Permutation and combination :-

1. Factorial Notation:
Let n be a positive integer. Then, factorial n, denoted n! is defined as:
n! = n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... 3.2.1.
Examples:
i. We define 0! = 1.
ii. 4! = (4 x 3 x 2 x 1) = 24.

iii. 5! = (5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1) = 120.

2. Permutations:
The different arrangements of a given number of things by taking some or all at a
time, are called permutations.

Examples:
i. All permutations (or arrangements) made with the letters a, b, c by taking
two at a time are (ab, ba, ac, ca, bc, cb).
ii. All permutations made with the letters a, b, c taking all at a time are:
(abc, acb, bac, bca, cab, cba)
3. Number of Permutations:
Number of all permutations of n things, taken r at a time, is given by:
nP = n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... (n - r + 1) =
n!
r
(n - r)!
Examples:
i. 6P = (6 x 5) = 30.
2

ii. 7P = (7 x 6 x 5) = 210.
3

iii. Cor. number of all permutations of n things, taken all at a time = n!.
4. An Important Result:
If there are n subjects of which p1 are alike of one kind; p2 are alike of another
kind; p3 are alike of third kind and so on and pr are alike of rth kind,
such that (p1 + p2 + ... pr) = n.
n!
Then, number of permutations of these n objects is =
(p1!).(p2)!.....(pr!)
5. Combinations:
Each of the different groups or selections which can be formed by taking some or
all of a number of objects is called a combination.
Examples:
1. Suppose we want to select two out of three boys A, B, C. Then, possible
selections are AB, BC and CA.

Note: AB and BA represent the same selection.

2. All the combinations formed by a, b, c taking ab, bc, ca.

3. The only combination that can be formed of three letters a, b, c taken all at
a time is abc.
 4. Various groups of 2 out of four persons A, B, C, D are:

AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, CD.

5. Note that ab ba are two different permutations but they represent the
same combination.
6. Number of Combinations:
The number of all combinations of n things, taken r at a time is:
nC =
n! n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... to r factors
r = .
(r!)(n - r)! r!
Note:
i. nC = 1 and nC = 1.
n 0

ii. n Cr = C(n - r)
n

Examples:
(11 x 10 x 9 x 8)
i. 11C4 = = 330.
(4 x 3 x 2 x 1)
16 x 15 x 14 16 x 15 x 14
ii. 16C13 = 16C(16 - 13) = 16C3 = = = 560.
3! 3x2x1
 Examples :-
In how many different ways can the letters of the word 'LEADING' be arranged in such a way
that the vowels always come together?
360
480
720
5040
None of these

The word 'LEADING' has 7 different letters.

When the vowels EAI are always together, they can be supposed to form one letter.

Then, we have to arrange the letters LNDG (EAI).

Now, 5 (4 + 1 = 5) letters can be arranged in 5! = 120 ways.

The vowels (EAI) can be arranged among themselves in 3! = 6 ways.

Required number of ways = (120 x 6) = 720.

Out of 7 consonants and 4 vowels, how many words of 3 consonants and 2 vowels can
be formed?
210
1050
25200
21400
None of these
Answer: Option
Explanation:

Number of ways of selecting (3 consonants out of 7) and (2 vowels out of 4)

= (7C3 x 4C2)

7x6x5 4x3
= 3x2x1 x 2x1

= 210.
Number of groups, each having 3 consonants and 2 vowels = 210.

Each group contains 5 letters.

Number of ways of arranging
= 5!
5 letters among themselves

=5x4x3x2x1

= 120.

Required number of ways = (210 x 120) = 25200.

In how many ways can the letters of the word 'LEADER' be arranged?
72
144
360
720
None of these
Answer: Option
Explanation:

The word 'LEADER' contains 6 letters, namely 1L, 2E, 1A, 1D and 1R.

Required number of ways = 6! = 360.

In how many ways a committee, consisting of 5 men and 6 women can be formed from
8 men and 10 women?
266
5040
11760
86400
None of these
Answer: Option
Explanation:
Required number of ways = (8C5 x 10C6)

= (8C3 x 10C4)
 8 x 7 x 6 10 x 9 x 8 x 7
3x2x1 x 4x3x2x1
=

= 11760.

A box contains 2 white balls, 3 black balls and 4 red balls. In how many ways can 3
balls be drawn from the box, if at least one black ball is to be included in the draw?
32
48
64
96
None of these
Answer: Option
Explanation:

We may have(1 black and 2 non-black) or (2 black and 1 non-black) or (3 black).

Required number of ways = (3C1 x 6C2) + (3C2 x 6C1) + (3C3)

6x5 3x2
= 3x 2x1 + 2x1 x6 +1

= (45 + 18 + 1)

= 64.

In how many ways can a group of 5 men and 2 women be made out of a total of 7 men
and 3 women?
63
90
126
45
135
Answer: Option
Explanation:
 7x6
Required number of ways = ( C5 x C2) = ( C2 x C1) =
7 3 7 3
2x1 x3 = 63.

Probability
1. Experiment:
An operation which can produce some well-defined outcomes is called an
experiment.

2. Random Experiment:
An experiment in which all possible outcomes are know and the exact output
cannot be predicted in advance, is called a random experiment.

Examples:
i. Rolling an unbiased dice.

ii. Tossing a fair coin.

iii. Drawing a card from a pack of well-shuffled cards.

iv. Picking up a ball of certain colour from a bag containing balls of different
colours.

Details:
v. When we throw a coin, then either a Head (H) or a Tail (T) appears.

vi. A dice is a solid cube, having 6 faces, marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 respectively.

When we throw a die, the outcome is the number that appears on its
upper face.

vii. A pack of cards has 52 cards.

It has 13 cards of each suit, name Spades, Clubs, Hearts and Diamonds.
Cards of spades and clubs are black cards.
Cards of hearts and diamonds are red cards.
There are 4 honours of each unit.

There are Kings, Queens and Jacks. These are all called face cards.
3. Sample Space:
When we perform an experiment, then the set S of all possible outcomes is
called the sample space.
Examples:
1. In tossing a coin, S = {H, T}

2. If two coins are tossed, the S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}.

 3. In rolling a dice, we have, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.

4. Event:
Any subset of a sample space is called an event.
5. Probability of Occurrence of an Event:
Let S be the sample and let E be an event.

Then, E S.

n(E)
P(E) = .
n(S)
6. Results on Probability:
i. P(S) = 1

ii. 0 P (E) 1

iii. P( ) = 0

iv. For any events A and B we have : P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A B)

v. If A denotes (not-A), then P(A) = 1 - P(A).

1- Tickets numbered 1 to 20 are mixed up and then a ticket is drawn
at random. What is the probability that the ticket drawn has a
number which is a multiple of 3 or 5?
1
2
2
5
8
15
9
20
8. Answer: Option
9. Explanation:
10. Here, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, ...., 19, 20}.
11. Let E = event of getting a multiple of 3 or 5 = {3, 6 , 9, 12, 15, 18, 5, 10, 20}.
n(E) 9
P(E) = = .
n(S) 20
2.

A bag contains 2 red, 3 green and 2 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at random. What is
the probability that none of the balls drawn is blue?

10
21
11
21
2
7
5
7
Answer: Option
Explanation:

Total number of balls = (2 + 3 + 2) = 7.

Let S be the sample space.

Then, n(S) = Number of ways of drawing 2 balls out of 7

= 7C2 `

(7 x 6)
=
(2 x 1)

= 21.

Let E = Event of drawing 2 balls, none of which is blue.

n(E) = Number of ways of drawing 2 balls out of (2 + 3) balls.

= 5C2

(5 x 4)
=
(2 x 1)

= 10.
 n(E) 10
P(E) = = .
n(S) 21

3.

In a box, there are 8 red, 7 blue and 6 green balls. One ball is picked up randomly.
What is the probability that it is neither red nor green?

1
3
3
4
7
19
8
21
9
21
Answer: Option
Explanation:

Total number of balls = (8 + 7 + 6) = 21.

Let E = event that the ball drawn is neither red nor green

= event that the ball drawn is blue.

n(E) = 7.
n(E) 7 1
P(E) = = = .
n(S) 21 3

4.

What is the probability of getting a sum 9 from two throws of a dice?

1
6
1
8
1
9
 1
12
Answer: Option
Explanation:
In two throws of a dice, n(S) = (6 x 6) = 36.

Let E = event of getting a sum ={(3, 6), (4, 5), (5, 4), (6, 3)}.
n(E) 4 1
P(E) = = = .
n(S) 36 9

5.

Three unbiased coins are tossed. What is the probability of getting at most two heads?

3
4
1
4
3
8
7
8
Answer: Option
Explanation:

Here S = {TTT, TTH, THT, HTT, THH, HTH, HHT, HHH}

Let E = event of getting at most two heads.

Then E = {TTT, TTH, THT, HTT, THH, HTH, HHT}.

n(E) 7
P(E) = = .
n(S) 8