ROCKENG09: Proceedings of the 3rd CANUS Rock Mechanics Symposium, Toronto, May 2009 (Ed: M.Diederichs and G.

Grasselli)

THM Processes in a Fluid-Saturated Poroelastic Geomaterial:

Comparison of Analytical Results and Computational Estimates

A. P. Suvorov & A.P.S. Selvadurai

McGill University, Montreal, Canada

ABSTRACT: The theory of poroelasticity, extended to include thermal effects, provides a use-
ful model for the study of the quasi-static response of fluid-saturated geomaterials subjected to
heating. The basic model has been used quite extensively for modeling thermo-hydro-
mechanical responses of rock encountered in nuclear waste management endeavours and geo-
thermal energy extraction endeavours. The practical application of these theories invariably re-
quires recourse to computational approaches where the governing partial differential equations
are solved using Galerkin finite element techniques along with a suitable time-integration tech-
nique that assures stability of the solution. In recent years a number of multi-physics codes and
general purpose finite element codes have been advocated for the study of such THM responses.
The unconditional accuracy of these computational approaches can be assessed only by recourse
to comparisons with known analytical solutions. This paper examines the capabilities of two
computational codes in predicting the thermo-poroelastic response in a column of heated geo-
material subjected to heat diffusion and pore pressure dissipation through the upper surface, and
to surface tractions.

1 INTRODUCTION

This paper deals with the thermoelastic effects in saturated geomaterials. Temperature changes
can cause deformations of the pore water and the solid phase, which can lead to changes in pore
pressure and effective stress. An increase in the pore pressure, in particular, can cause damage
to the solid skeleton. The isothermal theory of three-dimensional consolidation proposed by Bi-
ot (1941, 1956) was extended by Rice and Cleary (1976) to include the effects of compressibili-
ty of the water and solid phase. Booker and Savvidou (1985, 1989) specifically solved the prob-
lem of consolidation of a porous media in the presence of heat sources: point, disk, cylindrical
and spherical sources. The investigations of Selvadurai & Nguyen (1995, 1996) and Nguyen
and Selvadurai (1995) deal with the thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior of fractured and intact
geomaterials proposed for storing heat-emitting nuclear fuel waste. Rutqvist et al. (2001) pre-
sented a comparative study of four theories and computational implementations for both fully
and partially saturated geomaterials which are subject to thermal loadings. Thermo-hydro-
mechanical problems for soils with an elastoplastic skeletal material were considered by Lewis
et al. (1986) and Hueckel et al. (1987). Reviews of recent developments in the theory of linear
poroelasticity with applications are given by Selvadurai (1996), Wang (2000), Auriault et al.
(2002), Coussy (2004) and Abousleiman et al. (2005).
This paper demonstrates the use of the computational multi-physics code COMSOL™ for
solving a thermo-hydro-mechanical problem in geomechanics. COMSOL is a finite element
code that allows the user to enter, as an input, the governing partial differential equations. For
the purpose of validating the COMSOL software, we use an analytical solution for a one-
dimensional problem of a fluid-saturated geomaterial, initially at a uniform temperature and flu-

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id pressure, which undergoes heat diffusion and pore pressure dissipation due to the reduction of
the surface temperature and pressure to zero. In addition, the geomaterial column is subjected to
a normal traction at the surface. A further aspect of the research is to provide an inter-code vali-
dation of the accuracy of COMSOL through a comparison with results obtained for the one-
dimensional problem, using the general purpose finite element code ABAQUS™.
The paper is organized as follows: The governing equations and the three-dimensional theory
are presented in Section 1. An analytical solution for the one-dimensional problem is presented
in Section 2. In Section 3 we describe the information the COMSOL user should provide to
solve a thermo-hydro-mechanical problem via the finite element approach. Finally, in Section 4
we compare the results of the analytical solution from COMSOL and ABAQUS.

2 GOVERNING EQUATIONS

Consider a fully saturated poroelastic medium subjected to external mechanical loading and
heating. The poroelastic medium consists of two phases - the porous solid and the liquid occu-
pying the pore space. The porous solid is assumed to be isotropic, linearly elastic, and locally
non-deformable (i.e. rigid grain material). It is convenient to use concise notation in which spa-
tial coordinates x, y, z are replaced by x( x1 , x2 , x3 )
In the absence of body forces, the total stresses in the poroelastic medium σ ij must satisfy equi-
librium equations,
σ ij , j = 0 (1)
The Duhamel-Neumann form of the constitutive relationship that accounts for thermal effects
due to T and pore fluid pressure effects due to p takes the form,
2G D
σ ij = 2G D ε ij + ( K D − )ε V δ ij − 3K Dα s Tδ ij − pδ ij (2)
3
where p is the excess pore pressure, T is the temperature change, ε ij are the strain components,
ε V = ε kk is the volumetric strain, α s is the linear thermal expansion coefficient of the solid
phase, K D ,G D are the bulk and shear modulus of the geomaterial under drained conditions.
Note that absence of the thermal expansion coefficient of the fluid α f in (2) does not imply that
it has to be zero. The thermal expansion of the fluid, along with the thermal expansion of the
solid phase, affects the value of the pressure.
It is worth noting that when drainage is allowed, the fluid pressure in the geomaterial will
dissipate with time. Thus, the mechanical properties K D , G D and thermal expansion coefficient
of the drained geomaterial will be equivalent to those for a porous geomaterial skeleton with
empty pores. However, even when pressure is zero, the liquid is technically present in the por-
ous fully saturated geomaterial. Therefore, the temperature field in (2) must be obtained as a so-
lution of the heat transfer (conduction) equation for a porous medium with liquid filled pores.
The infinitesimal strain components are related to the displacement components ui by the re-
lationship
1
ε ij = (ui , j + u j ,i ) (3)
2
Substituting (2) and (3) into the equilibrium equations (1) leads to,
GD
(K D + )u k ,ki + G D ∇∇ui − p,i − K D 3α s T,i = 0 (4)
3
Another governing equation can be derived from the void occupancy equation and Darcy’s
law. The void occupancy equation states that the volume outflow from a geomaterial element
must match the decrease in volume of the element plus any increase in volume of the constitu-
ents due to an increase in temperature:
t p
n
∫ 0
vl ,l dt + εV + n
Kf
= n(3α f )T + (1 − n)(3α s )T (5)

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where vl ,l is the divergence of fluid velocity, n is porosity, K f is the bulk modulus of the fluid.
In turn, Darcy’s law can be written as,
k lm
n vl = − p,m (6)
γ
where k lm are components of the permeability tensor, and γ is the unit weight of the fluid. Subs-
titution of (6) into (5) and differentiation of (5) with respect to time results in another governing
equation
klm dul ,l n dp dT dT
− p,lm + + = n(3α f ) + (1 − n)(3α s ) (7)
γ dt K f dt dt dt

The temperature field must satisfy the heat conduction equation,

∂T
ceq − k eq ∇∇T = 0 (8)
∂t
where c eq is the effective specific heat of the porous medium and k eq is the effective thermal
conductivity of the porous medium. To find these coefficients, it is possible to use, for example,
volume averaged estimates. Thus, the specific heat and conductivity can be estimated as,
ceq = nρ f c f + (1 − n) ρ s c s
k eq = nk f + (1 − n)k s (9)
where ρ f and ρ s are the densities of the liquid and solid phase, c f and c s are their specific heat
capacities, and k f , k s are the thermal conductivity of the liquid and solid material.
The governing equations (4), (7) and (8) must be accompanied by initial and boundary condi-
tions. Initial conditions are prescribed for the temperature and the pressure within the domain Ω ,
p ( x, t = 0) = p0 ( x) in Ω
T ( x, t = 0) = T0 ( x) in Ω (10)
The boundary conditions on the boundary Γ = ∂Ω are,
T ( x, t ) = TΓ ( x) on ΓT 1 ; −k eqT, i ( x, t ) = qi ( x) on ΓT 2 ; p ( x, t ) = pΓ ( x) on ΓP1
k
− lm p,m = hl ( x) on ΓP 2 ; ui ( x, t ) = uiΓ ( x) on ΓU 1 (11)
γ
σ ij ( x, t ) n j = ti ( x) on ΓU 2

where ΓT 1 ∪ ΓT 2 = Γ , ΓP1 ∪ ΓP 2 = Γ , ΓU 1 ∪ ΓU 2 = Γ .

3 SOLUTION OF ONE - DIMENSIONAL PROBLEM

Consider an idealized problem of a one-dimensional column of fluid-saturated geomaterial oc-

cupying the region 0 ≤ x 2 ≤ L being initially at an elevated temperature T0 . During this heating,
fluid drainage across the boundary x2 = 0 is prevented, which results in an initial fluid pressure
build-up. Subsequently, the temperature and pressure at the surface of the region are reduced to
zero and a compressive load σ 0 is applied at the upper surface of the column. The heat flux,
fluid velocity and displacement are zero at the bottom surface of the column. Assuming that
there are no lateral displacements
u1 ( x, t ) = u 3 ( x, t ) = 0 ; ε V = u 2, 2 (12)
The boundary conditions for the temperature, pressure, displacements and stresses are:

⎡ ∂p ⎤
p (x 2 = 0, t ) = 0 ; ⎢ ⎥ ( x 2 = L, t ) = 0
⎣ ∂x 2 ⎦

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⎡ ∂T ⎤
T (x2 = 0, t ) = 0 ; ⎢ ⎥ ( x2 = L, t ) = 0 (13)
⎣ ∂x2 ⎦
σ 22 ( x 2 = 0, t ) = σ 0 ; σ 12 ( x2 = 0, t ) = 0
u 2 ( x 2 = L, t ) = 0

The initial conditions for the temperature and pressure are:

T ( x2 , t = 0) = T0 (14a)
p(x2 , t = 0 ) = p0 (14b)
The temperature field satisfying the partial differential equation (8) governing heat conduc-
tion and the boundary/initial conditions (13), (14a) is given by,
mπ m 2π 2 keq
∑
4
T ( x2 , t ) = T0 sin( x2 ) exp(−κ m2 t ) ; κ m2 =
m =1,3,5...
mπ 2 L 4 L2 ceq
(15)
Note that the total normal stress σ 22 inside the column is equal to the applied stress,

σ 22 ( x, t ) = σ 0 (16)
From the constitutive equation (2)

4
( K D + G D )ε 22 − K D 3α s T − p = σ 22 = σ 0 (17)
3
and, therefore, the normal strain is
1
ε 22 = ε V = (σ 0 + K D 3α s T + p ) (18)
4
K D + GD
3
Equation (18) can be used in (7) to obtain a differential equation for the fluid pressure, i.e.
k n 1 dp dT dT KD dT
− 22 p,22 + [ + ] = n3α f + (1 − n)3α s − 3α s (19)
γ Kf 4 dt dt dt 4 dt
K D + GD K D + GD
3 3
Solution of equation (19) is obtained as the sum of the solution of the homogeneous equation
p H , and a particular solution of the inhomogeneous equation p * , i.e.,

p = p H + p* (20)
The homogenous equation is obtained from the equation above by setting T = 0 , and the general
solution is given by,
4
k22 ( K D + GD )
mπ m 2π 2
H
p ( x2 , t ) = ∑
m =1,3,5...
Cm sin(
2 L
x2 ) exp(−ωm2 t ) ; ωm2 =
4 L2 γ (1 +
n
3
4
( K D + GD ))
(21)
Kf 3

where C m are unknown coefficients. Now we need to find a particular solution of the given equ-
ation by considering application of temperature T . The particular solution of (19) is taken in the
same form as the temperature field (15),
mπ m 2π 2 keq
p* ( x2 , t ) = ∑
m =1,3,5...
Am sin(
2L
x2 ) exp( −κ m2 t ) ; κ m2 =
4 L2 ceq
(22)

To find the unknown coefficients Am , (22) is substituted into (19). This gives

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KD 4T κ 2
( 3α s − n3α f − (1 − n)3α s ) 0 m
KD + 4G D / 3 mπ
Am = (23)
k 22 m 2π 2 1 n
−( + )κ m2
γ 4 L2 KD + 4G D / 3 K f

Since the total fluid pressure must satisfy the initial condition,
4 mπ
p ( x 2 , t = 0) = p 0 = p 0 ∑ mπ
sin(
2L
x2 ) (24)
m =1,3,5

From (20) and (24) we can establish the following connection between the coefficients,
4
C m = p0 − Am (25)
mπ
The initial fluid pressure can be found from the void occupancy equation (5) at time t = 0 and
constitutive equation (17),
−σ 0 + [n3α f + (1 − n)3α s ]T0 ( K D + 4G D / 3) − K D 3α sT0
p0 = (26)
n
1 + ( K D + 4G D / 3)
Kf

To summarize, the total solution for the fluid pressure is given by,
mπ mπ
p( x 2 , t ) = ∑ C m sin(
2L
2
x 2 ) exp(−ω m t) + ∑ Am sin(
2L
2
x 2 ) exp(−κ m t) (27)
m=1,3,5... m =1,3,5...

where Am is found from (23), C m from (25) and the initial pressure p0 from (26).
This completes the solution for the pressure. Now the strain is derived using constitutive equa-
tion (18),
1
ε 22 = ε V = (σ 0 + K D 3α s T + p )
K D + 4G D / 3
The displacement field can be found by integrating the strain,
1
u2 = ∫ K D + 4GD / 3 (σ 0 + K D 3α s T + p) dx2 + U (28)

where U is the constant of integration. This gives

8L2 mπ
∑
1
u2 = [− K D 3α sT0 cos( x2 ) exp(−κ m2 t ) −
K D + 4GD / 3 m =1,3,5...
m 2 2
π 2 L
mπ
∑
2L
− Cm cos( x2 ) exp(−ωm2 t ) (29)
m =1,3,5...
mπ 2L
mπ
∑
2L
− Am cos( x2 ) exp(−κ m2 t ) + σ 0 ( y − L)]
m =1,3,5...
mπ 2L

The constant of integration is found by requiring that the displacement be zero at the lower sur-
face, i.e., u 2 ( x 2 = L, t ) = 0 .

4 RESULTS OBTAINED USING COMSOL™ AND ABAQUS™

The solution for the one-dimensional problem described in the previous section is used to va-
lidate performance of the multi-physics code COMSOL. The solution was also verified using
the ABAQUS finite element program. We can define a sequence of auxiliary problems. In each
auxiliary problem, the temperature is applied gradually within a short period of time, starting

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from a zero value and reaching a maximum value T0 . The sequence is formed by setting the du-
ration over which the temperature rise takes place to zero. Note that the initial conditions for the
original problem, in which the temperature is raised instantaneously to T0 , can be considered as
a limit of the sequence of the solutions of these auxiliary problems.
When the user solves the auxiliary problems with the help of ABAQUS, the step GEOSTAT-
IC is not needed, since the initial temperature and all initial fields are indeed zero. (The step
GEOSTATIC is used to find equilibrium state for the geomaterial subject to initial pressure and
initial stresses.) One can confirm that the solutions of the auxiliary problems converge, at
time t = 0 , to the current solution, when the temperature is applied instantaneously. Therefore,
the step GEOSTATIC must not be used if the user solves the original problem with ABAQUS.
In fact, this step will give a wrong solution, in which for example, the displacement is zero at
time t = 0 for the case of incompressible fluid. Also, note that ABAQUS requires the input of
the void ratio e instead of porosity. They are related as,
n
e=
1− n
In the input file the initial pressure can be set equal to zero; the user does not have to evaluate
the value of the initial pressure (26).
When solving the problem with COMSOL the user has to modify certain dialog boxes. First of
all, in the dialog box of the elasticity problem, in the section “Load” the user has to check the
checkbox “Include thermal expansion” and in the field “Temp” put in the name of the variable de-
noting the temperature T . Then, in the same dialog box, the user has to add the body forces that
are caused by the pressure gradient. Thus, according to (4), the parameter “body load” Fx must be
assigned the value − p, x , the parameter F y takes the value − p, y . Note that the terms containing
derivatives of temperature T,i need not be added to the fields of this dialog box since, for the ther-
mo-elastic problem, the temperature gradient is already included as a body force.
Next, the user has to modify the mass conservation equation. COMSOL solves the Darcy’s eq-
uation in the form of a piezo-conduction equation (Barenblatt et al., 1990; Selvadurai et al., 2005;
Selvadurai, 2009)
∂p k
S − ∇ ⋅ [ s ∇( p + ρ f gD )] = Q s
∂t η
where S is the storage term, Qs is the liquid source, g is the gravitational acceleration, ρ f is the
fluid density, k s is the saturated permeability coefficient, η is the viscosity of the fluid.
To match this form of mass conservation law with the given equation (7), in the dialog box of
the Darcy’s equation, in the section Coefficients, the user has to add source terms according to (7).
For the right-hand side of the Darcy’s equation Qs , the user has to input
−vyt + n * 3 * α f * (Tt + T 0 / t 0 * (t < t 0)) + (1 − n) * 3 * α s * (Tt + T 0 / t 0 * (t < t 0))

Here the vertical displacement in COMSOL is denoted by v , the coordinate y = x2 , vyt is the de-
rivative of v with respect to y and time t , T 0 is the initial (applied) temperature, t 0 is an arbitrarily
chosen but small value of time. The expression (t < t 0) is 1 if the condition inside the brackets is
satisfied, and it is 0 otherwise.
The term containing T 0 / t 0 should not be omitted since it represents an approximate derivative
H

of the Heaviside function T0 (t ) with respect to time.

To eliminate the effect of self weight, the user can set gravitational acceleration equal to zero,
i.e., g = 0 .
The storage parameter S must be set to n / K f . Thus, in the case of an incompressible fluid S = 0 .
Also, the user has to make sure that k s / η = k 22 / γ as in (7). As in ABAQUS, there is no need
for the user to know the initial pressure (26), it can be set to zero.
In the dialog box “Conduction” in the section Init, the user has to specify the initial tempera-
ture T0 . Also, in the section “Thermal Properties”, the user can specify effective heat capacity
and effective thermal conductivity for the porous media.

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5 NUMERICAL RESULTS

Consider the THM problem for a 1D column of height L = 10 m. The column occupies the
domain 0 ≤ x 2 ≤ L . The column is initially at the elevated temperature equal to T0 = 100C and is
acted upon by the non-zero pore pressure that builds up initially due to the absence of fluid
drainage across the boundaries. The pressure and the temperature at the upper surface x 2 = 0 are
reduced to zero and the constant compressive stress σ 0 = −10 MPa is applied at the upper sur-
face. The following properties are used:

Table 1. Properties of soil

_____________________________________________________________________________
Property Value
_____________________________________________________________________________
Porosity n 0.25
Young’s modulus E = 60*109 Pa
Poisson’s ratio ν = 0.3
Unit weight of water 9800 N/m3
Fluid permeability k = 2.94e-12 m/s
Effective thermal conductivity k eq = 4 (W/mºC)
Effective specific heat c eq = 2465000 (J/kg/ºC)
Linear thermal expansion of solid phase α s = 8.3 *10-6 (1/ ºC)
Linear thermal expansion of liquid neglected
Fluid bulk modulus K f = ∞ or 2.2*109 Pa (two values are used to
examine effect of fluid compressibility)
_____________________________________________________________________________

In the figures presented here the analytical solution is shown with a solid line and the COM-
SOL solution is shown in dotted lines. Figure 1 shows the temperature distribution through the
depth of the geomaterial column at 1, 100, and 365 days after initiation of heat diffusion. At
time t = 0 the temperature change was equal to T0 = 100 0 C . For t > 0 on the upper surface
x 2 = 0 the temperature change is reduced to zero. The computational results obtained using the
ABAQUS code are very close to the analytical and COMSOL results, and, thus, are not shown
here.
Figure 2 shows the distribution of pore fluid pressure with depth within the column subjected
to the axial stress σ 0 , aforementioned temperature change, and zero pressure at the upper sur-
face. In Figure 2, the results obtained using ABAQUS are shown as circles. As expected, with
time, the pressure dissipates inside the geomaterial. The maximum pressure is attained here at
time t = 0 , for the case of an incompressible fluid. Note that the initial fluid pressure in the ab-
sence of the temperature change is equal to 10 MPa (which is consistent with undrained re-
sponse of a saturated geomaterial) but with the temperature increase included, the pressure
reaches the value 36.3 MPa. This value can be obtained from the result (26). The positive value
of the initial pressure caused by temperature change alone ( 36.3 − 10 =26.3 MPa) can be ex-
plained in the following way: Thermal expansion of the solid phase and zero thermal expansion
of the fluid would lead to pore fluid tension, and thus negative pressures, if the pores were free
to deform in the lateral direction. However, due to constraint on lateral displace-
ments, u1 = u 3 = 0 , the resulting fluid pressure is positive, i.e., the fluid is still in compression.
Figure 3 shows the absolute value of the surface displacement. The displacement is a maxi-
mum at time t = 0 and at that time it is caused entirely by heating. Then the displacement is re-
duced due to the heat dissipation and the permanently applied compressive stress. Note that the
heating (positive temperature change) causes the upward displacement, while the applied com-
pressive stress leads to the downward displacement.
Figure 4 shows the pressure distribution versus time at depth 10 m, where the pressure takes
the maximum value. The pressure is shown for two values of compressibility: zero (incompress-
ible fluid) and 4.54e-10 1/Pa. Note that the pressure gets smaller for larger values of compressi-
bility, which is the expected result. Similarly, Figure 5 shows the surface displacement versus
time for the porous medium saturated with an incompressible fluid and a fluid with compressi-
bility 4.54e-10 1/Pa.

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Figure 1. Temperature distribution within a one-dimensional element subjected to initial temperature

change 100o C and subsequent heat dissipation due to reduction of temperature at the upper surface to ze-
ro.

Figure 2. Pore fluid pressure distribution within a one-dimensional element subjected to the temperature
change in Figure 1, and a compressive load 10 MPa at the upper surface. Pore fluid pressure at the upper
surface is zero, and the fluid velocity is zero at the bottom surface.

Figure 3. Displacement distribution within the one-dimensional element subjected to the temperature
change shown in Figure 1, and compressive load 10 MPa at the upper surface. Displacement is zero at the
base.

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Figure 4. Pore fluid pressure distribution at a 10 m depth in a one-dimensional element subjected to the
temperature change of Figure 1, and compressive load 10 MPa at the upper surface.

Figure 5. Surface displacement of a one-dimensional element subjected to the temperature change shown
in Figure 1, and compressive load 10 MPa at the upper surface.

6 CONCLUSIONS

In the present paper we have examined the effect of heating on the deformation of a fluid-
saturated porous medium. The solution for the one-dimensional problem of a geomaterial col-
umn initially at a uniform temperature and pore fluid pressure subjected to subsequent heat dis-
sipation, is obtained analytically in the form of a power series expansion. In addition, the au-
thors demonstrate the applicability of two commercial finite element codes COMSOL and
ABAQUS to solve thermo-hydro-mechanical problems. The computational results for a one-
dimensional problem are validated through comparison with an analytical solution and satisfac-
tory agreement is observed.

Acknowledgements
The work described in this paper was supported in part through a Nuclear Waste Management
Organization Research Contract and in part through a NSERC Discovery Grant awarded to
A.P.S. Selvadurai.

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