1.

A review on the role, cost and value of hydrogen energy

systems for deep decarbonisation

Hydrogen technologies can play an important role in decarbonising our energy

system in a variety of ways across the energy value chain. It is therefore critical
to identify the strategic roles as well as the conditions under which hydrogen
energy systems become attractive for the energy transition. In this paper, the
authors present a techno economic review of hydrogen energy systems
including power-to-power, power-to-gas, hydrogen refuelling and stationary
fuel cells. We focus on their optimal operation as flexible assets and we
identify three actions that can foster their uptake beyond technological
progress. First, we recommend optimal electricity supply with dedicated
control strategies considering that electricity dominates the liveliest cost of
hydrogen production via electrolysis. Secondly, hydrogen can enable the
further integration of traditionally independent sectors, namely electricity,
heat and transport while contributing to decarbonise all. This position can also
be advantageous for investors who sell heat and fuels as energy efficient
products. Lastly, we examine a whole range of revenues from different
products and applications which can be combined (i.e. benefit stacking) to
match capital and operational expenditures. We discuss these roles in depth
and we conclude that policy makers together with technology developers
should elaborate smart strategies to reduce cost by scaling production,
stimulate standardisation (e.g., similar to the PV industry) as well as develop
new market structures and regulatory frameworks which allow hydrogen
technologies to deliver multiple low carbon applications and products.

2. Artificial Intelligence in Performance Analysis of Load

Frequency Control in Thermal-Wind-Hydro Power Systems

Load Frequency Control (LFC) of three area unequal interconnected thermal,

wind and Hydro power generating units has been developed with Proportional
Integral (PI) controller under MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Further, the PI
controller gains values that optimized using trial and error method with two
different objective functions, namely the Integral Time Square Error (ITSE) and
the Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE). The performance of ITAE objective
function based PI controller is compared with the ITSE objective function
optimized PI controller. Analysis reveals that the ITSE optimized controller
gives more superior performance than ITAE based controller during one
percent Step Load Perturbation (1% SLP) in area 1 (thermal area). In addition,
Proportional–Integral –Derivative (PID) controller is employed to improve the
same power system performance. The controller gain values are optimized
using Artificial Intelligence technique based Ant Colony Optimization (ACO)
algorithm. The simulation performance compares the ACO-PID controller to
the conventional PI. The results proved that the proposed optimization
technique based the ACO-PID controller provides a superior control
performance compared to the PI controller. As the system using the ACO-PID
controller yield minimum overshoot, undershoot and settling time compared
to the conventional PI controlled equipped system performance.

3. Overview on recent developments in energy storage:

Mechanical, electrochemical and hydrogen technologies

Energy production is changing in the world because of the need to reduce

greenhouse gas emissions, to reduce the dependence on carbon/fossil sources
and to introduce renewable energy sources. Despite the great amount of
scientific efforts, great care to energy storage systems is necessary to
overcome the discontinuity in the renewable production. A wide variety of
options and complex characteristic matrices make it difficult and so in this
paper the authors show a clear picture of the available state-of-the-art
technologies. The paper provides an overview of mechanical, electrochemical
and hydrogen technologies, explaining operation principles, performing
technical and economic features. Finally, a schematic comparison among the
potential utilizations of energy storage systems is presented

4. How the hydrogen production from RES could change energy

and fuel markets?

The goal that the international community has set itself is to reduce
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the short/medium-term, especially in
Europe that committed itself to reducing GHG emissions to 80e95% below
1990 levels by 2050. Renewable energies play a fundamental role in achieving
this objective. In this context, the policies of the main industrialized countries
of the world are being oriented towards increasing the shares of electricity
produced from renewable energy sources (RES). In recent years, the
production of renewable energy has increased considerably, but given the
availability of these sources, there is a mismatch between production and
demand. This raises some issues as balancing the electricity grid and, in
particular, the use of surplus energy, as well as the need to strengthen the
electricity network. Among the various new solutions that are being evaluated,
there are: the accumulation in batteries, the use of compressed air energy
storage (CAES) and the production of hydrogen that appears to be the most
suitable to associate with the water storage (pumped hydro). Concerning
hydrogen, a recent study highlights that the efficiencies of hydrogen storage
technologies are lower compared to advanced lead acid batteries on a DC-to-
DC basis, but “in contrast […] the cost of hydrogen storage is competitive with
batteries and could be competitive with CAES and pumped hydro in locations
that are not favourable for these technologies” (Moliner et al., 2016) [1]. This
shows that, once the optimal efficiency rate is reached, the technologies
concerning the production of hydrogen from renewable sources will be a
viable and competitive solution. But, what will be the impact on the energy
and fuel markets? The production of hydrogen through electrolysis will
certainly have an important economic impact, especially in the transport
sector, leading to the creation of a new market and a new supply chain that
will change the physiognomy of the entire energy market .

5. Hydrogen energy, economy and storage: Review and

recommendation

The hydrogen economy is a proposed system where hydrogen is produced and

used extensively as the primary energy carrier. Successful development of
hydrogen economy means innumerable advantages for the environment,
energy security, economy, and final users. One major key to wholly develop
hydrogen economy is safe, compact, light and cost-efficient hydrogen storage.
The conventional gaseous state storage system as pressurized hydrogen gas
and liquid state storage system pose safety and cost problems to on-board
applications; therefore, they do not satisfy the future goals for a hydrogen
economy. Fortunately, solidstate storage systems based on metal hydrides
have demonstrated great potentials to store hydrogen in large quantities in a
quite secure, compact, and repeatedly reversible manner and thus, becoming
increasingly attractive option for hydrogen applications. However,
technoeconomic feasibility of hydrogen storage systems is yet to be realized as
none of the current metal hydrides fulfil all the essential criteria for a practical
hydrogen economy, mainly because of low hydrogen storage capacity, sluggish
kinetics and unacceptable temperatures of hydrogen absorption/desorption.
This article gives a brief review of hydrogen as an ideal sustainable energy
carrier for the future economy, its storage as the stumbling block as well as the
current position of solid-state hydrogen storage in metal hydrides and makes a
recommendation based on the most promising novel discoveries made in the
field in recent times which suggests a prospective breakthrough towards a
hydrogen economy.

6. A review on the role, cost and value of hydrogen energy

systems for deep decarbonisation

Hydrogen technologies can play an important role in decarbonising our energy

system in a variety of ways across the energy value chain. It is therefore critical
to identify the strategic roles as well as the conditions under which hydrogen
energy systems become attractive for the energy transition. In this paper, the
authors present a techno economic review of hydrogen energy systems
including power-to-power, power-to-gas, hydrogen refuelling and stationary
fuel cells. We focus on their optimal operation as flexible assets and we
identify three actions that can foster their uptake beyond technological
progress. First, we recommend optimal electricity supply with dedicated
control strategies considering that electricity dominates the liveliest cost of
hydrogen production via electrolysis. Secondly, hydrogen can enable the
further integration of traditionally independent sectors, namely electricity,
heat and transport while contributing to decarbonise all. This position can also
be advantageous for investors who sell heat and fuels as energy efficient
products. Lastly, we examine a whole range of revenues from different
products and applications which can be combined (i.e. benefit stacking) to
match capital and operational expenditures. We discuss these roles in depth
and we conclude that policy makers together with technology developers
should elaborate smart strategies to reduce cost by scaling production,
stimulate standardisation (e.g., similar to the PV industry) as well as develop
new market structures and regulatory frameworks which allow hydrogen
technologies to deliver multiple low carbon applications and products

7. Renewable hydrogen implementations for combined energy

storage, transportation and stationary applications

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the potential of hydrogen obtained from
renewable sources for energy generation and storage systems. The first part of
analysis will address such issues as various methods of green hydrogen
production, storage and transportation. The review of hydrogen generation
methods will be followed by the critical analysis and the selection of
production method. This selection is justified by the results of the comparative
research on alternative green hydrogen generation technologies with focus on
their environmental impacts and costs. The comparative analysis includes the
biomass-based methods as well as water splitting and photo-catalysis methods
while water electrolysis is taken as a benchmark. Hydrogen storage and
transportation issues will be further discussed in purpose to form the list of
recommended solutions. In the second part of the paper the technology
readiness and technical feasibility for joint hydrogen applications will be
analysed. This will include the energy storage and production systems based
on renewable hydrogen in combination with hydrogen usage in mobility
systems as well as the stationary applications in buildings such as combined
heat and power (CHP) plants or fuel cell electric generators. Based on the
analysis of the selected case studies the author will discuss the role of
hydrogen for the carbon emission reduction with the stress on the real value of
carbon footprint of hydrogen depending on the gas source, storage,
transportation and applications.
Keywords
Renewable hydrogen, hydrogen energy storage, RES, VRE, water electrolysis,
hydrogen applications, resiliency, climate change, fuel cells, hydrogen energy
storage in architecture, sustainable architecture.

8. Review and evaluation of hydrogen production methods for

better sustainability

Various potential methods of hydrogen production using renewable and non-

renewable sources and comparatively assesses them for environmental
impact, cost, energy efficiency and exergy efficiency. The social cost of carbon
concept is also included to present the relations between environmental
impacts and economic factors. Some of the potential primary energy sources
considered in this study are: electrical, thermal, biochemical, photonic, electro-
thermal, photo-electric, and photo-biochemical. The results show that when
used as the primary energy source, photonic energy based hydrogen
production (e.g., photo catalysis, photo electrochemical method, and artificial
photosynthesis) is more environmentally benign than the other selected
methods in terms of emissions. Thermochemical water splitting and hybrid
thermochemical cycles (e.g. Cue Cl, SeI, and MgeCl) also provide
environmentally attractive results. Both photoelectrochemical method and PV
electrolysis are found to be least attractive when production costs and
efficiencies are considered. Therefore, increasing both energy and exergy
efficiencies and decreasing the costs of hydrogen production from solar based
hydrogen production have a potential to bring them forefront as potential
options. The energy and exergy efficiency comparisons indicate the advantages
of fossil fuel reforming and biomass gasification over other methods. Overall
rankings show that hybrid thermochemical cycles are primarily promising
candidates to produce hydrogen in an environmentally benign and cost-
effective way.

9. Review on the research of hydrogen storage system fast

refuelling in fuel cell vehicle

A comprehensive review of the hydrogen storage systems and investigations

performed in search for development of fast refuelling technology for fuel cell
vehicles are presented. Nowadays, hydrogen is considered as a good and
promising energy carrier and can be stored in gaseous, liquid or solid state.
Among the three ways, high pressure (such as 35 MPa or 70 MPa) appears to
be the most suitable method for transportation due to its technical simplicity,
high reliability, high energy efficiency and affordability. However, the refuelling
of high pressure hydrogen can cause a rapid increase of inner temperature of
the storage cylinder, which may result not only in a decrease of the state of
charge (SOC) but also in damages to the tank walls and finally to safety
problems. In this paper, the theoretical analysis, experiments and simulations
on the factors related to the fast refuelling, such as initial pressure, initial
temperature, filling rate and ambient temperature, are reviewed and analysed.
Understanding the potential relationships between these parameters and the
temperature rise may shed a light in developing novel controlling strategies
and innovative routes for hydrogen tank fast filling

10. The survey of key technologies in hydrogen energy

storage

Hydrogen is believed to be an important energy storage vector to fully exploit

the benefit of renewable and sustainable energy. There was a rapid
development of hydrogen related technologies in the past decades. This paper
provides an overall survey of the key technologies in hydrogen energy storage
system, ranging from hydrogen production using both fossil fuels, biomass and
electricity generated from renewable power sources, to hydrogen storage in
both pressurised gas, liquefied and material-based methods, as well as
associated electricity generation technologies using hydrogen. The state-of-
the-art and the future development of individual technology is also discussed.
Energy is a topical subject in our daily life. The rapid growth of population and
increase of personal income are the key drivers behind growing energy
demand. It is projected that by 2035, an additional 1.6 billion people will
demand energy when the global population reaches 8.7 billion. The major
problem faced is the conflict between increasing energy demand and the
scarceness of existing fossil fuel supply, together with concerns associated with
the utilisation of conventional fossil fuels, such as greenhouse gas emissions
leading to climate change, as well as the negative impact on human health
from other associated pollutants.