1.

UNIT I

HOW DO YOU SPEND YOUR DAY ?

Asking Information

Asking ang giving information is an activity to ask or provide information to yhe other person.
When will ask something then we should use W/H Question. As for to ask it is :

1. What, to ask noun.

2. Who, to ask person.
3. Where, to ask place
4. Whose, to ask possessive.
5. When, to ask time.
6. How, to ask the way.

As for other rules that can also start the initial using capital auxiliaries, such as : can, could, will,
would, shall, should, must, may, might, and had to.

In the asking information will usually be encountered the use of simple present tense.
Simple present tense is a verb form to express facts, habits, or events that occur at this time.
Simple present tense is formed verb-1 or linking verb “be” (is, am, are). What is verb-1 ?

Verb-1 is a bare infinitive with the additional of –s oe –es (especially verb-1 : does, goes,
wants) for subject of singular noun (single noun : Tita, book, car, or third person singular
pronoun single third person : she, he, it). Or without any additional (eg verb-1 : do, go, want) for
the subject of plural noun (we, they), pronoun I/you or compound subject (you and me, Tina and
Ratih).

Exercise

Ask these questions to your friend then write in a paragraph !

- Whre are you from ? Lubuk Basung

- What do you do ? A student
- What is your favorite class ? Drawing
- Where do you live ? Raya Lubuk Begalung Street
- How do you spend your weekend ? Cleaning home
- Do you like Sports ? Doesn’t like sports
- What is your favorite food ? Fried chicken

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Report :

I have interviewed Nabila Abigaell. She is my friend. She is from Lubuk Begalung and
Nabila is a student of Putra University “YPTK” Padang in major of Visual Communication
Design. Then she likes drawing and now lives at Raya Lubuk Begalung Street, Padang. On
weekend Nabila usually cleaning home and she doesn’t like sports. Finally, she like fried
chicken.

2. UNIT II

NUMBERS

Thousands and Millions

Use 1,000 and 1,000,000 always with “a” or “one”

1,000 – a thousand or one thousand

201,000 – two thousand and one thousand

Use commas as separator. For example : 57,458,302

The Number 1,000,000,000

In English this number is a billion. This is very tricky for nations where “ a billion” has
12 zeros, 1,000,000,000,000 in English, however, is a trillion. But don’t worry, these numbers
are even a bit problematic for native speakers : for a long time the British “billion” had 12 zeros
(a number with 9 zeros was called “ a thousand million”). Now, however, also in British English
“ a billion” has 9 zeros. But from to time this number still causes confusion (just like this
paragraph, I’m afraid,;0).

How to Pronouns Date and Numbers in English

♦ Date

In English, we can say dates either with the day before the month, or the month before the day.
For example :

“The first of January or the January the first”.

Remember to use ordinal numbers for dates in English. Ordinal numbers are numbers in English
in the form of levels, such as first, second, third, fourth, and so on.

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♦ Years

For years up until 2000, separate the four numbers inti two pairs of two, for example :

1965 = nineteen sixty-five

1871 = eighteen seventy-one

1998 = nineteen ninety-eight

For the decade 2001-2010, you say “two thounsand and ……” when speaking British English,
for example :

2001 = two thousand and one

2009 = two thousand and nine

Howewver, from 2010 onward you have choice. For example, 2012 can either “two thousand
and twelve” or “twenty twelve”.

♦ Large Numbers

Divide the number into units of hundred and thousand, for example :

450,000 = four hundred nd fifty thousand

400,360 = four hundred thousand and three hundred and sixty

♦ Fractions, ratios, and percentages.

Fractions are a small part of the numbers. Here is an example:

2/3 = two third
1/3 = a third
½ = a half
2/5 = two fifth

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¼ = a quarter
1/5 = a fifth
5 ½ = five and a half
5 2/4 = five and two fourth

1.5% = one point five percent

0.3% = nought / zero point three percent

♦ Saying 0

Depending on the context, we can pronounce zero in different ways :

2 - 0 = two nil (football)

30 – 0 = thirty love (tennis)

604 7721 = six oh four… (phone number)

0.4 = nought point four or zero point four (a number)

0 C = zero degrees (temperature)

Talking About Calculations In English

♦ + : plus

♦ = : equals or makes

Example : 2 + 1 = 3 (two plus one equals / makes three)

♦ - : minus or take away

Example : 5 – 3 = 2 (five minus three equals two or five take away three equals two)

♦ X : multiplied by or times

Example : 2 X 3 = 6 (two multiplied by three equals six or two times three equals six)

♦ / : divided by

Example : 6 / 3 = 2 (six divided by three equals two)

Cardinal Numbers

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 According to the Oxford dictionary, "cardinal number (read: / kɑːd (ɪ) n (ə) l nʌmbə /)
is a whole number, for example 1, 2, 3 that shows quantity". In Indonesian, the cardinal number
means all numbers indicating the number, for example 1, 2, 3, 4, ... 100, etc.
Difference Of Cardinal Numbers and Ordinal Numbers

Separation Between Hundreds and Tens

Hundreds and tens are usually separated by “and” in American English. For example :

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110 = one hundred and ten

1,250 = one thousand, two hundred and fifty

2,001 = two thousand and two

♦ Hundreds

Use 100 always with “ a” or “one”, example :

100 = a hundred or one hundred

“a” can only stand at the beginning of a number.

Exercise

How do you pronounce these numbers ?

- 21,356 → twenty one thousand, three hundred and fifty six.

- 45,106,211 → fourty five millions, one hundred and six thousand, two hundred and
eleven.
- 3 Mei 2010 → two thousand and ten, May, third.
- 29 Maret 1452 → fourteen-fifty two, March, twenty nine.
- 25 ¼ → twenty five, one quarter.
- 65,325 – 2,250 = 63,075 → sixty five thousand three hundred and twenty five take away
two thousand, two hundred and fifty equals sixty three thousand and seventy five.
- 39 ̊ C → thirty nine degrees celcius.
- 15 Juli 2050 → two thousand and fifty, July, fifteenth.
- 35 X 16 = 560 → thirty five multiplied by sixteen makes five hundred and sixty.
- 2015 – 167 = 1848 → two thousand and fifteen minus one hundred and sixty seven
makes one thousand, eight hundred and fourty eight.

3. UNIT III

HOW MUCH IS IT ?

How many with countable noun or plural noun, and how much with uncountable noun
or singular noun can serve to form questions. Many / much can also be followed by the
preposition "of" when the word is followed by articles (a, an, the), possessive (their, his, her, its),
or pronoun (them, us, you).
♦ Much → for uncountable noun.
Example : sand, rice, water, sugar or liquid.
♦ Many → for countable noun.

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Example : bananas, books, houses, etc.

Demonstrative Pronoun
Point out a specific person, things, place or idea. The use of a demonstrative pronoun
depends on the number of objects intended.
1. This
2. That
3. These
4. Those
The use of these and those used for objects that are close to people, whereas the use of
that and those are used to show objects that are far away from the person concerned. This and
that is used to denote singular objects while these and those are used to denote plural objects.

Giving Opinion
♦ Question
“How do you like this sweater ?”
“How do you like those sweater ?”

♦ Answer

“It’s great”

“They’re nice, ok”

“I don’t like the style”, etc.

Note Book : use it's for singular objects and their use is for plural objects.

Talking About Price

♦ Question
“How much is it ?”
“How much are it ?”

♦ Answer
“it’s Rp 500.000”
“they’re Rp 250.000”
Note Book : use of is and are based on the number of objects. If the object is singular then use is,
but if the object is plural using are.

Exercise

1. D : How much that jacket ?

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 S : It’s Rp 150000
D : That’s not bad, I love it.
2. D : How much is dress ?
S : It’s Rp 300000
D : That’s so expensive.
3. D : How much is the T-shirt ?
S : It’s Rp 100000
D : That’s reanable
4. D : How much are apples ?
S : They’re Rp 15000
D : That’s so cheap
5. D : How much is bag ?
S : It’s Rp 25000
D : That’s not bad, I like it
6. D : How much are the glasses ?
S : They’re Rp 400000
D : That’s so expansive. I don’t like it
7. D : How much is the car ?
S : It’s Rp 75000000
D : That’s reasonable, okay. I want blue car
8. D : How much is marker ?
S : It’s Rp 15000
D : That’s so expansive. How about 12000 ?
9. D : How much are oranges ?
S : They’re Rp 1000
D : That’s so cheap. I want 3 kg please
10. D : How much is the house ?
S : It’s Rp 150000
D : That’s reasonable. What about safety ?

4. UNIT IV

I REALLY LIKE HIP-HOP

Expression of like means expressions or expressions that express likes / likes to

something. Expressing like means expressing likes. Expression of dislike means an expression or
expression that states dislike / hate against something. Expressing dislike means expressing
dislike.
♦ If you like something, you can say :

- I like …….

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 - I love ……
- I really love …..
- I enjoy ……
- I really enjoy …….
- I feel like …….
- I am crazy about ……..
- I am very fond of ……
- I am very keen on ……
- I adore ……
- I’m fond of ……

♦ If you dislike something, you can say :

- I dislike …..
- I don’t like …..
- I hate ….
- I detest ….
- I loathe ….
- I abhor ….
- Oh, how awful.
- I am not keen on …..
- I am fed up with ….
- I don’t think I like ….
- I can’t stand with ……

♦ If you neither like or dislike something, you can say :

- I don’t mind doing the housework.

following example of expression like and dislike :

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♦ Auxilary Verb

Auxiliary verb is a verb that appears before the main verb in a sentence to modify the
meaning of the main verb. This helper verb consists of primary (be, do, have) and auxiliary verb
capital (can, may, may, must, ought to).

Some Use and Example Be, Do, and Have

Use
Sample Sentence Auxiliary Verb

Be (am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been)

She is brushing the bathroom floor.
(Dia sedang menyikat lantai kamar
mandi.) Present Continuous
They were roasting corns at this time
Auxiliary verb “be” untuk membentuk present atau
last night.
past continuous tense. Kemudian dapat pula
(Mereka sedang membakar jagung
ditambahkan modal will untuk membentuk future
tadi malam.) Past Continuous
continuous.
The party will be starting at this time
tomorrow.
(Pesta akan sedang berlangsung
besok.) Future Continuous
Be bersama auxiliary verb have membentuk He has been driving for an hour.
present atau past perfect continuous tense. Dapat (Dia telah menyetir selama satu
pula ditambahkan modal will untuk membentuk jam.) Present Perfect Cont
future perfect continuous. You will have been sleeping long.

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 (Kamu akan telah tidur
lama.) Future Perfect Cont.
Your cake is being eaten by him.
(Kuemu sedang dimakannya.)
The room was cleaned by my
Be untuk membentuk passive
assistant last night.
(Ruangan itu dibersihkan oleh asisten
saya tadi malam.)
Do (do, does, did)
I do finish my homework.
(Saya harus menyelesaikan PR.)
Auxiliary verb “do” untuk memberikan penekanan
Do open the door.
pada kalimat indicative (normal) maupun
(Buka pintu.)
imperative, dan adverb of frequency.
Tina seldom does wash her shoes.
(Tina jarang mencuci sepatunya.)
You love your job, don’t you?[1]
(Kamu suka pekerjaanmu kan?)
Did you see him yesterday?[2]
Do untuk mengajukan pertanyaan (question tag[1], (Apakah kamu melihatnya kemarin?)
yes-no[2], dan wh-question[3]). Dapat pula What does she want from you?[3]
digunakan untuk mengajukan clarifying question[4] (Apa yang dia inginkan darimu?)
(pertanyaan klarifikasi) berhubungan negative “Diana didn’t have much money.”
statement (pernyataan negatif) sebelumnya. “Then who did lend it me?”[4]
(“Diana tidak punya banyak uang.”
“Lalu siapa yang meminjaminya
padaku?”)
I do not like coffee.
Auxiliary verb ini bersama not untuk membentuk (Saya tidak suka kopi.)
kalimat negative She didn’t come last night.
(Dia tidak datang semalam.)
Yes, I do.
Do untuk membuat short answer (jawaban pendek)
Yes, she does.
My brother loves swimming and so
Auxiliary verb ini dipadukan dengan conjunction do I.
so dan neither untuk mengekspresikan similarity (Saudara saya suka berenang dan
(persamaan) dan differences (perbedaan). saya juga.)
I don’t want to spend my money

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 unwisely; neither does my friend.
(Saya tidak ingin menghabiskan uang
dengan tidak bijaksana; teman saya
juga.)
Have (have, has, had)
Dira has studied in French since
April.
(Dira telah belajar di Perancis sejak
Auxiliary verb “have” untuk membentuk perfect April.) Present Perfect
tense. I had already eaten breakfast by the
time he picked me up.
(Saya sudah sarapan sewaktu dia
menjemput.) Past Perfect
He might have realized his mistakes.
(Dia mungkin telah menyadari
Have dikombinasikan dengan modal untuk
kesalahannya.)
mengekspresikan possibility (kemungkinan)
dimasa lalu. My father may have read this book.
(Ayah saya mungkin telah membaca
buku ini.)

Notebook : need to be considered when using words like like, love etc to use gerund.

♦ Things to remember :

- Dislike is quite formal.

- Fond of is normally used to talk about food or people.
- The “oa” in loathe rhymes with the “oa” in boat.
- To talk about general like or dislike, follow this patter : like sometging or like doing
something.
- Common mistake : be careful where you put very much a lot. These words should go
after the thing that you like. For example :
“I like reading very much”, not “like very much reading”.

Noun, Adjective and Verb.

1. ADJECTIVE
Adjective is a word that indicates the nature / state or number of a noun.
For example :
• Beautifull (cantik)

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• Black and white (hitam putih)
• Expensive(mahal)
• Handsome( ganteng)
• Ugly (jelek)
• Important ( penting)
• Interesting (menarik)
• Busy (sibuk) etc,,

2. NOUN
Noun is a noun, the use of noun can be the subject of the sentence, the verb object and the
foreground object.
For example :
• The names of person (nama-nama orang)
 General Soeharto
 Queen Victoria
 Prof.Dr.Amien Rais,M.A
• The names of places ( countries , cities ,etc)
 Japan
 Korea
 America
 Indonesia
• The names of things ( nama-nama benda)
 Table
 Cupboarrd
 Paper
 School

3. VERB
Verbs are words that indicate activities or auxiliary words that help other words, so that the word
can be a predicate.
For example :
- I take an English course twice a week.
- He will come on time next week.
- They are learning English with new students.
- He is a giving speech.

Exercise

Write five things is your like and five things is your dislike !
♦ Five things is like :
- Book → I adore a books.
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 - Ballpoint → I like using ballpoint every writing.
- Cake → I love cake very much.
- Monkey → he loves monkey.
- Sate → He fond of sate.

♦ Five things disike :

- Music rock → she can’t stand listen music rock.
- Crowded → Lita dislikes crowded.
- Writing → Budi don’t like writing.
- Dog → Alissa detest dog.
- Noodle → Andi can’t stand eating noodle.

5. UNIT V
TELL ME ABOUT YOUR FAMILY

- How are you ?

- What roles in your family ?
clive moon family tree and rose harris

Clive Moon married

Rose Harris

Barry Moon married Cynthia Moon married

Nancy Thomas Paul Boston

Amanda Moon Colin Moon Peter Baston

Based on the family tree then, there will be:
1. Aunt. 12. Father.
2. Brother. 13. Husband.
3. Children. 14. Mother.
4. Cousins 15. Nephew.

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 5. Daughter. 16. Niece.
6. Grand children. 17. Parents
7. Grand daughter. 18. Sister.
8. Grand father. 19. Son
9. Grand mother. 20. Uncle
10. Grand parents 21. Wife.
11. Grand son.

Exercise

Write position of people in the tree family !

- Aunt → The aunts are Nancy Thomas and Cynthia Moon.
- Daughter → The daughter are Cynthia Moon and Amanda Moon.
- Son → The son are Barry Moon, Colin Moon and Peter Baston.
- Parents are Clive Moon with Rose, Barry Moon with Nancy Thomas and Cynthia Moon
with Paul Baston.

6. UNIT VI

HOW OFTEN DO YOU EXERCISE ?

Adverbs Of Frequency

♦ To say how often domething happens you can say :

♦ Adverbs of frequency come after the verb be, for example :

- She is sometimes late.
- The Students are never bored.

♦ Usually come before other verbs, for example :

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 - She often checks her answer.
- He usually pays attention in class.

♦ Usually and sometimes can also come at the beginning or end of a sentence, for example :
- The dog eats his homework sometimes.
- Sometimes the dog eats his homework.
- The dog sometimes eats his homework.

♦ Use ever in yes / no question ever means “at any time”, for example :
- Are the test ever easy ? Yes, the test are or No, the test are.
- Does he ever get an “A” ? Yes, he does or No, he does.

♦ The Position of the Adverb in a Sentence

An adverb of frequency goes before a main verb (except with To Be).

Subject + adverb + main verb
I always remember to do my homework.
He normally gets good marks in exams.

An adverb of frequency goes after the verb To Be.

Subject + to be + adverb
They are never pleased to see me.
She isn't usually bad tempered.

When we use an auxiliary verb (have, will, must, might, could, would, can, etc.), the adverb is
placed between the auxiliary and the main verb. This is also true for to be.

Subject + auxiliary + adverb + main verb

She can sometimes beat me in a race.
I would hardly ever be unkind to someone.
They might never see each other again.
They could occasionally be heard laughing.

We can also use the following adverbs at the start of a sentence:

Usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally

 Occasionally, I like to eat Thai food.

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But we cannot use the following at the beginning of a sentence: always, seldom, rarely, hardly,
ever, never. We use hardly ever and never with positive, not negative verbs:

 She hardly ever comes to my parties.

 They never say 'thank you'.

We use ever in questions and negative statements:

 Have you ever been to New Zealand?

 I haven't ever been to Switzerland. (The same as 'I have never been Switzerland').

Notebook : Be careful, don’t use ever in affirmative statement.

Exercise

♦ Practice 1
1. Angel always studies in front of the TV.
2. Stephany rarely akses the teacher for help.
3. He is usually early to class.
4. I usually review my grammar note.
5. She never makes flashcards.
6. John is sometimes attentive in class.

♦ Practice 2
1. How often do you study in a group ? I usually study in a group.
2. How often are she bored in class ? She is never bored in the class.
3. How often does he listen to the teacher ? He sometimes listen to the teacher.
4. How often does hanny practice speaking English ? Hanny often practices speaking
English.
5. How often do they get an “A” on test ? They sometimes get an “A” on test.
6. How often is he confused in class ? He is rarely confused in class.

7. UNIT VII
WE HAD A GREAT TIME !

Invitation Card

♦ To make an invitation card :

17
 You can start with : and you can use person politely.
“You’re Invited to My Birthday Party”
“Please come to ….”
“It’s a Party”

For Example :

Please Come To My Party

To : Elmo
Who
Why : I will be twenty years old
Why
Date : Friday, 26 June 2018
When
Time : 3 pm to 7 pm
When
Place : Duta Indah Street, No. 21 Pondok Indah, South
Where Jakarta

Who From : Diva

R.S.V.P

Please written or call How

me

♦ If you get an invitation you have to reply, it can be :

- Orally, you can say :

“Thank you, I’ll ask my parents to night”
“This looks like fun Tweety but I’m sorry I won’t be able to come it”

- Written Reply , you can written :

Address Of Sender
Sesame Street

No. 21

Jakarta

20 Juni 2018 18
Date Of Sender

Greeting Of Sender Letter

Polite Explanation Of

Whether You Can Or Can’t

Attend

Ending

♦ Yes / No Questions

I am going to the party → Are you going to the party ?

- Yes, I am
- No, I am not.

Exercise

Write invitation card and written reply together !

♦ Invitation Card (Birthday Card)

It’s Time To Party !

To : Angela Adita

Why : I’ll be twenty years old.

Date : 26 June 2018

Time : 2 pm until 5 pm

Place : Lubuk Begalung Sreet, Backside of

Sandy Seluler, Padang

From : Diva
♦ Written Reply R.S.V.P.
Please written or call me
Pandan Ujung Street No. 7
1234567890
Solok

23 June 2018
19
Dear My Honey,

Thank’s for your invitation. I can come to

 The Simple Past Tense

♦ Meaning and Using

To express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Time settle
like yesterday, ago, last month, in1980, etc.

Example :

- I saw Maria yesterday.

- Last Friday, the student took their spelling and vocabulary tests.
- The got married two years ago.

♦ English has two type of past tense :

1) Regular Verb
Regular verb or can also be called a regular verb is a word that changes regularly with
only adds "suffix -ed" from its original form. Or if the verb ends with a letter then it will
just add a suffix "-d" instead. For example :

Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle Arti

(V1) (V2) (V3)
Talk Talked Talked Berbicara

Ask Asked Asked Meminta

Avoid Avoided Avoided Mencegah

Ban Banned Banned Melarang

Change Changed Changed Mengubah

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 2) Irregular Ver

irreegular verb or also called an irregular verb is a verb that changes from its irregularly
shaped form. Between present participle, past tense and past participle, all have their own
form. Here is an example of an irregular verb.
Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle Arti
(V1) (V2) (V3)
Begin Began Begun Mulai

Bring Brought Brought Membawa

Come Came Come Datang

Fall Fell Fallen Jatuh

Get Got Gotten Memperoleh

♦ For regular verb, simpy use the –ed form of the verb a positive sentence. For example :
- When I was a child, I played the piama.
- Donna visited in Paris.

♦ For irregular verb, use the correct past tense form in positive sentences, we use the same form
with different subject. For example :

- Last week, I sent you a latter (send).

- The students had an English exam (have).
- They did a great time (do).

♦ For negative sentence use :

Did not or didn’t + verb, base form (infinitive)

♦ Exception = verb be

Never use didn’t or did not with the verb be. Instead, just use :

Is, am → Was (she, he, it)

Are → Were (you, they, we)

Example :

- I was tired yesterday (+)

- I was not tired yesterday (-)

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 - Was I tired yesterday ? Yes, I was or No, I was not.

Was or Were + Not

♦ For yes / no questions, use :

Did + Subject

For example :

- Did you go to work yesterday ? Yes, I did or No, I did not.

Exercise

Put the verb (between brackets) into the correct form (simple past) !

Last year, I (spend) spent my holiday in Ireland. It (be) was great. I (travel) two friends
and we (visit) visited lots of interesting places. In the evening, we usually (go) went to a café. We
(be) were very lucky with the weather. It (not rain) didn’t rain a lot. We (see) saw some beautiful
rainbows. I (have) had an amazing holiday.

8. UNIT VIII

WHAT’S YOUR NEIGHBORHOOD LIKE ?

Preposition of Place

- Between : `between two objects.

- Amoung : between many objects.
- In : ‘di dalam’.
- On : ‘di atas’.
- Under : ‘di bawah’.
- In front of : ‘ di depan’.
- On the left : ‘sebelah kiri’.
- On the right : ‘sebelah kanan’.
- Behind : ‘di belakang’.
- Next to : ‘selanjutnya yang memiliki jarak yang sangat dekat’.
- Near : ‘dekat’.

For example :
- The boy is in the bx.
- The boys are next to the box.

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 Subject Object Possesive
I Me My
You You Your
We Us Our
They Them Their
She Her Her
He Him His
It it It

♦ Location : at, on, in.

- At : prepositions in the group indicate that th noun that follows them is treated as a point
in relation to wich another object in prepositioned.
- On : prepositions in the group indicate that th noun that follows them is treated as surface
in relation to wich another object in prepositioned.
- Area / volume : within the foncires of a volume.

For example :

- I live at Adinegoro Street.

- I live on Lubuk Begalung.
- I live in Padang.

♦ Temporalrelations : to express extend time.

- Since : ‘sejak’.
- By : ‘dari’.
- For : ‘selama’.
- From-to : shows a clear timeline.

Exercise

write down where these objects are located in your room according to the condition of your room
1. Cupboard : The cupboard is next to wall.
2. Clothes : The clothes is in the cupboard.
3. Book : The books are on the cupboard.
4. Shoes : The shoes are in front of wall.
5. Fan : The fan is on the right table.

9. UNIT IX

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 MAKING COMPARISONS

Materials

♦ Things that are similar in some ways :

As + adjective + as

Example : Ani is as beautiful as Ana.

♦ Things that are different in somw ways :

Not as + adjective + as

Example : Ani is not beautiful as Ana.

♦ To compare two things using :

Adjective + er + than

Example : Aerobics is faster than tai-chi.

♦ Exceptions to use er or more

- Good → better than.
- Bad → worse than.
- Far → farther than.
♦ When using a comparative you must always follow it with thw word “than”. For example :
- The toyota is smaller than the ford.
- The ford is bigger than the toyota.
- The elepants are father than the giraffic.
♦ to declare most for one working tribe, for example :
- Big → biggest.
- Fun → funniest.
♦ Summary
- As + adjective + as → same.
- Not as + adjective + as → different.
- Adjective + er + than → ‘lebih’
- More + adjective + than → ‘lebih’
- Adjective + es → ‘paling’
- The most + adjective → ‘paling’
- Adjective + diffrenr form → different.

In English, there are three forms of comparison levels, namely:

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1. Positive degree (regular level)
2. Comparative degree (more level)
3. Superlative degree (most level)

1. Positive degree
Positive degree or commonly called an equal comparison, it means that there are two things
compared that have the equation. Usually has a significance Se-

1. Adverb Subject 1 Verb As adverb as Subject 2

2. Adjective Subject 1 To be As adjective as Subject 2

Example :
Adverb : Andi runs as fast as Ronaldo (Andi berlari secepat Ronaldo)
They walked as slowly as a duck (Mereka berjalan selambat bebek)
Adjective : She is as beautiful as Amy Lee. (Dia secantik Amy Lee)
My father was as old as his grandfather (Ayahku setua kakeknya)
Note: make negative sentence :
- She is studying as lazily as he.
- She is studying not so/as lazily as he.
- Lampung is as hot as Bali
- Lampung is not so/as hot as Bali

2. Comparative degree
In the form of comparative degree or equal comparison, there are two that are compared, one of
which has more or less significance (greater or lesser degree).

Subject 1 Verb/tobe Adjective/ -er than subject 2

adverb
More/less Adj./adv.
Example :
– Adjective: She is taller than I, You are more diligent than she
– Adverb : Sterling runs faster than Januzaj, She works harder than her mother, He
walked more slowly thanhis grandfather.

Notebook : there is a special pattern to 'warm' or the comparison is very far by adding the word
much / far before the adjective / adverb.
Exercise

1. Her cook is spicier (spicy) than my mother cook.

2. The building is higher (high) than his company.
3. Rony’s design is worse (bad) than other designs.

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 4. Living in London is more expansive (expensive) than New York.
5. She couldn’t be more thrilled (thrilled) to work with him.

10. UNIT X
GERUND AND INFINITIVE

Gerund

Gerund is a noun formed from a given-ending verb. We can use Gerund as "Subject",
"Complement", or "Object" in a sentence.

♦ When to use –ing ?

- The –ing form is used when the word is the subject of a sentence or clause.
For example : Swimming is good exercise.
- The –ing form is used after preposition.
For example : I look forward to meeting you.
- The –ing form is usef after certain verbs : avoid, dislike, enjoy, finish, give up, mind /
not mind, practice, deny, postpane, fancy, admit, miss, involve, imagine, like.
For example : I dislike getting up early.
♦ if you want to change to negative sentence then give the word "not" before gerund.
For example : would you mind not opening the window ? It’s cold outside
♦ List of gerund :

Acknowledg Detest Discontinue Mind postpane

e
Admit Deny Dislike Imagine Suggest
Advise Delay Dispute Have Waste (time)
Can’t help Confess Escape Forbid Resist
Celebrate Complete Excuce Finish Understand
Miss Practice Report Resume Spend (time)
Permit Quit Resent Risk Urge

To Infiitive

To Infinitive is a word formed from a verb preceded by To, which functions as a noun. So it can
serve as subject, object and complement in sentence.
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♦ When use the infinitive ?
- Forget, help, learn, teach, train, choose, expect, hope, need, offer, want, would like,
agree, encourage, pretend, promise, recommend, allow, can / can’t afford, decide,
manage, mean, and refuse.
- The infinitive form is always used after adjective.
For example : I was happy to help them.
- This includes too + adjective + to infinitive.
For example : The water was too cold to swimming.
- The infinitive form is used after edjective enough.
For example : She is rich enough to buy two cars.
♦ List of to infinitive :
Advise Beg Buy Command Encourage
Allow Bring Challenge Dare Expect
Ask Build Choose Direct Forbid
Instruct Love Teach Tell Force
Invite Motivate Send Urge
Lead Order Require Want
Leave Pay Remind warn
Let Permit Promise Have
Like Persuade Prepare Hire

♦ the following words may use gerund or to infinitive :

Begin, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, propose, start, etc.

Exercise

1. We like to visit our grand mother on Sundays (visit).

2. It wasn’t a nice day, so we decide not to go for a walk (not go).
3. My father hates wearing a tie to work (wear).
4. We can’t afford to take a vacation this summer (take).
5. Our neighbor threatened to call the police (call).
6. I hope to find a job soon (find).
7. Would you mind opening a windows ? (open).
8. She can’t leave the table without finishing her dinner (finish).
9. The music will continue playing until you turn off (play).
10. My little brother dislike not having his hair brushed (not have).
11. Smoking id bad for your health (smoke).

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