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Developments in Mathematics
Christian Constanda
Dale Doty
William Hamill
Boundary Integral
Equation Methods
and Numerical
Solutions
Thin Plates on an Elastic Foundation
VOLUME 35
Series Editors:
Krishnaswami Alladi, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
Hershel M. Farkas, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/5834

Christian Constanda • Dale Doty • William Hamill
Boundary Integral Equation

Methods and Numerical
Solutions
Thin Plates on an Elastic Foundation
123
Christian Constanda Dale Doty
The Charles W. Oliphant Professor Department of Mathematics
of Mathematical Sciences The University of Tulsa
Department of Mathematics Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
The University of Tulsa
Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
William Hamill
Department of Mathematics
The University of Tulsa
Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
ISSN 1389-2177 ISSN 2197-795X (electronic)

ISBN 978-3-319-26307-6 ISBN 978-3-319-26309-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-26309-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016930553
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.

springer.com)
For Lia, Jennifer, and Kathy
Preface
Many problems in mathematical physics and engineering are modeled by elliptic

systems of partial differential equations. Well-known examples in this context are
higher-dimensional steady-state heat conduction [11], acoustics (see [8, 15]), grav-
itational potential [10], fluid mechanics [14], and elasticity theory (plane strain,
bending of thin plates, and stationary flexural oscillations—see [11, 12]). Among
the solution techniques for such problems, a prominent role is played by boundary
integral equation methods (BIEMs), which, apart from being powerful and elegant,
have some decisive advantages over other procedures, an important one being that
they change a problem from its formulation in terms of an unbounded differential
operator to one for an integral operator, thus making it more appealing and tractable
from an analytic viewpoint. In essence, the ellipticity of the problems is shifted to
the boundary, where it gives rise to integral equations that are then solved in suit-
able function spaces [6]. BIEMs also yield closed form solutions, which renders
them very useful for numerical computation.
The many different types of BIEMs developed so far [6] can be divided into
two main categories: direct and indirect. The former employ what might be called
‘designer’ solutions, of a form chosen purely for mathematical convenience. By
contrast, the unknown functions in the latter have physical significance; in elasticity,
for example, they may characterize the displacement field or the force vector acting
on the boundary of the domain.
An elastic body under the action of external forces experiences deformation,
mathematically described by means of the stress and strain tensors and the dis-
placement vector (see [9, 1]). These quantities satisfy a system of equations that,
under certain conditions, can be reduced to one in only two—rather than the orig-
inal three—independent space variables. Such is the case of the system governing
the equilibrium of thin elastic plates with transverse shear deformation, extensively
investigated in [6, 7] in spaces of smooth functions, and in [2] in spaces of distribu-
tions. The corresponding stationary oscillations model has been studied in [16], and
that of dynamic deformations in [3].
In this book, we consider the system of equations (known as the Winkler model
[18]) that describes the equilibrium of a thin elastic plate with in-plane deformation
vii
viii Preface
and no bending, which lies on an elastic foundation and is subjected to Dirichlet,

Neumann, or Robin boundary conditions. This model has many important applica-
tions in engineering problems arising in geotechnical research, road construction,
biomechanics, and other practical fields. A brief presentation of some preliminary
results can be found in [4, 5]. Our intention is to describe the mathematical model
analytically and then use it to show how a boundary element method, based on
the boundary integral equation technique, can be constructed and manipulated to
compute an approximate (numerical) solution. The advantage of this type of ap-
proach over the use of finite elements or other classical computational procedures is
twofold: it reduces the original two-dimensional setup to a one-dimensional prob-
lem, and provides a faster rate of convergence.
The material in the book is organized in five chapters.
In Chapter 1, we describe the model and list the main boundary value problems
associated with its governing system.
Chapter 2 contains the definition of the elastic potentials in terms of a matrix of
fundamental solutions, and a description of the mapping properties of the boundary
integral operators generated by these potentials.
The main thrust in Chapter 3 is the use of the layer potentials in the solution of our
boundary value problems by means of direct and classical indirect BIEMs. These
results are fundamental in establishing the well-posed nature of the mathematical
model.
In Chapter 4, we make a detailed presentation of the Mathematica R
software in
relation to its use in our numerical handling of the problems.
Finally, Chapter 5 consists of a collection of computational examples that illus-
trate the implementation of the collocation method for the direct and classical indi-
rect BIEMs with various conditions prescribed on smooth and non-smooth bound-
aries, and different choices of splines.
The book should be a good source of information for readers who want to get
at-a-glance theoretical and practical details about the analytic structure and numeri-
cal applications (in the Mathematica R
environment) of boundary integral equation
methods.
We wish to express our thanks to Elizabeth Loew, Executive Editor for Math-
ematics at Springer, who has guided the evolution of this project with impeccable
professionalism and great efficiency.
Also, two of us (CC and DD) are grateful to our wives for their support, under-
standing, and remarkable staying power in the face of stiff competition from our
computers during the production of this book.
Tulsa, OK, USA Christian Constanda

Tulsa, OK, USA Dale Doty
Tulsa, OK, USA William Hamill
September 2015
Contents
1 The Mathematical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Basic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Boundary Value Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 The Layer Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.1 Fundamental Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 The Layer Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3 Properties of the Boundary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3 Existence of Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.1 The Classical Indirect Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.1.1 The Dirichlet Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.1.2 The Neumann Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.1.3 The Robin Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2 The Direct Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2.1 The Dirichlet Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2.2 The Neumann Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2.3 The Robin Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4 Software Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.1 Programming Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.2 Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.3 Coding the Mathematical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.4 Coding of the Matrix of Fundamental Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.5 The Singularities of D and P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.6 Numerical Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.7 Coding the Single-Layer and Double-Layer Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.8 Coding the Boundary Integral Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.9 Outline of the Boundary Element Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.10 Parametrization and Segmentation of the Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.11 Construction of a B-Spline Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
ix
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4.12 Selection of the Boundary Element Method and Collocation Points . 79

4.13 Code Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5 Computational Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.1 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.1.1 Test Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.1.2 Computational Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.2 Dirichlet Problem in an Ellipse: Piecewise Linear Spline . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.2.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.2.2 Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.2.3 Solution Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.2.4 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.3 Dirichlet Problem in an Ellipse: Piecewise Constant Spline . . . . . . . . 104
5.3.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.3.4 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.4 Dirichlet Problem in an Asymmetric Domain: Piecewise Linear
Spline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.4.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.4.4 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.5 Dirichlet Problem in an Ellipse: Computational Difficulties . . . . . . . 119
5.5.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.5.4 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.6 Dirichlet Problem in an Ellipse: Error Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.6.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.6.4 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.6.5 O(h2 ) Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.7 Dirichlet Problem in a Domain with Corners: Piecewise Cubic
Spline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.7.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.7.4 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.8 Dirichlet Problem in a Domain with Corners: Piecewise Quintic
Spline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
5.8.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Contents xi

5.8.4 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
5.9 Dirichlet Problem in a Square: Piecewise Cubic Spline . . . . . . . . . . . 149
5.9.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
5.9.4 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.10 Neumann Problem in a Square: Validation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.10.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.10.4 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
5.11 Neumann Problem in a Square: Piecewise Cubic Spline . . . . . . . . . . 162
5.11.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
5.11.4 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
5.12 Robin Problem in a Square: Piecewise Cubic Spline . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
5.12.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
5.12.4 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
5.13 Robin Problem in a Square Revisited: Piecewise Cubic Spline . . . . . 178
5.13.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
5.13.4 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
5.14 Dirichlet Problem in a Square: Classical Indirect Method . . . . . . . . . 185
5.14.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
5.14.4 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
5.15 Dirichlet Problem in an Asymmetric Domain: Classical Indirect
Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
5.15.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
5.15.4 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
5.16 Neumann Problem in an Ellipse: Classical Indirect Method . . . . . . . 199
5.16.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
5.16.4 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
5.17 Neumann Problem in a Square: Classical Indirect Method . . . . . . . . . 205
5.17.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
xii Contents

5.17.4 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
5.18 Robin Problem in An Ellipse: Classical Indirect Method . . . . . . . . . . 212
5.18.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
5.18.4 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
5.19 Mixed Boundary Conditions: Piecewise Cubic Spline . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
5.19.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
5.19.4 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Chapter 1
The Mathematical Model
1.1 Basic Equations
Throughout the book, Latin and Greek subscripts take the values 1, 2, 3 and 1, 2,
respectively, and the convention of summation over repeated indices is understood.
For simplicity, we denote by I both the identity matrix on any space of square ma-
trices and the identity operator on any space of functions. Also, we denote the trans-
pose of a matrix X by X T and the derivatives of a function f = f (xi ) by
∂f
= f , i = ∂i f ,
∂ xi
∂2 f
= f , i j = ∂i ∂ j f ,
∂ xi ∂ x j
with the obvious generalization for higher-order derivatives.
Let S be a finite domain in R2 , with a simple and closed boundary ∂ S oriented in
the positive direction.
1.1 Definition. (i) A function f defined in S (on ∂ S) is called Hölder continuous

with index α ∈ (0, 1) if there is c = const > 0 such that
| f (x) − f (y)| ≤ c|x − y|α ∀x , y ∈ S (∀x, y ∈ ∂ S).
The space of all such functions is denoted by C0,α (S) (C0,α (∂ S)).
(ii) A function f defined in S (on ∂ S) is called Hölder continuously differen-
tiable with index α ∈ (0, 1) if it is differentiable in S (on ∂ S) and its derivatives
belong to C0,α (S) (C0,α (∂ S)). The space of all such functions is denoted by C1,α (S)
(C1,α (∂ S)).
1.2 Remark. If S is an infinite domain, then a function f defined on S is Hölder

continuous (Hölder continuously differentiable) in S if it has this property on any
finite subdomain of S. Of course, the constant c in Definition 1.1 will vary with the
subdomain.
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 1

C. Constanda et al., Boundary Integral Equation Methods and Numerical Solutions,
Developments in Mathematics 35, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-26309-0 1
2 1 The Mathematical Model
We now assume that the boundary curve ∂ S is of class C2 , denote S by S+ , and

write
S− = R2 \ (S+ ∪ ∂ S), S̄+ = S+ ∪ ∂ S, S̄− = S− ∪ ∂ S.
Let x = (x1 , x2 ) be a generic point in a Cartesian system of coordinates with the
origin (0, 0) ∈ S+ , and let ν (x) be the outward unit normal at x on ∂ S (see Fig. 1.1).
For x, y ∈ R2 , we write
|x − y| = [(x1 − y1 )2 + (x2 − y2 )2 ]1/2 .
x2
νx
S
x1
Fig. 1.1 The geometric configuration of the domains and boundary.
The equilibrium equations of three-dimensional elasticity are
ti j, j + qi = 0,
where the ti j = t ji are the components of the stress tensor and qi are the components
of the body force vector. For a homogeneous and isotropic material, the constitutive
equations have the form
ti j = λ uk,k δi j + μ (ui, j + u j,i ),
where ui are the displacement components, λ and μ are the elastic (Lamé) coef-
ficients, and δi j are the Kronecker delta. The components of the stress vector in a
direction n = (n1 , n2 , n3 )T are
ti = ti j n j ,
and the internal energy density is
E = 14 ti j (ui, j + u j,i ) = 12 ti j ui, j .

1.1 Basic Equations 3
The model of plain strain is based on the assumption that
uα = uα (x1 , x2 ), u3 = 0,
qα = qα (x1 , x2 ), q3 = 0,
n = (n1 , n2 , 0)T .
Hence, the equilibrium equations, the constitutive relations, the stress tensor com-
ponents, and the internal energy density can be expressed as
tαβ ,β + qα = 0, (1.1)
tαβ = λ uγ ,γ δαβ + μ (uα ,β + uβ ,α ), (1.2)
tα = tαβ nβ , (1.3)
E = 12 tαβ uα ,β . (1.4)
Combining (1.1) and (1.2), we find that
(λ + μ )uβ ,β α + μ uα ,β β + qα = 0,
or
(λ + μ )grad div u + μΔ u = q, (1.5)
which can be written as
A(∂1 , ∂2 )u = q,
where
u = (u1 , u2 )T , q = (q1 , q2 )T , Δ = ∂12 + ∂22 ,
and A(∂1 , ∂2 ) is the matrix differential operator

μ Δ + (λ + μ ) ∂12 (λ + μ ) ∂1 ∂2
A(∂1 , ∂2 ) = .
(λ + μ ) ∂1 ∂2 μ Δ + (λ + μ ) ∂22
In the homogeneous case—that is, in the absence of body forces—system (1.5)

becomes
A(∂1 , ∂2 ) u = 0.
If the plate lies on an elastic foundation, the differential operator changes to

μ + (λ + μ ) ∂12 − k ( λ + μ ) ∂1 ∂ 2
Z(∂1 , ∂2 ) = , (1.6)
( λ + μ ) ∂1 ∂ 2 μ + (λ + μ ) ∂22 − k
or
Z(∂1 , ∂2 ) = A(∂1 , ∂2 ) − kI, (1.7)
where k = const > 0 is the elastic constant of the foundation material. Then the
homogeneous equilibrium system can be written as
Z(∂1 , ∂2 )u = 0. (1.8)
1.3 Theorem. If
λ + μ > 0, μ > 0, (1.9)
then system (1.8) is elliptic.
Proof. Since, under conditions (1.9), the system A(∂1 , ∂2 )u = 0 is elliptic (see The-
orem 2.1 in [6]), from (1.7) it follows that so is (1.8).
1.4 Remark. In what follows, we assume that inequalities (1.9) are satisfied.
Combining (1.2) and (1.3) and setting nα = να (the components of the outward
unit normal to ∂ S), we arrive at
tα = tαβ νβ = Tαβ uβ ,
where the boundary stress operator T (∂1 , ∂2 ) is given by

( λ + 2 μ ) ν 1 ∂1 + μ ν 2 ∂2 μν2 ∂1 + λ ν1 ∂2
T ( ∂1 , ∂2 ) = . (1.10)
λ ν2 ∂1 + μν1 ∂2 μ ν 1 ∂1 + ( λ + 2 μ ) ν 2 ∂2
From (1.2) and (1.4) it follows that the internal energy density in the absence of
a foundation can be written as
E = E (u, u) = 12 [(λ + 2μ )(u21,1 + u22,2 ) + 2λ u1,1 u2,2 + μ (u1,2 + u2,1 )2 ].
For the elastic foundation problem, the internal energy density is
E = E(u, u) = E (u, u) + 12 k uT u. (1.11)
1.5 Theorem. E(u, u) is a positive definite quadratic form.
This assertion follows from Theorem 2.2 in [6], which states that E (u, u) is pos-
itive definite, and the fact that the second term in (1.11) is also positive definite.
1.2 Boundary Value Problems
Let M p×q be the vector space of p × q matrices, and let A be the vector space of
functions u ∈ M2×1 in S− such that, in polar coordinates,
u(r, θ ) = O(r−1−α ), α > 0, as r → ∞. (1.12)
Let P, R, Q, S , K , L ∈ C(∂ S) be given 2 × 1 matrix-valued functions, and

let σ ∈ C(∂ S) be a positive definite 2 × 2 matrix-valued function. We consider the
following six basic boundary value problems:
1.2 Boundary Value Problems 5
(i) Interior Dirichlet problem (D+ ): Find u ∈ C2 (S+ ) ∩C1 (S̄+ ) such that
(Zu)(x) = 0, x ∈ S+ , u(x) = P(x), x ∈ ∂ S.
(ii) Exterior Dirichlet problem (D− ): Find u ∈ C2 (S− ) ∩C1 (S̄− ) ∩ A such that
(Zu)(x) = 0, x ∈ S− , u(x) = R(x), x ∈ ∂ S.
(iii) Interior Neumann problem (N+ ): Find u ∈ C2 (S+ ) ∩C1 (S̄+ ) such that
(Zu)(x) = 0, x ∈ S+ , (Tu)(x) = Q(x), x ∈ ∂ S.
(iv) Exterior Neumann problem (N− ): Find u ∈ C2 (S− ) ∩C1 (S̄− ) ∩ A such that
(Zu)(x) = 0, x ∈ S− , (Tu)(x) = S (x), x ∈ ∂ S.
(v) Interior Robin problem (R+ ): Find u ∈ C2 (S+ ) ∩C1 (S̄+ ) such that
(Zu)(x) = 0, x ∈ S+ , (Tu + σ u)(x) = K (x), x ∈ ∂ S.
(vi) Exterior Robin Problem (R− ): Find u ∈ C2 (S− ) ∩C1 (S̄− ) ∩ A such that
(Zu)(x) = 0, x ∈ S− , (Tu − σ u)(x) = L (x), x ∈ ∂ S.
Any function that satisfies pointwise one of the above systems of equations is
termed a regular solution, or, simply, a solution of that boundary value problem.
The following assertion is analogous to Green’s first identity [13].
1.6 Theorem. If u ∈ C2 (S+ ) ∩C1 (S̄+ ), then

uT (Zu) da = uT (Tu) ds − 2 E(u, u) da.
S+ ∂S S+
Proof. From (1.7) and Theorem 2.7 in [6] it follows that

uT (Zu) da = uT (A − kI)u da = uT (Au) da − uT (ku) da
S+ S+ S+ S+

= uT (Tu) ds − 2 E (u, u) da − k uT u da
∂S S+ S+

= u (Tu) ds − 2
T
E (u, u) da + 2 k u u da
1 T
∂S S+ S+

= uT (Tu) ds − 2 E(u, u) da.
∂S S+
The above assertion has an important consequence.

1.7 Corollary (Betti formulas). (i) If u ∈ C2 (S+ ) ∩C1 (S̄+ ) and Zu = 0 in S+ , then

2 E(u, u) da = uT (Tu) ds. (1.13)
S+ ∂S
(ii) If u ∈ C2 (S− ) ∩C1 (S̄− ) ∩ A and Zu = 0 in S− , then

2 E (u, u) da = − uT (Tu) ds. (1.14)
S− ∂S
Proof. (i) By Theorem 1.6,

u (Zu) da =
T
(Tu) ds − 2 E(u, u) da,
S+ ∂S S+
and the result follows from the fact that Zu = 0 in S+ .

(ii) Let KR be a disc centered at the origin and of radius R sufficiently large so
that S̄+ ⊂ KR (see Fig. 1.2).
x2
KR
S
S
x1
KR \ S
Fig. 1.2 The domain KR \ S̄+ .
By (1.7),

uT (Zu) da = uT (Au) da − k uT u da.
KR \S̄+ KR \S̄+ KR \S̄+
Since Zu = 0 in KR \ S̄+ ⊂ S− , it follows that

0= uT (Au) da − k uT u da.
KR \S̄+ KR \S̄+
1.2 Boundary Value Problems 7
Then, by Corollary 2.8 in [6],

0= uT (Tu) ds − 2 E (u, u)da − k uT u da. (1.15)
∂ (KR \S+ ) KR \S+ KR \S+
Since here the outward normal to ∂ S is directed into S+ (see Fig. 1.2), we have

uT (Tu)ds = uT (Tu)ds − uT (Tu)ds,
∂ (KR \S̄+ ) ∂ KR ∂S
which, when substituted in (1.15), yields

0= uT (Tu) ds − uT (Tu) ds
∂ KR ∂S

−2 E (u, u) da − k uT u da. (1.16)
KR \S+ KR \S+
By (1.12),
u = O(r−1−α ), α > 0,
so
uT u = u21 + u22 = O(R−2−2α ) in KR\S̄+ ;
therefore,

uT u da = O(R−2−2α )O(R2 ) = O(R−2α ) → 0 as R → ∞. (1.17)
KR \S+
Since
∂1 u, ∂2 u = O(r−2−α ),
it follows that

uT (Tu) ds = O(R−1−α )O(R−2−α )O(R)
∂ KR
= O(R−2−2α ) → 0 as R → ∞. (1.18)
Also, KR \ S+ expands into the whole of S̄− as R → ∞; therefore, in the limit, for-
mulas (1.16)–(1.18) generate (1.14).
The analog of Green’s second identity [13] is called the reciprocity relation.
1.8 Theorem. For any u, v ∈ C2 (S+ ) ∩C1 (S̄+ ),

[uT (Zv) − vT (Zu)] da = [uT (T v) − vT (Tu)] ds.
S+ ∂S
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Proof. By Theorem 2.9 in [6],

[uT (Zv) − vT (Zu)] da = [uT (A − kI)v − vT (A − kI)u] da
S+ S+

= [uT (Av) − vT (Au)] da − k (uT v − vT u) da
S+ S+

= [u (Av) − v (Au)] da =
T T
[uT (T v) − vT (Tu)] ds.
S+ ∂S
1.9 Theorem (Uniqueness). Each of (D+ ), (D− ), (N+ ), (N− ), (R+ ), and (R− ) has
at most one solution.
Proof. Let u = v − w, where v, w ∈ C2 (S+ ) ∩ C1 (S̄+ ) are any two solutions of one
of (D+ ) or (N+ ) with the same nonhomogeneous term. Then u is a solution of the
corresponding homogeneous problem, so, by (1.13),

2 E(u, u) da = uT (Tu) ds = 0.
S+ ∂S
Since E(u, u) is a positive definite quadratic form, it follows that E(u, u) = 0, which
implies that u = 0, or v = w; hence, each of (D+ ) and (N+ ) has at most one solution.
The proof for (D− ) and (N− ) is similar, with (1.14) used instead of (1.13).
We now turn to the Robin problems. As above, the difference u = v − w of any
two solutions v, w ∈ C2 (S+ ) ∩ C1 (S̄+ ) of (R+ ) for a given K and a given positive
definite 2 × 2 matrix function σ ∈ C(∂ S), is a solution of the homogeneous problem
(R+ ), so, again, from (1.13) it follows that

2 E(u, u) da = uT (Tu) ds = − uT (σ u) ds,
S+ ∂S ∂S
or, what is the same,

2 E(u, u) da + uT (σ u) ds = 0.
S+ ∂S
We have
uT σ u = σαβ uα uβ ;
consequently, since E(u, u) is a positive definite quadratic form and σ is a positive
definite matrix, we conclude that u is a rigid displacement in S+ that vanishes on
∂ S, so u = 0, or v = w, which means that (R+ ) has at most one solution.
The proof for (R− ) is similar to that for (R+ ), with the Betti formula (1.14) in-
stead of (1.13).
Chapter 2
The Layer Potentials
2.1 Fundamental Solutions
We need to construct a matrix of fundamental solutions for the operator Z(∂1 , ∂2 ).

This is a two-point 2 × 2 matrix function satisfying
Z(∂x )D(x, y) = −δ (|x − y|)I, (2.1)
where ∂x indicates that differentiation is applied with respect to the point x and δ is
the Dirac delta distribution. If the scalar two-point function t(x, y) is a solution of
the equation
(det Z)(∂x )t(x, y) = −δ (|x − y|),
then
Z(∂x )[(adj Z)(∂x )t(x, y)I] = (det Z)(∂x )t(x, y)I = −δ (|x − y|)I,
so
D(x, y) = (adj Z)(∂x )t(x, y)I (2.2)
is a matrix of fundamental solutions for Z.
We have

μΔ + (λ + μ )∂ 2 − k ( λ + μ ) ∂1 ∂ 2
1
(det Z)(∂x ) =
( λ + μ ) ∂1 ∂ 2 μΔ + (λ + μ )∂22 − k
= μ (λ + 2μ )Δ 2 − 2k μΔ − (λ + μ )kΔ + k2

k(λ + 3μ ) k2
= μ (λ + 2 μ ) Δ −
2
Δ+
μ (λ + 2 μ ) μ (λ + 2 μ )
= μ (λ + 2μ )(Δ −C12 )(Δ −C22 ), (2.3)
where
k k
C12 = , C22 = .
μ λ + 2μ
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 9

C. Constanda et al., Boundary Integral Equation Methods and Numerical Solutions,
Developments in Mathematics 35, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-26309-0 2
10 2 The Layer Potentials
A fundamental solution for the operator Δ − h2 I, h = const, is [17]
−(1/(2π ))K0 (h|x − y|),
where K0 is the modified Bessel function of the second kind and order zero (see Fig.
2.1); that is,
(Δ − h2 )K0 (h|x − y|) = −2πδ (|x − y|).
K0 r
r
Fig. 2.1 The modified Bessel function K0 .
This suggests that we seek t(x, y) of the form
t(x, y) = pK0 (C1 |x − y|) + qK0 (C2 |x − y|), p, q = const,
which then leads to
(Δ −C22 )t(x, y)
= p(Δ −C22 )K0 (C1 |x − y|) + q(Δ −C22 )K0 (C2 |x − y|)
= p(Δ −C22 )K0 (C1 |x − y|) − 2π qδ (|x − y|)
= p[(Δ −C12 ) + (C12 −C22 )]K0 (C1 |x − y|) − 2π qδ (|x − y|)
= p(Δ −C12 )K0 (C1 |x − y|) + p(C12 −C22 )K0 (C1 |x − y|) − 2π qδ (|x − y|)
= −2π pδ (|x − y|) + p(C12 −C22 )K0 (C1 |x − y|) − 2π qδ (|x − y|).
To eliminate δ , we take p = −q; hence,
(Δ −C22 )t(x, y) = p(C12 −C22 )K0 (C1 |x − y|),
so
(Δ −C12 )(Δ −C22 )t(x, y) = (Δ −C12 )p(C12 −C22 )K0 (C1 |x − y|)
= p(C12 −C22 )(Δ −C12 )K0 (C1 |x − y|)
= −2π p(C12 −C22 )δ (|x − y|). (2.4)
2.1 Fundamental Solutions 11
Using (2.3) and (2.4), we find that
(det Z)(∂x )t(x, y) = μ (λ + 2μ )(Δ −C12 )(Δ −C22 )t(x, y)

= −2π μ (λ + 2μ )A(C12 −C22 )δ (|x − y|)

k k
= −2π pμ (λ + 2μ ) − δ (|x − y|)
μ λ + 2μ
= −2π pk(λ + μ )δ (|x − y|)
= −δ (|x − y|),
where
1
p= ,
2π k(λ + μ )
1
q=− ;
2π k(λ + μ )
consequently,
1
t(x, y) = [K0 (C1 |x − y|) − K0 (C2 |x − y|)]. (2.5)
2π k(λ + μ )
In this case,
D(x, y) = (adj Z)(∂x )t(x, y)I

μΔ + (λ + μ )∂22 − k −(λ + μ )∂1 ∂2 t(x, y) 0
= , (2.6)
−(λ + μ )∂1 ∂2 μΔ + (λ + μ )∂12 − k 0 t(x, y)
or, component-wise,
D11 (x, y) = μΔ t(x, y) + (λ + μ )∂22t(x, y) − kt(x, y),

D12 (x, y) = D21 (x, y) = −(λ + μ )∂1 ∂2t(x, y), (2.7)
D22 (x, y) = μΔ t(x, y) + (λ + μ )∂12t(x, y) − kt(x, y),
with all differentiation performed with respect to the point x.

We notice the symmetry
D(x, y) = D(y, x) = DT (x, y). (2.8)
Another necessary tool for handling our boundary value problems is the matrix
of singular solutions
P(x, y) = [T (∂y )D(y, x)]T , (2.9)
where
12 2 The Layer Potentials
P11 (x, y) = μ (λ + 2μ )∂ν (y) Δ (y)t(x, y) + 2μ (λ + μ )∂s(y)t,12 (x, y)

− k[ν1 (y)(λ + 2μ )t,1 (x, y) + ν2 (y)t,2 (x, y)],
P12 (x, y) = μ∂s(y) Δ (y)t(x, y) − 2μ (λ + μ )∂s(y)t,11 (x, y)
− k[ν1 (y)t,2 (x, y) + ν2 (y)t,1 (x, y)],
(2.10)
P21 (x, y) = −μ∂s(y) Δ (y)t(x, y) + 2μ (λ + μ )∂s(y)t,22 (x, y)
− k[ν1 (y)t,2 (x, y) + ν2 (y)t,1 (x, y)],
P22 (x, y) = μ (λ + 2μ )∂ν (y) Δ (y)t(x, y) − 2μ (λ + μ )∂s(y)t,12 (x, y)
− k[ν1 (y)(λ + 2μ )t,1 (x, y) − ν2 (y)t,2 (x, y)];
here, we have denoted the normal and tangential derivatives at y on ∂ S by
∂ν (y) = ∂ /∂ ν (y) = ν1 (y)∂1 + ν2 (y)∂2 ,

∂s(y) = ∂ /∂ s(y) = −ν2 (y)∂1 + ν1 (y)∂2 ,
with differentiation in terms of the point y.

2.1 Theorem. For x = y, the columns D(α ) of D and the columns P(α ) of P are
solutions of (1.8).
Proof. The first part of the assertion follows from the definition of D in (2.1). In
fact, we can write
Z(∂x )D(x, y) = 0, x = y. (2.11)
Furthermore, in view of the symmetry (2.8), we also have
Z(∂y )D(x, y) = 0, Z(∂x )D(y, x) = 0, x = y.
Finally, by (2.11) and (2.9), we see that for x = y,

(α )
[Z(∂x )P(α ) (x, y)]β = Zβ γ (∂x )Pγ (x, y)
= Zβ γ (∂x )Pγα (x, y)
= Zβ γ (∂x )[T (∂y )D(y, x)]αγ
= Zβ γ (∂x )[Tασ (∂y )Dσ γ (y, x)]
= Zβ γ (∂x )[Tασ (∂y )Dγσ (x, y)]
= Tασ (∂y )[Zβ γ (∂x )Dγσ (x, y)]
= Tασ (∂y )[Z(∂x )D(x, y)]β σ
= 0.
It is important to know the asymptotic behavior of D(x, y) and P(x, y) for small
and large values of |x − y|.
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CHAPTER XVIII.
RUBE BURROW HARBORED IN SANTA ROSA—THE
FLOMATON ROBBERY.
SANTA ROSA COUNTY, in which Rube sought refuge from the

unflagging pursuit of the detectives, is one of the northwestern
counties of Florida, its northern boundary being the Alabama line.
Escambia River, whose blue waters are dotted with numerous islets,
marks its western limits, and flowing onward into Pensacola Bay,
interlocks the many inlets and lakes that indent its shores.
Santa Rosa Island, stretching itself along its whole southern
border, in the white-crested waters of the Gulf of Mexico, seems to
stand as a sentry to guard its serf-beaten coast. The county is more
than half the size of the State of Delaware. It embraces 1,260
square miles of territory, and has a population of only 7,500, or
about six persons to every square mile, and the major portion of this
population is confined to Milton, the county seat, and other towns
lying along the Pensacola and Atlantic Railway.
Yellow, East Bay, Juniper and Blackwater Rivers all find their
channels to the estuaries of the Gulf through Santa Rosa. In this
isolated and uninhabited district, amid the hooting of owls, the
hissing of reptiles, and the snarling of wild beasts, as ever and anon
they were startled from their dark coverts, Detective Jackson quietly
but persistently followed the outlaw.
On February 15th, about twenty miles north of Broxton’s ferry,
Jackson found Rube’s trail, and reaching a landing on Yellow River,
ascertained that a boy had taken him across about one hour before
his arrival. Learning that the boy had been instructed to pull the boat
half a mile down stream before landing on the opposite shore,
Jackson, being afoot and finding no other boat could be secured,
swam the stream, and making his way, with great difficulty, through
the canebrake, down the river’s bank, found, on meeting the boy,
that Rube was only half an hour ahead of him.
Pushing forward, he pursued the trail, though without result,
until darkness compelled him to abandon it and shelter himself, as
best he could, in the marshy bottoms of Yellow River.
Some weeks after this the outlaw was located in the vicinity of
East Bay, about four miles from the Gulf coast, in one of the wildest
of Florida’s jungles. Here lived Charles Wells, with his two sons and
two daughters, in a dilapidated cabin, whose roof was thatched with
cane from the brake not twenty paces distant. Wells bore a very
unsavory reputation throughout all that section, and was known to
harbor criminals of every class and type. His fealty to the criminal
classes who sought refuge in the wilds of Santa Rosa had been
tested full many a time, and Rube was not long in ascertaining that
in the person of Wells he would find a friend, whose dark record of
crime gave ample surety of his zeal in the cause of lawlessness. In
this secluded spot Rube found shelter during the spring and summer
of 1890, never venturing, at any time, however, to trust himself in
the cabin of Wells. He lived in the canebrakes like a beast, and
defied the most vigilant efforts of the detectives to dislodge him.
Meantime Detective Jackson was withdrawn from Florida early in
July to look after Brock, alias Jackson, and his capture having been
effected the detective returned about August 1st to Florida, to renew
his pursuit of Rube.
While searching the swamps of Santa Rosa, Detective Jackson
learned that Rube claimed to know one John Barnes, of Baldwin
County, Ala., and the information that Barnes had taught him how to
saw logs was confirmed by the confession of Brock that Barnes was
a laborer in the camp on Lovette’s creek, where all three of the men
had worked in March, 1888. With some difficulty the detective found
Barnes, who lived on a small farm about twelve miles from
Castleberry, Ala. Barnes soon convinced Jackson that the man
known to him as Ward was Rube Burrow. Barnes was selected to go
into Santa Rosa County and endeavor to toll the outlaw from his
hiding place, or else definitely locate him, and thus enable the
detectives to capture him. Barnes was peculiarly fitted for the task.
The Indian blood that coursed through his veins gave him both
nerve and cunning. He was a native of Santa Rosa, and, as boy and
man, had traversed fen and swamp till he knew every bear trail and
deer stand in that entire section.
About August 20th Barnes went into Santa Rosa County to make
a reconnaissance, and in a few days visited Wells, to whom he was
well known. Barnes intimated to Wells that he expected to leave
Alabama and settle in Santa Rosa County, and fortunately for his
plans Wells suggested a copartnership between Burrow and Barnes,
to which the latter, feigning reluctance, finally consented. Barnes
remained long enough at Wells’ cabin to receive a message from
Rube that he would meet him on Sunday, August 31st, in that
vicinity. Barnes returned to his father’s home, about eighteen miles
distant, and reported the result to Jackson, who was enjoying the
quiet of camp life, within easy reach of the home of the elder
Barnes. Why Rube should postpone the meeting for a week and
enjoin Barnes, as he did through Wells, to return, was a mystery.
Upon Barnes’ return to Wells, as appointed, he was advised that
Rube had declined the proffered partnership and would not see him.
Rube knew the detectives were in Santa Rosa, and shrewdly
suspecting that Barnes was being used to entrap him he refused all
alliance with him.
While Barnes was vainly endeavoring to negotiate a
copartnership between Rube and himself, the wily outlaw was
planning another train robbery.
It was suggested to Brock, alias Jackson, a few days after his
arrest, that all of Rube’s partners being captured he would doubtless
recruit his forces before robbing another train. Brock replied, “If
Rube takes a notion to rob a train by himself, he will do it.”
When it was reported, therefore, that the north-bound express
on the Louisville and Nashville Railway had been boarded on the
night of September 1, 1890, at Flomaton, Ala., only about seventy-
five miles from the hiding place of Rube Burrow, it was quite evident
that the bold adventure was the work of the famous bandit.
It was a chef-d’œuvre, in the execution of which he doubtless
congratulated himself. That a man should, under any circumstances,
successfully hold an entire train crew at bay, and, single-handed, rob
the express car, is a deed of such daring as to almost challenge
admiration, at least for his dauntless courage, whatever may be
thought of his lawless purpose; but that a man hunted down by
detectives, living like a wild beast in the swamps, afraid to show his
face in daylight because of their dreaded presence, should emerge
from his place of concealment and rob the very corporation whose
sleuth hounds had tracked him to his lair, betokens a degree of
audacity unparalleled in the history of crime or the realms of fiction.
Rube is credited with possessing a sense of the ridiculous, inherent
in the Burrow family, and doubtless this turning of the tables on his
would-be captors appealed strongly to his sense of humor, if, indeed,
the dare-devil deed was not inspired thereby.
The train pulled into the station of Flomaton about ten P. M.,
where it was delayed some twenty minutes in awaiting the
Pensacola connection. Meantime a tall man, coarsely dressed, was
seen to mount the steps of the express car, next the engine, and
look in upon the messenger through the glass door in the end of the
car. When he came down from the car he was seen to have a coal
pick, which he had taken from the tender of the engine. A few
minutes afterward, just as the train was pulling out, he ran toward
the engine and mounted it. The yard-master observed these
movements, but simply thought the man was some employe of the
railway.
Before the train was fairly under headway the engineer, facing
about, saw himself and fireman covered by two revolvers in the
hands of a man whose face was masked and who held under his
arm a coal pick.
“Pull ahead and stop the train with the express car on the north
side of Escambia River bridge, or I will blow the top of your head
off,” was the stern command.
“All right, Captain,” said the engineer.
The bridge was about three quarters of a mile north of the
station. While en route, Rube said:
“If you obey my orders, I will not harm you, but the penalty is
instant death if you disobey.”
On arriving at the bridge the sharp command “Stop!” was given,
and the engineer instantly complied.
“Get down,” said Rube to the engineer and fireman, and he
followed the two men to the ground.
The colored fireman, as soon as he reached terra firma, made
instant flight from the scene. Rube fired two shots at him as he fled,
which had no other effect, however, than to increase his speed.
When called upon afterwards to explain the cause of his retreat,
the darkey replied:
“I thought I heerd him say run, and as we was all ’beyin’ orders,
I run.”
Rube now ordered the engineer to take the coal pick which he
gave him and break in the front door of the express car. While the
engineer was engaged in doing so, Rube, standing on the platform
of the car behind him, fired five shots into the air on the one side,
and four shots on the other side, and by this ruse made it appear
that the woods were full of robbers.
Johnson, the messenger of the Southern Express Company,
stood on the floor of his car, pistol in hand, as the engineer entered,
the door being broken through, and manifested a disposition to
resist the attack upon his car. Rube, however, standing in the
doorway, covered him with his two Colt’s revolvers, and threatening
to shoot both engineer and messenger, the latter, being entreated
also by the engineer, like Ben Battle, of old, “laid down his arms.”
Rube threw a sack to the engineer, not trusting himself to cross
the portals of the doorway in which he stood, and bade him hold it,
while the messenger was ordered to place within it the contents of
his safe. The messenger complied, but the bulk of the matter placed
in the sack was so small that Rube insisted he had not received all.
The messenger, taking from his safe a book, said:
“This is all—do you want this?”
“No,” said Rube, “don’t put that in.”
“Give me your pistol,” then said Rube, “butt end foremost.”
The messenger complied, and Rube backed out of the car,
saying to the messenger and engineer:
“If you poke your heads out of the car before I get out of sight,
I will shoot them off.”
The work was done so quickly that the passengers were hardly
aware of what had occurred until all was over. The conductor, who
came forward and entered the rear compartment of the express car,
which was used for baggage, while the messenger was delivering
the contents of his safe, was observed by Rube and ordered to
retreat. Taking in the situation, the conductor deemed prudence the
better part of valor, and complied.
This proved to be Rube’s last exploit at train robbing, and he
secured only the pitiful sum of $256.19.
Officers of the Express Company, with several detectives, arrived
on the scene the next day, and it was soon ascertained that Rube
had gone back into Santa Rosa County, from which he was quickly
driven by the detectives, on the long, last chase of his career.
CHAPTER XIX.
RUBE ROUTED FROM FLORIDA—THE CHASE INTO
MARENGO COUNTY, ALA.—HIS CAPTURE.
THE detectives of the Southern Express Company were only a few

hours behind the outlaw when he reached his lair in Santa Rosa
County on the third day after the Flomaton robbery. Anticipating his
return an effort was made to cut off his retreat. Rube, however, had
twenty-four hours the start, and being at home in the swamps,
succeeded in eluding his pursuers.
It was now determined by the officers of the Southern Express
Company to organize a posse under the leadership of Detective
Thomas Jackson and drive the bandit from the swamps of Santa
Rosa and capture him at whatever cost and hazard.
Detectives Stewart and Kinsler, of the Louisville and Nashville
Railway service, were detailed to aid Jackson, and several other
trusted men were added to the posse.
“Go into Santa Rosa and capture Rube, or drive him out,” was
the order given.
The faithful detectives, willing to brook any toil and brave any
danger, however hazardous, pledged their best efforts to carry out
the order.
The expedition, having been provided with ten days’ rations,
quietly set out for Santa Rosa County on the 12th of September.
John Barnes, who had returned, having failed in his attempted
treaty with Rube, was the trusted guide. Leaving the Pensacola and
Atlantic Railway at a flag station south of Milton, the party set out
afoot across the swamps for Wells’ cabin, distant about thirty-five
miles. The difficulties which beset the journey, however, were so
numerous that three days were consumed in arriving at their
destination.
Reaching the vicinity of Wells’ home soon after dark on the 15th
of September, the cabin was surrounded, and sentries, under cover
of the adjacent cane and brush, began watch. Morning came, and
with it the detectives hoped Rube would appear, either to enter the
cabin for food, or, if sheltered there the previous night, he could be
seen going out. Not so. For three days and nights a close watch was
kept under circumstances of hardship and suffering which sorely
taxed the capacity of the detectives. Driven by hunger and thirst,
they finally resolved upon a strategy which in time brought good
results.
About sunrise on the morning of the 18th of September the
detectives closed in upon the cabin. Rube was not found. It was
evident, however, that he was in the immediate vicinity. A trunk,
containing a suit of clothing, an overcoat and some small articles,
was found in the cabin, and the property was confessed to be that of
Ward. Searching the trunk, Jackson found $35 in currency, which
bore the marks of having been stitched while in the custody of the
express company. The money being claimed by Wells, other money
was exchanged for it, but the clothes were taken in charge. The
detectives now resolved to starve Rube out—to hold his commissary
and prevent the issue of any supplies.
While the detectives were in ambush about the cabin, visits were
being made by members of the Wells household to Rube, but it was
impossible to follow these scouts without disclosing the presence of
the detectives. The wild solitude of the place quickened the ears of
these lawless people to the least sound, and the snapping of a cane
in the brake or the sound of a footstep was regarded as a signal of
danger. The very profession of these people was to harbor thieves.
Once in possession of the Wells domicile the detectives put the
whole family under close surveillance. They virtually made prisoners
of them. Deploying part of their forces in the adjacent canebrakes,
they swept every trail for miles around, and made it impossible for
the outlaw to find food in any part of that section.
While scouring the swamps Detective Jackson learned from a
thoroughly reliable source that Rube had crossed Yellow River just
above the Florida line on the 25th of September.
The order had been carried out—Rube had been routed from the
swamps of Santa Rosa. The detectives were at once withdrawn from
Florida. Barnes, the guide, hurried home, his presence not having
been disclosed while in the Wells neighborhood.
Jackson was now making ready to strike the trail of Rube who,
he felt sure, had crossed the Alabama line, when, on September
29th, the following telegram from John Barnes was received:
“Ward, the man you call Rube Burrow, took breakfast at my
house this morning and left at noon, going by way of Repton, Ala.
Send Jackson with sufficient force to capture him.”
The express official who received the message had talked with
Barnes and knew that Ward and Burrow were identical. There could
be no mistake. Instant pursuit was organized.
Rube had called at the home of Barnes early in the morning and
asked for something to eat. Barnes recognized him instantly as Rube
Burrow, alias Ward. He felt sure that while piloting the detectives in
and about Rube’s den in the canebrakes of Santa Rosa his identity
had been disclosed and the outlaw had come to seek revenge.
Barnes invited his unexpected and unwelcome guest in, with fear
and trembling.
Rube being seated, Barnes went into the kitchen to assist his
wife in preparing breakfast. Barnes said to his wife, who knew the
history of his trip into Florida:
“That man is Rube Burrow, and I believe he has come here to
kill me, and if he does so, you will know who murdered me.”
Barnes was without fire-arms of any kind, and although not
wanting in courage, felt the struggle with the armed outlaw would
be an unequal one if he should either attempt to arrest him, or if
Rube should attack him.
Making an excuse to leave the house for a few minutes, Barnes
sent a message to Mr. Johnson, a neighbor who lived only a half-mile
distant, to come to his aid, but Johnson was not at home.
Rube’s breakfast was soon prepared, and as he seemed very
peaceably inclined, Barnes incidentally mentioned that he had
worked, in March, 1888, at a log camp in Baldwin County. Finally
Barnes suggested that his guest’s face seemed familiar. Rube replied,
“I guess not,” and refused to renew his acquaintance with Barnes,
and, as subsequent events proved, was firm in the belief that Barnes
had forgotten him.
Rube provided himself with about two days’ rations, which he
paid Barnes liberally for, and resumed his journey, after making
inquiries, according to his custom, for points in various directions.
Barnes went immediately to Castleberry and sent the telegram
referred to, and waited there until joined by the express officials and
detectives, at midnight, September 30th.
Detectives Jackson and Kinsler started on the trail at once.
Detective Barnes, of the L. & N. Railway, accompanied them, having
in charge a brace of well-trained blood-hounds, should their use
become necessary. Jackson correctly surmised that Rube was
making for Lamar County, and he therefore set out for Bell’s
Landing, about fifty miles distant, and on the line of route to Lamar
County.
About noon the next day, and when within ten miles of the
Alabama River, the detectives found they were but three hours
behind the outlaw, who was traveling in the direction of Bell’s
Landing. Reaching the farm of John McDuffie, seven miles from Bell’s
Landing, Jackson requested his assistance, disclosing to him the
information that he was in hot pursuit of Rube Burrow. McDuffie had
been recommended to Jackson by the sheriff of that (Monroe)
county as a brave and fearless man, and Jackson felt that his
assistance would be, as subsequent events confirmed, a valuable
acquisition to the posse.
Guarding all the adjacent landings on the river that night, the
detectives were quite sure that Rube had not crossed the Alabama
River at daylight on the morning of October 3d. While reconnoitering
in the vicinity of Bell’s Landing, about ten o’clock that morning a
negro came with a message from Mrs. McDuffie that Rube was then
eating breakfast at a negro cabin on McDuffie’s farm, then six miles
distant.
JOHN MC DUFFIE.
Under whip and spur John McDuffie led the party back to his
farm. The cabin was quickly surrounded. It was soon ascertained
that Rube had breakfasted, and taking the only boat at the landing
had put himself across the river about thirty minutes before the
arrival of the posse. Again had luck favored the outlaw, and a
chance half hour’s time had intervened to save him from certain
capture.
It was discovered that Rube had made a bed of some brush
under the cliff near the brink of the river and had slept there the
previous night. His appearance at the cabin for breakfast was
reported by the colored people to Mrs. McDuffie, who immediately
sent a courier to her husband. A few minutes after the posse
reached the cabin, Mrs. McDuffie, having walked from her home,
two miles away, arrived.
“What are you doing here,” said her husband.
Mrs. McDuffie answered: “Oh, I thought the boy might not find
you, and I would come down and get a good description of Rube, so
as to help you to find him if he should leave.”
Mrs. McDuffie was escorted by Master McDuffie, only six years of
age. Bravo to this courageous woman. While all who know her do
homage to her many womanly graces, let the brave Mrs. John
McDuffie be laurelled among the bravest of the matrons of the
South.
An accurate description of Rube was obtained from the colored
people, who reported that he had three pistols and a rifle.
The detectives were obliged to go down the river six miles
before they could cross. Pushing forward, they crossed the Alabama
River with all possible dispatch. Hoping that Rube would leave the
swamps after crossing the river and take the one public highway
leading towards Demopolis, a covered wagon was hired. Into this
wagon the detectives and McDuffie crowded themselves and ordered
the driver onward. The pursuit was now hot and success seemed
certain. Every moment the posse expected to receive from the driver
the preconcerted signal that the fugitive had been overtaken, when
they would cover him with their guns and demand his surrender.
In eager expectancy the detectives journeyed for ten miles by
wagon, and until darkness ended all hope of overtaking the outlaw
that day. Sending back for their horses, the chase was resumed next
morning on horseback.
When within two miles of Thomasville, Ala., Saturday, October
4th, the pursuing party found Rube only two hours ahead. From this
point telegrams were sent to the express officials, who repaired to
Demopolis, Ala., feeling confident that Rube was en route to Lamar
County, and would cross the Tombigbee River in that vicinity.
Jackson pursued the trail in every possible direction from
Thomasville, and confirmed his theory that Rube, traveling under
cover of the woods, was avoiding the public highways. He therefore
deemed it best to ride into Demopolis, thirty-five miles distant, that
night, and organize other possees and guard all the adjacent river
landings.
Early Sunday morning, October 5th, found the officers of the
Express Company and the detectives in conference at Demopolis. It
was decided to organize in a quiet way additional possees to guard
the river landings and to search the northern district of Marengo
County, in which it was certain the outlaw had gone. Scores of the
good people of that section joined in the chase.
Marengo County, by Sunday night, had been organized into one
vast army of detectives. At daylight on Monday morning it was
known that Rube had not crossed the river. The search was
therefore renewed with unceasing vigilance. Knowing that the
outlaw was apt to visit a negro cabin for food, the white planters
were apprised of the situation and were especially enjoined to put
their colored employes on watch.
About midnight on Monday, Jackson and McDuffie returned to
Demopolis, and no tidings of the outlaw, up to that hour, had been
received. However, about three o’clock A. M., Tuesday, a courier,
sent by Mr. D. J. Meadow, brought the news that Rube had been
seen about dark three miles from Beckley’s Landing, about eighteen
miles south of Demopolis. It was surmised that the outlaw, being so
close to the river, would possibly cross that night.
Jackson went down on the west side of the river, while McDuffie
took the east bank. While en route, McDuffie was joined by J. D.
Carter, who, infused by the spirit that prevailed among the good
people of that section, expressed a desire to assist in the chase.
McDuffie and Carter joined each other at noon, and deploying the
men under him through the bottoms, McDuffie was soon alone with
Carter.
Meantime Jesse Hildreth, a very worthy and reliable colored
man, had discovered Rube in an abandoned cabin Tuesday morning.
Hildreth had noticed smoke arising from the cabin chimney the night
previous, and repairing thither early next morning found the outlaw
asleep. He woke him and at once recognized the fugitive described
to him the previous day. Rube said he was hunting work, and asked
Jesse to get him some coffee. Jesse, pretending to be in search of
his horse, told Rube he would go by home and order coffee sent
him. Jesse kept watch on the cabin, and finding Rube about to
depart, rejoined him at the cabin and endeavored to detain him by
selling Rube his horse. Rube, however, did not want to buy a horse,
and asked the way to Blue Lick. Jesse, determined to keep Rube in
sight, offered to go and show him the way. Rube mounted Jesse’s
horse, while the latter walked.
About noon, while passing the house of a colored man, George
Ford, Jesse suggested to Rube, as it had begun to rain very hard, to
stop and get dinner, and wait till the rain should be over. To this
Rube consented. While dinner was being prepared, Jesse, on the
alert for “some of the bosses,” as he expressed it, went out of the
house. Frank Marshal, a colored man, who was also looking for the
stranger, at this moment rode up to the cabin. Jesse quickly
explained that the man was in Ford’s house, and while the colored
men were in conference they discovered, to their great joy, two
white men about a quarter of a mile distant, riding in their direction.
Joining them at the foot of the hill the two men proved to be
McDuffie and Carter.
Ford’s cabin was in an open field, and McDuffie and Carter found
they could not approach it within less than two hundred yards
without being seen. It was agreed that Jesse and Frank should go
ahead, enter the cabin, seize the outlaw, and give the signal to
McDuffie and Carter, who would approach cautiously under cover.
Entering the cabin, the negroes found Rube making ready for his
departure, having eaten dinner. He was wholly unsuspicious of
anything wrong in the movements of the colored men, however.
Rube was in the act of wrapping his trusty Marlin rifle in an oil cloth,
when Jesse said:
“Boss, let me wrap it for you.”
Rube handed the rifle to Jesse, who carefully wrapped it, and
feigning to hand it back, dropped it. Quick as thought Jesse
gathered his great brawny arms about the outlaw, and with a grip
like that of an octopus he struggled for the mastery. Frank Marshal
threw himself upon the outlaw at the same time, but not being very
robust, was not able to greatly assist Jesse. The latter was as strong
as an ox. His weight was one hundred and eighty lbs., his height
about five feet ten inches, and there was not an ounce of surplus
flesh upon him. He wore no shoes, and his great, broad feet looked
as big as a pair of Virginia hams.
“Where was Frank while you were struggling with Rube?” said
some one afterwards to Jesse.
“Fore de Lord, boss, he had his mouf full of Frank.”
Rube had caught Frank’s shoulder in his teeth, while Jesse
grappled with him. Biting Frank and stamping Jesse’s bare feet, the
outlaw struggled with herculean strength for liberty. He dragged his
captors across the floor of the little cabin, shaking it from bottom to
top. The noise of the scuffle within was heard by McDuffie and
Carter, who meanwhile had been quietly approaching. Just at the
moment when Rube was falling to the floor, the colored men on top,
they rushed in, and seizing Rube, disarmed him. He was searched
and tied before being allowed to rise. A Colt s revolver, forty-five
caliber, and $175 were found on his person.
The capture was made about one o’clock P. M., eighteen miles
from Demopolis. His captors concluded to avoid the risk of escape
consequent upon a journey after dark to Demopolis, and, therefore,
took him to Linden, the county seat, only nine miles distant.
Rube was made to mount McDuffie’s horse, with his hands tied
in front, his arms pinioned by tight cords to his body, and his feet
tied underneath the animal. McDuffie mounted behind the prisoner,
and, escorted by Carter and the two colored heroes, Hildreth and
Marshal, the party set out for Linden, reaching there just at dark.
The great desperado was in the toils of his pursuers at last. He was
destined, however, in a short time, to outwit his captors, and to
perform the last and most daring exploit of his career.
CHAPTER XX.
RUBE’S LAST DESPERATE ACT—ESCAPE FROM JAIL—THE
DEADLY DUEL ON THE STREETS OF LINDEN—THE
OUTLAW KILLED.
ON arrival at Linden, the sheriff being absent with the keys, the
prisoner was taken to a room of the jail. The ropes still bound his
hands, heavy iron shackles were locked around his ankles, and the
chain uniting them was securely fastened to the floor.
McDuffie repaired to the telephone office and reported the
capture to the express officials at Demopolis. After obtaining a full
description of the outlaw from McDuffie, and being satisfied the right
man had been captured, McDuffie was asked:
“How many pistols had he?”
“Only one,” said McDuffie.
“There must be some mistake,” answered the express official;
“he had three when he crossed the Alabama River.”
“Rube says he has sold the other two,” was the answer.
“Rube never sells pistols,” replied the official, and knowing from
the reports received that Rube always carried a sack, the inquiry
was:
“What’s in the sack?”
“Nothing but provisions,” answered McDuffie.
The official then instructed McDuffie to handcuff and shackle the
prisoner, put him in a cell of the jail and place half dozen men on
guard.
McDuffie replied: “There are forty men on guard.”
Indeed, the whole town of Linden surrounded the jail, and
McDuffie’s answer was not, perhaps, exaggerated.
When Rube’s supper was brought his hands were untied that he
might eat and they were not again manacled. Rube sat and joked
with his guards and visitors, entertaining them with his droll humor,
which seemed never to forsake him. His shoes were badly worn, and
a visitor remarking it, said:
“Rube, your shoes are badly run down—you need a new pair.”
“Yes,” replied Rube, “some people always praise their shoes up,
but I always run mine down.”
One by one the visitors dropped out, and at midnight John
McDuffie, Jesse Hildreth and Frank Marshall were left in charge of
the prisoner. Carter, not feeling well, had retired to Glass’ store, just
across the street from the jail. He had possession of Rube’s rifle and
money.
George Ford, in whose cabin the capture occurred, found, after
the departure of the prisoner, a greasy cloth sack, and knowing it to
be the property of Rube, carried it to Linden, arriving some half hour
after the prisoner. He deposited the sack on the steps of the court-
house and reported the fact to the colored men, who informed
McDuffie. It was said to contain provisions.
About four o’clock A. M. Rube complained that he was hungry.
McDuffie said:
“You will have to await the usual hour for breakfast. I can not
get anything to eat now.”
“Where is my grub sack?” said Rube.
“George left it on the court-house steps,” said Frank.
“Mr. McDuffie, please send Frank for it. I have some ginger
snaps and some candy in it, and I will give the boys some; I reckon
they are hungry, too,” said Rube.
McDuffie consented, and when Frank returned he did not even
look to see what was handed Rube. For full half an hour the wily
prisoner sat eating ginger snaps and candy from the sack, which he
occasionally shared with the colored men. Watching his chance,
Rube suddenly pulled from the sack one of his trusty pistols, and
covering McDuffie, who sat only about ten feet away, said:
“If you make a move I will kill you.”
McDuffie’s pistol was lying in a chair beside him. Rube, turning
to Jesse, said:
“Hand me that pistol quick, or I will shoot your head off.”
Jesse tremblingly obeyed, and Rube covered all three of the
guards with the two pistols. He then bade Jesse unlock his shackles.
This being done, he said:
“Now put them on McDuffie.”
McDuffie protested and made a motion to approach Rube, but
seeing he was powerless, said:
“All right, Rube; you have the drop, and can have your way.”
Rube then made Jesse shackle McDuffie and Marshal together.
Taking the key of the jail-yard door from the chair where McDuffie
had placed it, Rube, jumping up about two feet from the floor,
cracked his heels together and exclaimed:
“I have the big key to the jail. I am boss of the town, and as
some people say I am not Rube Burrow, I will paint Linden red, and
show them who I am.”
He then ordered Jesse to go with him to find Carter. Carter’s
exact whereabouts were not known to either Rube or Jesse. To the
hotel and thence to the sheriff’s office they journeyed, and spending
nearly an hour in a fruitless search for Carter, Rube thought Jesse
was purposely delaying him.
“I will kill you,” said Rube, “if I find you are fooling with me.”
Jesse, however, was innocent. He did not know where Carter
could be found. Further inquiry developed that he was in Glass’
store. Rube knocked loudly on the door, and stepping aside, covered
Jesse with his pistol, and in a stern whisper said:
“Tell him the express people have come, and McDuffie wants
him at the jail quick.”
A clerk answered the call to the door, and to him Jesse repeated
the order in a voice loud enough to be heard by Carter, who was in
the rear part of the store. Carter’s footsteps could be distinctly heard
as he came across the floor. Just as he appeared in the doorway
Rube threw himself in front of him, and placing his pistol within a
few inches of Carter’s breast, commanded:
“Give me my rifle and my money, or I will shoot your head off.”
Carter, instantly taking in the situation, replied, “All right,” and
placing his hand in his hip pocket, pulled a thirty-two caliber Smith &
Wesson pistol.
The hour was just at dawn of day. The two men stood face to
face, the one gleaming with rage and thirsting for revenge, the other
cool, fearless and determined, with law and justice on his side, not
to accede to the outlaw’s demand.
When the sheen of Carter’s pistol flashed upon Rube’s vision the
outlaw fired, and Carter, anticipating the shot, threw his body to the
right. The ball pierced the left shoulder, just above the collar bone,
making a painful wound. Carter’s intrepid courage was not dashed
by his wound, and he instantly returned the fire.
Rube, for the first time in all his career of crime, was called to
stand and fight. He had “held the drop” on many a field of
rencontre, but here was an even gauge of battle, with the qui vive
as the vantage ground for him.
Carter boldly advanced upon the outlaw, and, with steady nerve,
pressed the trigger of his faithful revolver, but Rube backed away
after the first shot from Carter’s pistol, and continued backing and
firing until he had retreated some thirty paces, and until he himself
had fired five shots. Just as Carter fired his fourth round, Rube
turned, and running some ten paces, leaped a few feet in the air and
fell prostrate upon the earth, stone dead.
After falling upon his knees, from loss of blood, Carter managed
to fire a fifth shot. The fourth shot from Carter’s pistol, however, had
entered the upper abdomen, and cutting the portal artery, caused
instant death. This was the only shot that hit Rube.
McDuffie and Marshal, meantime, by means of a duplicate key,
had liberated themselves, and had visited several places in the town
in the endeavor to secure fire-arms with which to recapture Rube.
Being unsuccessful, they reached the store just as the duel was
ended.
Rube had given to Jesse the fateful sack as they started from
the jail, and while the duel between Carter and Rube was in
progress Jesse opened the sack, drew out a pistol, and rushing to
Carter’s assistance, commenced firing.
“Stand up to him, Mr. Carter; I’m gwine to be wid you,” said the
heroic Jesse. He fired two shots, without effect, however, and was
the first man to reach the dead outlaw and take from his hand his
smoking revolver. All honor to Jesse Hildreth. He has written his
name in the annals of his race and times as a hero.
Rube’s conduct in seeking out Carter and demanding his rifle
and money has been reckoned as foolhardy. The truth is, however,
that McDuffie had recited to him the details of the chase, and Rube
knew that the detectives of the Southern Express Company were
within a few miles, and that under their guidance armed possees
were scouring the country in search of him. He had been told that
the ferry landings were guarded, and that if his arrest had not been
effected in the cabin he would have been captured on his arrival at
the river landing for which he was en route.
Rube knew that blood-hounds were in leash, ready to be set
upon his trail, and that it would be impossible to escape without his
Marlin rifle, which was in Carter’s possession. With this weapon,
which chambered sixteen cartridges, he could have held a dozen
men at bay, and perhaps might have effected his escape. His
attempt to regain possession of it, therefore, was not foolhardy, but
it was a dernier resort.
JEFFERSON D. CARTER.
Jefferson Davis Carter, who fought the duel unto death with the
great outlaw, was named in honor of the President of the
Confederacy. His ancestors, who moved from South Carolina to
Alabama in 1832, distinguished themselves as soldiers both during
the American Revolution and the late civil war. Young Carter was
born in 1860, is unmarried, and is a prosperous merchant in the
village of Myrtlewood, Ala. He is quiet and modest in his demeanor,
and his encounter with Rube Burrow is the only time he was ever
engaged in serious combat.
A very general interest has been manifested as to the condition
of Carter’s wound, and universal sympathy has been expressed in his
behalf. He is now under surgical treatment at Mobile, and will remain
there for some time. The ball from Burrow’s pistol, a forty-five
caliber, pierced the upper part of the shoulder, passing through the
brachial plexus of nerves, and complete paralysis of the left arm has
followed. It is possible that under careful antiseptic treatment the
functions of the nerves may be restored, and the use of the arm
fully regained. His general health has been restored, but he still
carries his wounded arm supported by a bandage.
In a letter dated October 18th, 1890, Governor Seay, of
Alabama, in tendering his congratulations to the officials of the
Southern Express Company, writes:
“The running at large of the outlaw was a menace not only

to the State but to this entire section of the country, and the
ending of his career of crime is cause for congratulation to us
all. Much as we would have preferred, by the regular course of
law, to have marked a more ignominious end, his hardiness, his
readiness and his desperation prevented this, but leaves to us
the very satisfactory reflection that there was found in the lawful
paths of life the courage, the presence of mind and the
constancy which surpassed that of the outlaw himself.”
J. D. Carter’s name stands enrolled on the list of honor as the
finest type of American courage and manhood exhibited in modern
times.
Brave John McDuffie—what shall be said of him and of his
discomfiture at being outwitted by his wily captive? McDuffie said to
the express official, on his arrival at Linden, with whom he had
talked through the telephone the previous night:
“I can not look you in the face, after all the caution you gave me
last night.”
Taking his hand and pressing it warmly, the official said:
“Be of good cheer, McDuffie. Napoleon made a mistake at
Waterloo, Lee made a mistake at Gettysburg, and the heroic Custer
made one when he rode down to death in the valley of the Big Horn.
Greater men have made greater mistakes on greater occasions, and
but for you the chase would not be over and the battle won. ‘All is
well that ends well.’”
McDuffie had joined Detective Jackson on the afternoon of
October 2d. From that hour he had been to the fore, riding night
and day in the arduous chase that followed. Worn and fagged with
the toils of the pursuit, he was perhaps less watchful than otherwise
he would have been. Humanus est errare.
A coroner’s inquest was held, and the body of Rube Burrow
being thoroughly identified a verdict of death in the manner
described was rendered. After treating the body with preservatives it
was taken to Demopolis, Ala. Here hundreds of people assembled to
view the remains of the great bandit.
On arrival at Birmingham, at three o’clock on the morning of the
9th of October, fully one thousand people were in waiting to get a
glimpse at the body of the great train robber. Special officers were
employed to keep the morbid crowd at bay. Photographs of the body
were taken, and at seven o’clock A. M. the train leaving Birmingham
for Memphis conveyed the remains to Sulligent, Ala. A telegram had
been sent to Allen Burrow, stating that Rube’s dead body would be
delivered to him at noon that day at Sulligent. The father was there
to receive it. A representative of the Southern Express Company said
to him:
“We are sorry to bring your boy back in this shape, but it was
the best we could do.”
“I have no doubt,” answered Allen Burrow, “that he was
mobbed.”
This sentiment was diffused among the friends of the outlaw,
and finally found culmination in a sensational letter written from
Vernon, Ala., and published in the Birmingham Age-Herald. The
publication asserted that Rube had been mobbed, his neck horribly
broken and his body shamefully mutilated. All this, despite the fact
that the body had been viewed by newspaper correspondents at
Demopolis and Birmingham, and by at least five thousand persons
before it reached Sulligent. The body and face bore no marks of
mutilation and no wound of any description, save the small bullet
hole from Carter’s pistol.
The remains of the most famous bandit of modern times were
buried among the hills of Lamar County, in the quiet graveyard of
Fellowship Church, on the morning of the 10th of October, 1890, on
the very spot where, a year before, he had enlisted Rube Smith as a
member of his unlawful band—a strange coincidence, surely.
The train robber’s pistols, belt and Marlin rifle were taken to
Memphis, Tenn., and the publication of the chase and capture by a
Memphis journal, accompanied by illustrations of the pistols and
cartridge belt, and the announcement that the arms would be on
exhibition at its office that morning, created a remarkable and
unexpected effect. The rush of visitors that ensued was
extraordinary, and is mentioned here merely to show the wonderful
interest with which the career of Rube Burrow imbued all classes of
people. Early in the morning the first callers were the newsboys,
porters and clerks. All wanted to see and handle the weapons of the
great outlaw. Later, merchants, bankers, lawyers, shop-keepers, all
alike interested, left their places of business to view the weapons. It
became necessary to place the pistols and belt in a glass case and
hang the rifle beyond reach, and still the crowd continued to gather.
The weapons were on exhibition for several days, during all of
which time the influx of visitors never ceased. Rich and poor, male
and female, black and white, all were possessed of the same
curiosity, and the deeds of the outlaw were discussed by some with
admiration for his courage, by others with an expression of
detestation of his crimes—by all with a feeling of relief that he was
dead.
CHAPTER XXI.
TRAGIC SUICIDE OF L. C. BROCK, ALIAS JOE JACKSON
—HE LEAPS FROM THE FOURTH STORY OF THE PRISON
INTO THE OPEN COURT, SIXTY FEET BELOW, CAUSING
INSTANT DEATH—HIS LAST STATEMENT.
L. C. BROCK, alias Joe Jackson, was placed in the penitentiary at

Jackson, Miss., for safe keeping, on the twenty-first day of July,
pending his appearance for trial at the November Term of the
Federal Court. He had elected to plead guilty, and receive a sentence
of life imprisonment for the offense of robbing the United States mail
at Buckatunna, Miss., September 25, 1889, rather than be taken to
Duck Hill, because the penalty of death by hanging he knew would
be his fate. Again, he felt that the outraged friends of Chester
Hughes, the heroic passenger who had, in assisting Conductor
Wilkinson on that fateful night, been shot down in cold blood, would
probably mob him if taken there for trial, and fearless and bold as he
was, his heart quaked within him whenever the alternative of being
taken to Duck Hill was presented to him. Again and again he had
been told by the officials of the Southern Express Company that
whenever he repented of the conclusion he had made to plead guilty
to the Buckatunna robbery and testify against Smith, that the
confession he had made could be withdrawn, and he could elect a
trial for the murder at Duck Hill.
Meantime Rube Smith, unaware that Brock had made a
confession, had notified the officials of the Express Company that he
would turn state’s evidence against Brock, provided a nolle pros.
could be entered in his case in the Federal Court. Rube Smith’s
proposition was, however, rejected, but Brock was told of Smith’s
offer to testify against him, and thus he found the coils tightening,
day by day, about him. On August 22d Brock, under the assumed
name of Winslow, the name he at first gave when captured, wrote
the following letter to his uncle, at Pleasant Hill, La.
Jackson, Miss., August 22, 1890.

J. T. Harrell, Pleasant Hill, La.
Dearest ——:
I wrote to you some time ago, but as you neither come nor
wrote I will write again. I have some very important business,
would like to have you attend to and if you will come I will pay
your expences and pay you any price beside. the business I
want you to do for me is to sell my land. I do not think it will be
any trouble to sell it for the cash. if you can come please come
soon. if not write and let me know if you will come. remember I
will pay you well besids expences. I am very anxious to see you
as I wrote you before if you come come to the penitentiary and
call for J. B. Winslow or if you do not come address letter to
J. B. Winslow, care M. L. Jenkins, Jackson, Miss. My health is
very bad. Guess it will puzzle you to read this, am writing on my
knee, not even a book to lay my paper on. I will not put my
right name to this. I am sure you will know the writing anyhow.
So I will close, hoping to see you soon.
Respectfully &c.
J. B. Winslow.
N. B. Be sure to come and come in a very few days. I want
my land sold now rite away and I will pay you a hansome price
to go and make the trade for me. Come as soon as you get this.
Goodbye, Your friend.
Mr. Harrell called on his nephew, Brock, about September 1st,

succeeding the date of his letter, and for the first time learned that
his nephew was charged with murder and train robbery. He had no
idea who J. B. Winslow was until he met his nephew face to face,
within the walls of the state-prison. The scene was an affecting one.
The conversation between the two occurred in the presence of
Sergeant Montgomery, of the prison. Brock made no effort to secure
counsel, or to summon any witnesses, but merely expressed a desire
to have his uncle sell his land, a tract of two hundred acres owned
by him in Coffee County, Ala., and turn the proceeds over to his
mother.
On the 16th of October, by appointment, the U. S. District
Attorney, A. M. Lea, Col. J. H. Neville, Special Counsel employed by
the Government to assist in the trial, and the express officials, who
were familiar with the facts, all met at Jackson, Miss., to arrange for
the approaching trial of L. C. Brock and Rube Smith. All of these
gentlemen called in company upon Brock, in his cell at the
penitentiary, and District Attorney Lea told Brock if he had any
witnesses he desired summoned he would have subpœnas issued,
and that he was free to choose as to whether he would plead guilty
or employ counsel. Brock then and there reiterated his determination
to plead guilty, so frequently made prior to that time to the author,
and said he had no money, and did not intend to employ any
counsel. He said he was willing to testify against Smith, but
remarked:
“What will people think of me for doing that—see how the world
looks upon Bob Ford?”
When told that all fair-minded and Christian people would
applaud him for standing on the side of honesty and truth, he
added:
“Well, the Bible does not give Judas Iscariot a very fair name.”
And so it was easily discovered that the ill-fated criminal was
battling against opposing ideas. On the one hand he was confronted
with the certainty of conviction and an ignominious death at the
hands of the hangman, on the other life imprisonment, with the
added alternative of standing as a witness against his copartner in
crime and assisting to fasten guilt upon him. He had often said:

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Boundary Integral Equation

ISSN 1389-2177 ISSN 2197-795X (electronic)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016930553

Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.

Many problems in mathematical physics and engineering are modeled by elliptic

and no bending, which lies on an elastic foundation and is subjected to Dirichlet,

Tulsa, OK, USA Christian Constanda

1 The Mathematical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 The Layer Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.12 Selection of the Boundary Element Method and Collocation Points . 79

5.8.3 Solution Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

5.17.2 Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

1.1 Basic Equations

1.1 Definition. (i) A function f defined in S (on ∂ S) is called Hölder continuous

1.2 Remark. If S is an infinite domain, then a function f defined on S is Hölder

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 1

We now assume that the boundary curve ∂ S is of class C2 , denote S by S+ , and

|x − y| = [(x1 − y1 )2 + (x2 − y2 )2 ]1/2 .

The equilibrium equations of three-dimensional elasticity are

ti j = λ uk,k δi j + μ (ui, j + u j,i ),

E = 14 ti j (ui, j + u j,i ) = 12 ti j ui, j .

The model of plain strain is based on the assumption that

Combining (1.1) and (1.2), we find that

In the homogeneous case—that is, in the absence of body forces—system (1.5)

where the boundary stress operator T (∂1 , ∂2 ) is given by

E = E (u, u) = 12 [(λ + 2μ )(u21,1 + u22,2 ) + 2λ u1,1 u2,2 + μ (u1,2 + u2,1 )2 ].

For the elastic foundation problem, the internal energy density is

E = E(u, u) = E (u, u) + 12 k uT u. (1.11)

1.5 Theorem. E(u, u) is a positive definite quadratic form.

1.2 Boundary Value Problems

u(r, θ ) = O(r−1−α ), α > 0, as r → ∞. (1.12)

Let P, R, Q, S , K , L ∈ C(∂ S) be given 2 × 1 matrix-valued functions, and

(Zu)(x) = 0, x ∈ S+ , u(x) = P(x), x ∈ ∂ S.

(Zu)(x) = 0, x ∈ S− , u(x) = R(x), x ∈ ∂ S.

(Zu)(x) = 0, x ∈ S+ , (Tu)(x) = Q(x), x ∈ ∂ S.

(Zu)(x) = 0, x ∈ S− , (Tu)(x) = S (x), x ∈ ∂ S.

(Zu)(x) = 0, x ∈ S+ , (Tu + σ u)(x) = K (x), x ∈ ∂ S.

(Zu)(x) = 0, x ∈ S− , (Tu − σ u)(x) = L (x), x ∈ ∂ S.

Proof. From (1.7) and Theorem 2.7 in [6] it follows that

The above assertion has an important consequence.

(ii) If u ∈ C2 (S− ) ∩C1 (S̄− ) ∩ A and Zu = 0 in S− , then

Proof. (i) By Theorem 1.6,

and the result follows from the fact that Zu = 0 in S+ .

Fig. 1.2 The domain KR \ S̄+ .

Since Zu = 0 in KR \ S̄+ ⊂ S− , it follows that

Then, by Corollary 2.8 in [6],

which, when substituted in (1.15), yields