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Python_Notes_for_100_Days

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Python_Notes_for_100_Days

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© © All Rights Reserved
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What is Programming

Programming is a way for us to tell computers what to do. Computer is a very dumb machine and it

only does what we tell it to do. Hence we learn programming and tell computers to do what we are

very slow at - computation. If I ask you to calculate 5+6, you will immediately say 11. How about

23453453 X 56456?

You will start searching for a calculator or jump to a new tab to calculate the same. This 100 days of

code series will help you learn python from starting to the end. We will start from 0 and by the time

we end this course, I promise you will be a Job ready Python developer!

What is Python?

Python is a dynamically typed, general purpose programming language that supports an

object-oriented programming approach as well as a functional programming approach.

Python is an interpreted and a high-level programming language.

It was created by Guido Van Rossum in 1989.

Features of Python

Python is simple and easy to understand.

It is Interpreted and platform-independent which makes debugging very easy.

Python is an open-source programming language.

Python provides very big library support. Some of the popular libraries include NumPy, Tensorflow,

Selenium, OpenCV, etc.

It is possible to integrate other programming languages within python.

What is Python used for

Python is used in Data Visualization to create plots and graphical representations.

Python helps in Data Analytics to analyze and understand raw data for insights and trends.
It is used in AI and Machine Learning to simulate human behavior and to learn from past data

without hard coding.

It is used to create web applications.

It can be used to handle databases.

It is used in business and accounting to perform complex mathematical operations along with

quantitative and qualitative analysis.

Day 3 - Modules and pip in Python!

Module is like a code library which can be used to borrow code written by somebody else in our

python program. There are two types of modules in python:

Built in Modules - These modules are ready to import and use and ships with the python interpreter.

there is no need to install such modules explicitly.

External Modules - These modules are imported from a third party file or can be installed using a

package manager like pip or conda. Since this code is written by someone else, we can install

different versions of a same module with time.

The pip command

It can be used as a package manager to install a python module. Lets install a module called

pandas using the following command

pip install pandas

Using a module in Python (Usage)

We use the import syntax to import a module in Python. Here is an example code:

import pandas

# Read and work with a file named 'words.csv'

df = pandas.read_csv('words.csv')
print(df) # This will display first few rows from the words.csv file

Similarly we can install other modules and look into their documentations for usage instructions.

We will find ourselved doing this often in the later part of this course

Python Comments

A comment is a part of the coding file that the programmer does not want to execute, rather the

programmer uses it to either explain a block of code or to avoid the execution of a specific part of

code while testing.

Escape Sequence Characters

To insert characters that cannot be directly used in a string, we use an escape sequence character.

An escape sequence character is a backslash \ followed by the character you want to insert.

An example of a character that cannot be directly used in a string is a double quote inside a string

that is surrounded by double quotes:

What is a variable?

Variable is like a container that holds data. Very similar to how our containers in kitchen holds sugar,

salt etc Creating a variable is like creating a placeholder in memory and assigning it some value. In

Python its as easy as writing:

What is a Data Type?

Data type specifies the type of value a variable holds. This is required in programming to do various

operations without causing an error.

In python, we can print the type of any operator using type function:

1. Numeric data: int, float, complex

int: 3, -8, 0

float: 7.349, -9.0, 0.0000001

complex: 6 + 2i
2. Text data: str

str: "Hello World!!!", "Python Programming"

3. Boolean data:

Boolean data consists of values True or False.

4. Sequenced data: list, tuple

list: A list is an ordered collection of data with elements separated by a comma and enclosed within

square brackets. Lists are mutable and can be modified after creation.

5. Mapped data: dict

dict: A dictionary is an unordered collection of data containing a key:value pair. The key:value pairs

are enclosed within curly brackets.

Typecasting in python

The conversion of one data type into the other data type is known as type casting in python or type

conversion in python.

Python supports a wide variety of functions or methods like: int(), float(), str(), ord(), hex(), oct(),

tuple(), set(), list(), dict(), etc. for the type casting in python.

Two Types of Typecasting:

Explicit Conversion (Explicit type casting in python)

Implicit Conversion (Implicit type casting in python).

Explicit typecasting:

The conversion of one data type into another data type, done via developer or programmer's

intervention or manually as per the requirement, is known as explicit type conversion.

It can be achieved with the help of Python?s built-in type conversion functions such as int(), float(),

hex(), oct(), str(), etc .


Implicit type casting:

Data types in Python do not have the same level i.e. ordering of data types is not the same in

Python. Some of the data types have higher-order, and some have lower order. While performing

any operations on variables with different data types in Python, one of the variable's data types will

be changed to the higher data type. According to the level, one data type is converted into other by

the Python interpreter itself (automatically). This is called, implicit typecasting in python.

Python converts a smaller data type to a higher data type to prevent data loss.

What are strings? In python, anything that you enclose between single or double quotation marks is

considered a string. A string is essentially a sequence or array of textual data. Strings are used

when working with Unicode characters.

Multiline Strings

If our string has multiple lines, we can create them like this:

a = """ Hi I am ankit

I am a good boy """

print(a)

Accessing Characters of a String

In Python, string is like an array of characters. We can access parts of string by using its index

which starts from 0.

Square brackets can be used to access elements of the string.

print(name[0])

print(name[1])

Looping through the string

We can loop through strings using a for loop like this:

for character in name:


print(character)

Above code prints all the characters in the string name one by one!

Length of a String

We can find the length of a string using len() function.

fruit = "Banana"

Banana = len(fruit)

print("Banana is a", Banana , "letter word.")

String as an array

A string is essentially a sequence of characters also called an array. Thus we can access the

elements of this array.

Fruit = "Banana"

print(Fruit[0:7])

print(Fruit[:-4]) # here 7 mean 6

print(Fruit[0:])

Python provides a set of built-in methods that we can use to alter and modify the strings.

upper() :

The upper() method converts a string to upper case.

a = ".. Ankit.. Ankit..." #string are immutable

print(a.upper()) #return a new string

lower()

The lower() method converts a string to lower case.

print(a.lower())
strip() :

The strip() method removes any white spaces before and after the string.

print(a.strip())

rstrip() :

the rstrip() removes any trailing characters. Example:

str3 = "Hello !!!"

print(str3.rstrip("!"))

replace() :

The replace() method replaces all occurences of a string with another string. Example:

str2 = "Silver Spoon"

print(str2.replace("Sp", "M"))

capitalize() :

The capitalize() method turns only the first character of the string to uppercase and the rest other

characters of the string are turned to lowercase. The string has no effect if the first character is

already uppercase.

movie = "new SouTh inDian moviE in hiNdi"

print(movie.capitalize())

center() :

The center() method aligns the string to the center as per the parameters given by the user.

Example: str1 = "Welcome to the Console!!!"

print(str1.center(50))

str1 = "Welcome to the Console!!!"

print(str1.center(50, "."))
count() :

The count() method returns the number of times the given value has occurred within the given

string.

Example:

str2 = "Abracadabra"

countStr = str2.count("a")

print(countStr)

endswith() :

The endswith() method checks if the string ends with a given value. If yes then return True, else

return False.

Example :

str1 = "Welcome to the Console !!!"

print(str1.endswith("!!!"))

str1 = "Welcome to the Console !!!"

print(str1.endswith("to", 4, 10))

find() :

The find() method searches for the first occurrence of the given value and returns the index where it

is present. If given value is absent from the string then return -1.

Example:

str1 = "He's name is Dan. He is an honest man."

print(str1.find("is"))

As we can see, this method is somewhat similar to the index() method. The major difference being

that index() raises an exception if value is absent whereas find() does not.
Example:

str1 = "He's name is Dan. He is an honest man."

print(str1.find("Daniel"))

Output:

-1

index() :

The index() method searches for the first occurrence of the given value and returns the index where

it is present. If given value is absent from the string then raise an exception.

Example:

str1 = "He's name is Dan. Dan is an honest man."

print(str1.index("Dan"))

Output:

13

As we can see, this method is somewhat similar to the find() method. The major difference being

that index() raises an exception if value is absent whereas find() does not.

Example:

str1 = "He's name is Dan. Dan is an honest man."

print(str1.index("Daniel"))

Output:

ValueError: substring not found

isalnum() :

The isalnum() method returns True only if the entire string only consists of A-Z, a-z, 0-9. If any other

characters or punctuations are present, then it returns False.


Example 1:

str1 = "WelcomeToTheConsole"

print(str1.isalnum())

Output:

True

isalpha() :

The isalnum() method returns True only if the entire string only consists of A-Z, a-z. If any other

characters or punctuations or numbers(0-9) are present, then it returns False.

Example :

str1 = "Welcome"

print(str1.isalpha())

Output:

True

islower() :

The islower() method returns True if all the characters in the string are lower case, else it returns

False.

Example:

str1 = "hello world"

print(str1.islower())

Output:

True

isprintable() :

The isprintable() method returns True if all the values within the given string are printable, if not, then
return False.

Example :

str1 = "We wish you a Merry Christmas"

print(str1.isprintable())

Output:

True

isspace() :

The isspace() method returns True only and only if the string contains white spaces, else returns

False.

Example:

str1 = " " #using Spacebar

print(str1.isspace())

str2 = " " #using Tab

print(str2.isspace())

Output:

True

True

istitle() :

The istitile() returns True only if the first letter of each word of the string is capitalized, else it returns

False.

Example:

str1 = "World Health Organization"

print(str1.istitle())
Output:

True

Example:

str2 = "To kill a Mocking bird"

print(str2.istitle())

Output:

False

isupper() :

The isupper() method returns True if all the characters in the string are upper case, else it returns

False.

Example :

str1 = "WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION"

print(str1.isupper())

Output:

True

startswith() :

The endswith() method checks if the string starts with a given value. If yes then return True, else

return False.

Example :

str1 = "Python is a Interpreted Language"

print(str1.startswith("Python"))

Output:

True
swapcase() :

The swapcase() method changes the character casing of the string. Upper case are converted to

lower case and lower case to upper case.

Example:

str1 = "Python is a Interpreted Language"

print(str1.swapcase())

Output:

pYTHON IS A iNTERPRETED lANGUAGE

title() :

The title() method capitalizes each letter of the word within the string.

Example:

str1 = "He's name is Dan. Dan is an honest man."

print(str1.title())

Output:

He'S Name Is Dan. Dan Is An Honest Man.

if-else Statements

Sometimes the programmer needs to check the evaluation of certain expression(s), whether the

expression(s) evaluate to True or False. If the expression evaluates to False, then the program

execution follows a different path than it would have if the expression had evaluated to True.

Based on this, the conditional statements are further classified into following types:

if

if-else

if-else-elif
nested if-else-elif.

An if??else statement evaluates like this:

if the expression evaluates True:

Execute the block of code inside if statement. After execution return to the code out of the if??else

block.\

if the expression evaluates False:

Execute the block of code inside else statement. After execution return to the code out of the

if??else block.

Example:

applePrice = 210

budget = 200

if (applePrice <= budget):

print("Alexa, add 1 kg Apples to the cart.")

else:

print("Alexa, do not add Apples to the cart.")

Output:

Alexa, do not add Apples to the cart.

elif Statements

Sometimes, the programmer may want to evaluate more than one condition, this can be done using

an elif statement.

Working of an elif statement

Execute the block of code inside if statement if the initial expression evaluates to True. After

execution return to the code out of the if block.


Execute the block of code inside the first elif statement if the expression inside it evaluates True.

After execution return to the code out of the if block.

Execute the block of code inside the second elif statement if the expression inside it evaluates True.

After execution return to the code out of the if block.

Execute the block of code inside the nth elif statement if the expression inside it evaluates True.

After execution return to the code out of the if block.

Execute the block of code inside else statement if none of the expression evaluates to True. After

execution return to the code out of the if block.

Example:

num = 0

if (num < 0):

print("Number is negative.")

elif (num == 0):

print("Number is Zero.")

else:

print("Number is positive.")

Output:

Number is Zero.

Nested if statements

We can use if, if-else, elif statements inside other if statements as well.

Example:
num = 18

if (num < 0):

print("Number is negative.")

elif (num > 0):

if (num <= 10):

print("Number is between 1-10")

elif (num > 10 and num <= 20):

print("Number is between 11-20")

else:

print("Number is greater than 20")

else:

print("Number is zero")

Output:

Number is between 11-20

Match Case Statements : To implement switch-case like characteristics very similar to if-else

functionality, we use a match case in python. If you are coming from a C, C++ or Java like language,

you must have heard of switch-case statements. If this is your first language, don?t worry as I will

tell you everything you need to know about match case statements in this video!

A match statement will compare a given variable?s value to different shapes, also referred to as the

pattern. The main idea is to keep on comparing the variable with all the present patterns until it fits

into one.

The match case consists of three main entities :

The match keyword


One or more case clauses

Expression for each case

The case clause consists of a pattern to be matched to the variable, a condition to be evaluated if

the pattern matches, and a set of statements to be executed if the pattern matches.

Syntax:

match variable_name:

case ?pattern1? : //statement1

case ?pattern2? : //statement2

case ?pattern n? : //statement n

Example:

x=4

# x is the variable to match

match x:

# if x is 0

case 0:

print("x is zero")

# case with if-condition

case 4 if x % 2 == 0:

print("x % 2 == 0 and case is 4")

# Empty case with if-condition

case _ if x < 10:


print("x is < 10")

# default case(will only be matched if the above cases were not matched)

# so it is basically just an else:

case _:

print(x)

Output:

x % 2 == 0 and case is 4

Introduction to Loops

Sometimes a programmer wants to execute a group of statements a certain number of times. This

can be done using loops. Based on this loops are further classified into following main types;

for loop

while loop

The for Loop

for loops can iterate over a sequence of iterable objects in python. Iterating over a sequence is

nothing but iterating over strings, lists, tuples, sets and dictionaries.

Example: iterating over a string:

name = 'Abhishek'

for i in name:

print(i, end=", ")

Output:

A, b, h, i, s, h, e, k,

Example: iterating over a list:

colors = ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Yellow"]


for x in colors:

print(x)

Output:

Red

Green

Blue

Yellow

Similarly, we can use loops for lists, sets and dictionaries.

range():

What if we do not want to iterate over a sequence? What if we want to use for loop for a specific

number of times?

Here, we can use the range() function.

Example:

for k in range(5):

print(k)

Output:

Here, we can see that the loop starts from 0 by default and increments at each iteration.But we can

also loop over a specific range.

Example: for k in range(4,9):


print(k)

Output:

Python while Loop

As the name suggests, while loops execute statements while the condition is True. As soon as the

condition becomes False, the interpreter comes out of the while loop.

Example:

count = 5

while (count > 0):

print(count)

count = count - 1

Output:

Here, the count variable is set to 5 which decrements after each iteration. Depending upon the while

loop condition, we need to either increment or decrement the counter variable (the variable count, in
our case) or the loop will continue forever.

Else with While Loop

We can even use the else statement with the while loop. Essentially what the else statement does is

that as soon as the while loop condition becomes False, the interpreter comes out of the while loop

and the else statement is executed.

Example:

x=5

while (x > 0):

print(x)

x=x-1

else:

print('counter is 0')

Output: 5

counter is 0

Do-While loop in python

do..while is a loop in which a set of instructions will execute at least once (irrespective of the

condition) and then the repetition of loop's body will depend on the condition passed at the end of

the while loop. It is also known as an exit-controlled loop.

How to emulate do while loop in python?


To create a do while loop in Python, you need to modify the while loop a bit in order to get similar

behavior to a do while loop.

The most common technique to emulate a do-while loop in Python is to use an infinite while loop

with a break statement wrapped in an if statement that checks a given condition and breaks the

iteration if that condition becomes true:

Example

while True:

number = int(input("Enter a positive number: "))

print(number)

if not number > 0:

break

Output

Enter a positive number: 1

Enter a positive number: 4

Enter a positive number: -1

-1

Explanation

This loop uses True as its formal condition. This trick turns the loop into an infinite loop. Before the

conditional statement, the loop runs all the required processing and updates the breaking condition.

If this condition evaluates to true, then the break statement breaks out of the loop, and the program

execution continues its normal path.


break statement

The break statement enables a program to skip over a part of the code. A break statement

terminates the very loop it lies within.

example

for i in range(1,101,1):

print(i ,end=" ")

if(i==50):

break

else:

print("Mississippi")

print("Thank you")

output

1 Mississippi

2 Mississippi

3 Mississippi

4 Mississippi

5 Mississippi

50 Mississippi

Continue Statement

The continue statement skips the rest of the loop statements and causes the next iteration to occur.

example
for i in [2,3,4,6,8,0]:

if (i%2!=0):

continue

print(i)

output

Python Functions

A function is a block of code that performs a specific task whenever it is called. In bigger programs,

where we have large amounts of code, it is advisable to create or use existing functions that make

the program flow organized and neat.

There are two types of functions:

Built-in functions

User-defined functions

Built-in functions:

These functions are defined and pre-coded in python. Some examples of built-in functions are as

follows:

min(), max(), len(), sum(), type(), range(), dict(), list(), tuple(), set(), print(), etc.

User-defined functions:

We can create functions to perform specific tasks as per our needs. Such functions are called
user-defined functions.

Syntax:

def function_name(parameters):

pass

# Code and Statements

Create a function using the def keyword, followed by a function name, followed by a paranthesis (())

and a colon(:).

Any parameters and arguments should be placed within the parentheses.

Rules to naming function are similar to that of naming variables.

Any statements and other code within the function should be indented.

Calling a function:

We call a function by giving the function name, followed by parameters (if any) in the parenthesis.

Example:

def name(fname, lname):

print("Hello,", fname, lname)

name("Sam", "Wilson")

Output:

Hello, Sam Wilson

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