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    IB NOTES SL 6

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    antonisgag3

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    IB NOTES SL 6

    Uploaded by

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    3 views3 pages

    IB NOTES SL 6

    Uploaded by

    antonisgag3

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    6.

    1 Collision theory and


    rates of reaction
     Chemical Kinetics: The study and discussion of chemical reactions with
    respect to reaction rates
     Rate of Reaction: The change in concentration of reactants or products
    per unit time.

    Experimental measurements of
    reaction rates
     Δc, the change in concentration can be measured indeirectly by monitoring a
    property which changes when reactants are converted to products. Examples
    include:
     pH (acid – base reactions)
     Conductivity (reactions with electrolytes)
     Mass/volume (reactions involving gases)
     Colour (reactions with transition metals or other colored compounds)
     To measure reaction rate, plot concentration vs time graph. The rate is
    determined from slope of gradient at point t on the graph.
     Rate of reaction can be measured in three ways
     Average rate
     Avg rate = Δc/Δt
     Instantaneous rate
     Slope of tangent at a point
     Initial rate
     Slope of tangent at point t 0

    Kinetic molecular theory of gases


     Explains why gases act the way they do
     Theory
    1. Gases have many particles moving at high velocities in random
    directions
    2. Size of a gaseous particle is negligible
    3. Collisions between gaseous particles are elastic; no energy is lost
    4. Ke is proportional to the absolute temperature in kelvin
    av

    Occam’s razor
     Used as a guide to develop a theory
     A principle which states that “Entities should not be multiplies unnecessarily”
     This means if you have two competing theories, use the simpler one
    unless there is proof otherwise
     Collision theory was built using Occam’s razor

    Catalysts
     A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the
    activation energy and is not consumed in the reaction.
     This can be demonstrated using a potential energy profile


     Activation energy: The minimum energy required for a reaction to occur
     Catalysts come in two types:
     Homogeneous:
     In the same physical state as the reactants
     Example is destruction of ozone, O , by chlorine atoms. In the
    3

    stratosphere, ozone absorbs over 95% of UV radiation from sun. It


    under goes homolytic fission and converts UV radiation to heat.
    Chlorine atoms are produced in the reaction of a
    chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) with UV light.
     Heterogeneous:
     In a different state from the reactants
     Example is catalytic converter in exhaust system of car which
    converts harmful gaseous into water oxygen or carbon dioxide

    Maxwell – Boltzmann energy


    distribution and temperature
     Shows the probability of finding particles with a specific kinetic energy
     Number of particles represented by area of green (in the picture) have enough
    energy to react
     For a catalyzed reaction, the activation energy decrease, and there are more
    particles which have enough energy to react
     As temperature increases, the mean velocity of particles increases and thus the
    distribution become flatter and wider

    Factors that affect the rate of


    chemical reaction
    1. Increasing temperature
     Gives particles more kinetic energy, faster rate of reaction
    2. Addition of catalyst
     Reduces activation energy, faster rate of reaction
    3. Increasing concentration of reactants
     Increasing concentration means more collisions, faster rate of reaction
    4. Increasing surface area in solid phase
     Breaking down solid into smaller pieces means larger overall SA, more
    collisions, faster rate of reaction

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