Der Pionier, der ein ganzer Kerl ist und seine Sache versteht,
weiß genau, was er zu tun hat. Mit seinen feinen Ohren horcht er
und sagt sich, es sind vier Meter, es sind sechs Meter. Ist er rechts,
links, oben, unten, feine Ohren gehören dazu. Der Offizier liegt in
seinem Unterstand auf seiner Pritsche und schläft, da tutet das
Telephon: Es sind vier Meter, ich glaube, er ist über uns. Nun schön,
sagt der Offizier, ich komme morgen in aller Frühe.
Nun heißt es handeln! Man muß arbeiten und schaben, damit er
drüben nicht merkt, daß man ihn gehört hat. Es ist ja
wahrscheinlich, daß auch er es gehört hat mit seinen feinen Ohren.
Der große Augenblick ist gekommen. Es handelt sich um Minuten.
Die Sprengladung wird herbeigeschafft. Sandsäcke, ganze Berge von
Sandsäcken werden durch den Brunnenschacht hinunter in den
Stollen getragen. Die Pioniere wimmeln wie Ratten in der Dunkelheit,
aber die Leute vorn arbeiten weiter. Sie markieren die Arbeit, aber es
muß verdammt geschickt gemacht werden. Die Art des Schlagens
und Schabens, obwohl nur markiert wird, darf sich um nichts von
der wirklichen Arbeit unterscheiden, denn er drüben in den Stollen
ist listig wie ein Fuchs. Er wird sich in den Bart lachen und sagen:
Sie markieren jetzt, aber fünf Minuten früher werde ich sprengen.
Dann lebt wohl, Pioniere, Offizier und Mann!
Peinlich genau werden die Kisten mit der Sprengladung aufgebaut,
mit Sprengkapseln versehen, aber währenddessen wird ohne Pause
das Wühlen und Graben fortgesetzt, und er, der die Sache macht,
muß ein Künstler sein, soll das Werk gelingen. Rasch, rasch!
Die Pioniere hocken im düsteren Stollen. Die Sandsäcke wandern
in fieberhafter Hast von Arm zu Arm. Die Sprengladung muß
eingebaut und ein meterdicker fester Wall davor gerammt werden.
Sonst würde die Ladung unsre Stollen zerreißen und nicht hoch
gehen. Die Säcke wandern rascher und rascher, und der Schweiß
stürzt in Strömen über das Gesicht der Pioniere. Mann für Mann gibt
sein Letztes her! Der vorderste arbeitet wie ein Besessener, stark
und geschickt muß er sein, und baut die Mauer. Rasch, immer
rascher muß es gehen. Er spürt seine Arme nicht mehr, wenn die
Arbeit getan ist. Zurück! Die Leitungsdrähte werden sorgfältig
durchgezogen, die Pioniere stieben rückwärts, rasch, rasch! Und der
Offizier, der Offizier der Pioniere, sagt zu den Grauen in den Gräben:
Also jetzt geht es los, Achtung! In drei Minuten wird gesprengt. Die
Grauen verschwinden in den Unterständen und ziehen die Köpfe ein.
Der Boden wankt, die Mine fliegt hoch! Sie zerreißt die Erde, der
Boden öffnet sich und Steine und Erde jagen Hunderte von Metern
hoch. Ein Vulkan speit. Schwarz und grau steht turmhoch die Rauch-
und Staubsäule. In dem Rauch jagen Sandsäcke und Menschenleiber
in die Höhe und flattern Kleidungsstücke, die der Luftdruck von den
Körpern riß. Achtung! Nun kommen sie herunter. Die Steine prasseln
auf die Gräben herab.
Aber noch regnet es Steine und Trümmer und der Rauch steht
noch undurchdringlich: da sind die Grauen schon aus den Gräben,
schon vorn! Und ehe der Rauch sich verzogen hat, sitzen sie schon
in dem Sprengtrichter, der groß ist wie eine Zirkusmanege. Alles war
vorbereitet, sie hatten nur gelauert. Alles war bereit, Gewehre,
Munition, Handgranaten, Maschinengewehre. Und mit den Grauen
sind auch schon die Pioniere da, mit Sandsäcken, und beginnen wie
die Ameisen zu bauen. Wälle, Schutzschilde, provisorische
Unterstände: Nun mag er kommen! Und schon sind die Pioniere
hinten an der Arbeit, um eine Sappe zu der neuen Festung
vorzutreiben. Wir haben zwanzig Meter, dreißig Meter gewonnen, wir
haben unsere Stellung verbessert, wir haben seine unterirdischen
Stollen zerstört.
In den Zeitungen steht die Notiz: Da und dort haben wir eine Mine
gesprengt. Aber niemand weiß, welche Arbeit, wieviel List und
Kühnheit dazu gehört. Die Pioniere sind Leute, die nicht viel reden.
Das ist der Krieg unter der Erde, der neueste, der furchtbarste.
Tag und Nacht wird gegraben und gewühlt. Eine Mine fliegt hoch, an
dieser und jener Stelle der Front. Man treibt die Stollen bis unter die
Gräben der Feinde, und ein Grabenstück mit allem, was da drinnen
ist, geht in die Luft, Menschen, Munition, Kochgeschirre und Waffen.
Für den Sturm werden Stollen vorbereitet und fliegen auf in der
Sekunde, in der es sein muß.
Wehe aber, wenn er zuerst sprengt, eine Minute früher: Offizier
und Pionier, sie gruben ihr eigenes Grab. Aber sie wissen, was sie
tun, sie wissen, wofür sie es tun.
La Bassée
Im August
Im August