eftsk

gq'H w'jB f;zx

P\;hns s/ ouBk
gq'H w'jB f;zx dk iBw 1905 ftZu j'sh
wodkB (gkfe;skB), fgz v Xfwnkb, B/ V /
oktbfgzvh (j[D gkfe;skB ftZu) fty/ j'fJnk. T[BQK
B/ n?~wHJ/H |ko;h, n?~wHUHn?~bH dh ftfdnk
jk;b ehsh.
gq'H w'jB f;zx nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk d/ o[wKfNe
gqrshtkdh eth jB. T[BQK nB[;ko T[BQK dh ebw dk
;|o 1921^22 ftZu P[o{ j'fJnk id'A nzro/I^fto'Xh
nzd'bB nkgDh f;\o T[~s/ ;h. T[BQK B/ eftsktK fbyD d/ Bkb^Bkb eJh
nB[tkd th ehs/. gq'H w'jB f;zx B/ wjKekft ‘BBekfJD’ dh ouBk ehsh, fi;
bJh T[BQK ƒ gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh tb'A 1972 ftZu ;BwkfBs ehsk frnk. T[BQK
d/ ekft^;zraqfj jB—‘;kt/ gZso’, ‘e;[zGVk’, ‘nXtkN/’, ‘tZvk t/bk’, ‘fizdo/’
nkfd. nkg B/ ;kfjse gZso ‘gzi dfonk’ dk ;zgkdB eoe/ Bt/A T[God/
b/yeK ƒ nZr/ tXD bJh gq/fos ehsk. g'qH w'jB f;zx ƒ ;kfjs nekdwh
g[o;eko (1959) ns/ ;'thns b?Av Bfjo{ g[o;eko (1968) Bkb ;BwkfBs
ehsk frnk.

43
 n"y/ PpdK d/ noE f;gkjh dk fdb
tkrK Lx'V/ dh
tkrK SZv d/ jzM{nK tkbhJ/ Bh,
brkw
g?o XoB d/ w?ƒ oekp T[~s/.
GhV Gkoh LtZvh w[Peb
;kv/ d/P ’s/ pDh j? GhV Gkoh,
nkp L PkB
N[ZN gJ/ B/ t?oh gzikp T[~s/.
c{eDh L roe eo
d/Dh $ \sw
o' o' e/ gkDh Bk c/o n?t/A,
eo d/Dh w/o/ ;'jD/ gzikp dh nkp T[~s/.
BdhnK L jzM{nK ;o[ torh itkBh w?A c{eDh J/A,
GohnK nZyK pfj rJ/ Gz{v i/ nk e/ r[bkp T[~s/.
c{jh c{jh L E'VQh^E'VQh fejVh r~b'A sz{ jT[e/ s/ bJ/A jT[ek,
o'Nh fejVh rZb'A sz{ nZyK ;[ikJhnK B/ <
d[ZXK S[jkfonK L n?P'^nkokw bKx/ gziK dfonktK d/ ;B E'jV/,
\ke L fwZNh i' sz{ j'o d' BdhnK uVjkJhnK B/.
gZSh bktK L nZr bktK
vrk BrkfonKL izr dk c{jh c{jh ƒ ;fjed/ tho w/o/,
n?bkB eh eoK w?A d[ZX S[jkfonK ƒ.
uZ[e bJ/ ;kEh sVcd/ gJ/ B/ \ke nzdo,
ezB d't/A L u/szB j' rJ/
gZSh bktK w?A wfjbK u[pkfonK ƒ.
v"b/ coed/ L izr d/ w?dkB
|"ih pkfinK nkD xBx'o gkJh,
ftZu ikD
bJh T[sktb/ bZr fojk J/ vrk BrkfonK ƒ.
sbh ’s/ w/o/ x'V/ th u[Ze bJ/ ezB d't/A,
ikB Xoe/ L e[opkB j'D d/y fJjfdnK y[oK c[zekfonK ƒ.
dh GktBk v"b/ coed/ gJ/ B/ nZi w/o/,
sbtkoK dh SKL sbtkoK i'P Bkb gJh ezpdh ikB w/oh.
Bkb
ihGK eZYd/ gJ/ B/ sho frm frm,
fGnkBe
y{B dh izr
gJh nkeVK GzBdh ewkB w/oh.
bk wfjzdh L Pjhdh pkDk$
ftu ozr d/ w;s wbzr j' e/,
e[opkBh dh
GktBk bkJhJ/ skohnK n;hA MBK nzdo.
ozr L w"i$\[Ph ftu izr d/ sbh ’s/ ikB Xoe/,
Bko L gsBh bVhJ/ n;hA sbtkoK dh SK nzdo.
izr L :[ZX ftu ozr d/ fSziK s/ x'b gkJhJ/,
Y'b/ rkthJ/ jbK d/ rkj nzdo.
ftu izr d/ \{B dh bk wfjzdh,
gkJhJ/ pKj sbtko dh pKj nzdo.

44
 n;hA gziK dfonktK d/ P/o d[b/, n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
d'jK d/thnK ƒ fBwPeko ;kvh. eNko L sbtko

ftu ozr d/ d/th j? Bko ;kvh, oy;K L oZyKrk

ftu izr d/ d/th eNko ;kvh. SZfonK L r'bhnK

bk;K L bktKrk
ftu izr d/ Gkt/A w?A uZfbnk jK, yk;K L yktKrk

sK th oy;K s/ok f\nkb fgnkoh. fusko;K L :kd eoKrk

pz[d/ ;wM e/ s/o/ w?A SZfonK ƒ, s/} L sbtko

bk;K x[ZN eb/i/ d/ Bkb fgnkoh.

X{nK t/y e/ s'gK ’u'A g/u yKdk,
s/o/ ;wM;K x[zro/ tkb fgnkoh.
s/o/ gbeK dh :kd ftu sho yk;K,
jkEh t/y fusko;K ukb fgnkoh.
i/ w?A ihAdk ikrdk gos nkfJnk,
‘oZy ;kJhA dh’ w?A p[bk SZvhA.
BjhA sK g[Zs id w/ok itkB j'fJnk,
s/} U; ƒ w/oh cVk SZvhA.

fN~gDh
gq'H w'jB f;zx eftsk ‘f;gkjh dk fdb’ ftZu dZ;d/ jB fe f;gkjh dk BtK^BtK
ftnkj j'fJnk j?. UXo d/; T[~s/ d[PwBK B/ jwbk eo fdZsk j?. T[j f;gkjh
izr ftZu ik e/ T[BQK Bkb izr bVBk ukj[zdk j?. T[; dh Bt^ftnkjh gsBh T[;
ƒ tk;s/ gk e/ o'eDk ukj[zdh j?. go T[j T[; ƒ jzM{ tjkT[D s'A o'edk j'fJnk
nkgD/ x'V/ dh brkw SZv d/D bJh nkydk j?. T[j efjzdk j? fe w?ƒ oekp T[~s/
g?o oZy e/ x'V/ T[~s/ uVQB d/ feT[Afe ;kv/ d/; (gzikp) T[~s/ tZvh w[Peb nkJh
j'Jh j?. T[j efjzdk j? fe T[; dh fJ; itkBh dk e'Jh bkG BjhA i/ T[j d/;
bJh bV Bk ;fenk. T[j T[; ƒ fuskodk j? fe sz{ feT[A o' ojh j?A, jT[e/ b?
ojh j?A, w?A sK gziK dfonktK (Gkt ;sb[i, fpnk;, okth, MBkn, i/jbw) ƒ
gko eoe/ t?oh Bkb w[ekpbk eoB ikDk j?. f;gkjh efjzdk j? w?A d[ZXK
S[jkfonK Gkt n?P'^nkokw ƒ eh eoBk j?, i/eo w/o/ Gok o'Nh ƒ so; oj/
jB. w/o/ ;kEh izr d/ w?dkB ftZu i{M e/ PjhdhnK gqkgs eo oj/ jB. bVkJh
bJh fpr[b tZi u[Zfenk j?. w?A, w/o/ sho ns/ ewkB s/ w/ok x'Vk izr ftZu ikD
bJh i'P ftZu nk rJ/ jK. i/ n;hA y[Ph ftZu w;s j' e/ MBK dfonk ftZu
s?od/ jK sK bVkJh t/b/ n;hA izr d/ w?dkB ftZu gj[zu iKd/ jK. nkgDh

45
 e[opkBh d/D bJh fsnko ofjzd/ jK. y[Ph ftZu n;hA e[PshnK bVd/ jK, jb
tkjz[zd/ jK, rhs rkT[Ad/ jK. T[; ƒ gzikp d/ ;{ow/ j'D T[go wkD j?. bVkJh d/
w?dkB d/ fdqPK dh T[j y{B dh wfjzdh s/ sbtkoK dh SK Bkb s[bBk eodk j?.
nzs ftZu T[j f;gkjh nkgDh gsBh ƒ ;zp'XB eodk j'fJnk fdbk;k fdzdk
j? fe T[j bVkJh d/ w?dkB ftZu ik e/ th T[; dk g{ok fynkb oZy/rk. T[j
pzd{e dhnK r'bhnK ƒ T[; d/ pz[d/ ns/ s'gK d/ tb yKd/ Xz{J/A ƒ T[; d/ x[zrokb/
tkb ;wMD dh s;Zbh fdzdk j?. T[j y[Ph Bkb shoK dk tko ;fjD eo/rk.
jkEhnK ƒ d/y e/ T[; dh w;skBh ukb ƒ :kd eo/rk.
eftsk d/ nyho ftZu d/P^g/qw dh GktBk T[ikro j[zdh j?. T[j gsBh ƒ
nkyoh Ppd nkydk j?. T[j T[; ƒ fJe c[owkB tKr ;zd/P fdzdk j? fe
i/eo T[j mhe^mke gos nkfJnk sK fJ; ƒ oZp dk nPhotkd ;wM e/ T[;
dk ;tkrs eohA. go Pjhd j'D dh ;{os ftu T[; d/ g[Zso ƒ itkB j'D
s/ T[; d/ jZE sbtko cVk e/ d/P dh oZfynk bJh G/i d/D dh nkgDh fJZSk
dk gqrNktk eodk j?.

nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) eftsk ‘f;gkjh dk fdb’ dk e/Adoh Gkt nkgD/ PpdK ftZu fby'.
(ii) f;gkjh d[ZXK, S[jkfonK ns/ wfjbK u[pkfonK dh gotkj feT[A
BjhA eodk <
(iii) eftsk ftZu gsh nkgDh gsBh e'b feE/ ikD dh fIZd eodk j? <
(v) ‘fprb’ fe; dk ;ze/s j? <
(v) bVkJh ftZu Pjhd j'D dh jkbs ftZu f;gkjh nkgDh gsBh ƒ eh
eoB bJh efjzdk j? <
(vi) f;gkjh bVkJh d/ w?dkB d/ fdqPK dh feBQK Bkb s[bBk eodk j?.
2H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK gVQ e/ g[~S/ rJ/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso fby' L
ftu ozr d/ w;s wbzr j' e/,
bkJhJ/ skohnK n;hA MBK nzdo.
ftu izr d/ sbh ’s/ ikB Xoe/,
bVhJ/ n;hA sbtkoK dh SK nzdo.
ftu ozr d/ fSziK s/ x'b gkJhJ/,
Y'b/ rkthJ/ jbK d/ rkj nzdo.
ftu izr d/ \{B dh bk wfjzdh,
gkJhJ/ pKj sbtko dh pKj nzdo.

46
 n;hA gziK dfonktK d/ P/o d[b/,
d'tK d/thnK ƒ fBwPeko ;kvh.
ftu ozr d/ d/th j? Bko ;kvh,
ftu izr d/ d/th eNko ;kvh.
(i) T[go'es ;soK d/ eth dk Bk fby'.
(ii) MBK ftZu skohnK fe; B/ bkJhnK.
(iii) eth ‘ozr’ ns/ ‘izr’ ftZu fej' fijhnK ;fEshnK ƒ g/P eo
fojk j? <
(iv) ‘x'b’ ns/ ‘eNko’ PpdK d/ noE fby'.

3H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK dh gq;zr ;fjs ftnkfynk eo' L

ftu izr d/ Gkt/A w?A uZfbnk jK,
sK th oy;K s/ok f\nkb fgnkoh.
pz[d/ ;wM e/ s/o/ w?A SZfonK ƒ,
bk;K x[ZN eb/i/ d/ Bkb fgnkoh.
X{znK t/y e/ s'gK ’u'A g/u yKdk,
s/o/ ;wM;K x[zro/ tkb fgnkoh.
s/o/ gbeK dh :kd ftu sho yk;K,
jkEh t/y fusko;K ukb fgnkoh.
i/ w?A ihAdk ikrdk gos nkfJnk,
‘oZy ;kJhA dh’ w?ƒ p[bk SZvhA.
BjhA sK g[Zs id w/ok itkB j'fJnk,
s/} U; ƒ w/oh cVk SZvhA.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

d' N'fNnK d/ ftu G'A N[~Nh
G"A L Xosh
d' N'fNnK d/ ftu G'A N[ZNh wfjbK L nwhoK, b'eK
fJe wfjbK dk fJe Y'eK dk. Y'eK L rohp b'eK
d' XfVnK ftu \bes tzvh, XfVnK L fjZf;nK
fJe b'eK dk fJe i'eK dk. i'eK L bj{ u{;D tkbk
ehVk, P'fPs
e'Jh t/bk ;h tzvekoK B/ t/bk L ;wK
d[BhnK ƒ gkfVnk tzfvnk ;h. tzvekoK L tzvD tkfbnK
ftZEK ftu ftZEK j'o tXk, ftZEK L d{ohnK

iBsk ƒ vkYk so[zfvnk ;h. vkYk L pVk

47
 n"y/ PpdK d/ noE e[M gkJhnK ftZEK toB dhnK
toB L iks e[M tkjhnK bheK Xow dhnK,
tkjhnK L gkJhnK fco ezXK eow e[eow dhnK,
bheK L behoK, fco X[zXK nzBQ/ Gow dhnK.
ftZEK
e[eow L wkV/ eow
fco ftZEK fbZgh IpkB dhnK,
Gow L tfjw
fco gfjokt/ s/ t/; dhnK,
IpkB L p'bh
fco ;fGsk, ;fGnkuko dhnK
;fGnkuko LofjD^;fjD
fco d/; ns/ god/; dhnK.
Ej[ L gsk
e{VhnK gkVK L M{mhnK
iBsk ƒ Ej[ Bk brD fdsk
tzvhnK
u/sB L u[ezB/
fJjBK ikd{ro ftZEekoK B/,
tzrkfonk L bbekfonk n;bhns ftu B/ d' ftZEK,
SkJhA wkJhA L d{o eoBk pkeh ;G e{VhnK gkVK B/.
T[xkfVnk L fdykfJnk,
gqrN ehsk e[M u/sB^P/o itkBK B/
feosh L fwjBs ftZEekoK skJhA tzrkfonk id
eoB tkb/, SkJhA wkJhA eo ftZEK ƒ,
fwjBseP
n;bhns skJhA T[xkfVnk id.
wBhih L wzBh rJh
pks L rZb
sd feosh s/ feo;kD T[~m/,
w[eh L \sw
j' rJh ekbh s/ p'bh oks w[eh,
;kwoki L okikPkjh rZb gJh wBhih b'eK dh
s/ ;kwoki dh pks w[eh.

fN~gDh
eth gq'H w'jB f;zx B/ tzvhnK gkT[D tkb/ j[ewokBK dh ehsh ;wkie tzv ns/
nkoEe tzv ƒ g/P eod/ j'J/ dZf;nk j? fe tzvhnK gkT[D tkfbnK B/ gfjbK
Xosh d/ d' fjZ;/ eo fdZs/. fJZe sK nwhoh ns/ rohph dk gkVk gk fdZsk.
Gkt b'eK ƒ d' fjZf;nK ftZu tzv fdZsk. fJe gk;/ ;kXkoB b'e ns/ d{i/ gk;/
bj{ u{;D tkb/ ehV/ ;B. e'Jh n?;k ;wK ;h id tzvD tkfbnK B/ d[BhnK
dh tzv eo fdZsh. d{ohnK ftZu j'o d{ohnK g?dk eoe/ iBsk ƒ pVk
d[yh ehsk ;h. eth ƒ iks^gks, Xow, wzd/ eowK, GowK, GkPk s/ p'bh,
gfjokt/, ofjD^;fjD s/ d/;^gqd/; nkfd ftu b'eK dh gkJh tzv T[~go ;\s

48
fJsokI j?. fJT[A ftZEK$d{ohnK g?dk eoB tkb/ ikd{roK B/ iBsk ƒ gsk jh
BjhA brD fdZsk fe pkeh ;G tzvhnK M{mhnK jB. n;bhns ftZu sK f;oc
d' jh ftZEK jB. go e[M u[ezB/$pjkdo P/o B"itkBK B/ fJBQK ftZEK gkT[D
tkfbnK ƒ bbekfonk. n;bhns pko/ iBsk ƒ ikfrqs eoe/ ftZEK ƒ d{o
ehsk. fJ; Bkb fwjBs eoB tkb/ ns/ fe;kB th ikfrqs j'J/. T[BQK dh
jB/oh oks Gkt nfrnkBsk d{o j' rJh. b'eK dh rZb wzBh rJh ns/ ;kwoki
dh rZb \sw j' rJh.

nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) eftsk ‘d' N'fNnK d/ ftZu G"A N[ZNh’ dk e/Adoh Gkt nkgD/ PpdK
ftZu fby'.
(ii) tzv eoB tkfbnK B/ d[Bhnk ftZu d{ohnK tXk e/ T[BQK ƒ
feT[A tzfvnk<
(iii) d' N'fNnk ftZu G'A tzvD s'A eh Gkt j? <
(iv) ;wki ftZu fejVhnK tzvhnK gkJhnK rJhnK <
(v) ftEK ƒ d{o eoB bJh e"D nZr/ nkfJnk <
(vi) b'eK ftZu fe; rZb dh u/sBsk g?dk j'Jh <
(vii) fJ; eftsk ƒ fbyD bJh eth dk eh T[d/P j? <

2H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK gVQ e/ g[~S/ rJ/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso fby' L

e[M u/sB^P/o itkBK B/
ftZEekoK skJhA tzrkfonk id
SkJhA wkJhA eo ftZEK ƒ,
n;bhns skJhA T[xkfVnk id.

sd feosh s/ feo;kD T[~m/,

ekbh s/ p'bh oks w[eh,
rZb gJh wBhih b'eK dh
s/ ;kwoki dh pks w[eh.
(i) fJBQK ;soK d/ eth dk BK fby'.
(ii) feBQK B/ fe; soQK tzvK gkT[D tkfbnK ƒ tzrkfonk <
(iii) feosh s/ fe;kBK ftZu ikrqsh nkT[D Bkb eh j'fJnk <
(iv) n\ho ftZu fe; dh fiZs j'Jh <

49
 (v) ‘feosh’ ns/ ‘SkJhA wkJhA’ PpdK d/ noE fby'.
(vi) ‘ekbh s/ p'bh oks’ s'A eh Gkt j? <
3H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK dh gq;zr ;fjs ftnkfynk eo' L
e[M gkJhnK ftZEK toB dhnK
e[M tkjhnK bheK Xow dhnK,
fco ezXK eow e[eow dhnK,
fco X[zXK nzBQ/ Gow dhnK.

fco ftZEK fbZgh IpkB dhnK,

fco gfjokt/ s/ t/; dhnK,
fco ;fGsk, ;fGnkuko dhnK
fco d/; ns/ god/; dhnK.

nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/

TH gkm s'A n~r/ L
(i) d/;^tzv dk nB[Gt Gkt/A s[jkƒ BjhA j? go i' e[M th s[;hA d/;^tzv
pko/ gfVQnk$;[fDnk j? T[; pko/ nkgD/ ftuko nkgD/ iwkshnK Bkb
;KM/ eo'.
(ii) id'A ikrqsh nkT[Adh j?, nkIkdh gqkgs j[zdh j? sK fej'^fij/ y[Pjkb
wkj"b dh fJZSk ehsh ik ;edh j?, nkgD/ ftuko fby'.
(iii) eftsk ftZu nkJ/ w[jktfonK ƒ u[D e/ T[BQK d/ noE fby' ns/
tke pDkT[.
(iv) d/; dh \kso e[opkB j'D tkb/ fe;/ wjkB f;gkjh dh |'N' brk
e/ T[; dh pjkd[oh pko/ fby e/ ukoN pDkT[.
(v) ni'e/ d"o ftZu bVkJh dk ;kI^;wkB pdb frnk j?. g[okD/
jfEnkoK dh BthBsw jfEnko Bkb s[bBk eod/ j'J/ fJZe gq'i?eN
fsnko eo'.
(vi) ;wki ftZu nfBnK j'D Bkb b'eK ftu jkjkeko wZu iKdh j?. fJZe
;[yh s/ gqrshPhb ;wki f;oiB bJh s[;hA nkgDk fdqPNhe'D
g/P eo'.
nH gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ mhe ( ✔ ) s/ }bs ( ✖ ) dk fBPkB pDkT[ L
(i) feosh b'eK B/ tzv gkT[D tkfbnK ƒ e[M BjhA fejk.
(ii) gsh nkgDh gsBh e'b izr d/ w?dkB ’u ikD dh fId
eodk j?.

50
 (iii) bVkJh P[o{ eoB s'A gfjbK frNko tikJh iKdh j?.
(iv) ‘f;gkjh dk fdb’ ouBk dk eth ;[oihs gkso j?.
(v) Xosh fszB fjZf;nK ftZu tzvh rJh.

JH ykbh EktK Go' L

(i) Xosh d/ HHH N'N/ eo fdZs/ rJ/.
(ii) tzv gkT[D ekoB b'eK ftZu HHH tX gzi fprb
rJh.
(iii) HHH T[~go g?o oZy e/ x'V/ T[~go ufVQnk d'
iKdk j?.
(iv) gsh HHH dfonk gko eoe/ d[PwB Bkb d{oh oekp
bVB ikDk ukjz[dk j?.
(v) bVkJh P[o{ eoB bJh HHH tZidk j?.

;H i'V/ pDkT[ L
brkw izr
f;gkjh G'A
fprb pzd{e
N'Nk x'Vk

jH fto'Xh Ppd fby' L

(i) wfjb HHH
(ii) XVk HHH
(iii) GzBDk HHH
(iv) t?oh HHH

eH G'A ƒ IwhB nkfynk iKdk j?. fJ; ƒ j'o fezB/ BktK Bkb g[ekfonk
iKdk j? <

yH fit/A fprb t~idk j?. T[;/ soQK j/m fbfynK dk ;[Gkn$fposh fby' L
(i) x'Vk HHH
(ii) Gz{v HHH
(iii) v"b/ HHH
(iv) i'e HHH

51