PSYCHOLOGY AND SPORTS

UNIT 9

SOUL
MIND
CONCIOUSNESS
BEHAVIOUR

SCHOLAR SAKSHAM HAJELA

sakshampgt.hpe@gmail.com @natural_images160993
 CONTENTS

Personality; Its Definition & Types (Jung Classification & Big Five Theory

Motivation, its type &techniques;

Exercise Adherence: Reasons, Benefits & Strategies for Enhancing it;

Meaning, Concept & Types of Aggressions in Sports

Psychological Attributes in Sports – Self Esteem, Mental Imagery, Self Talk, Goal
Setting
 INTRODUCTION

Wilhelm Wundt is known as the father Coleman Griffith is known as the father
of psychology of sport psychology

• The word 'Psychology' is derived from the Greek word. 'Psyche' - 'soul or mind' and 'logos' - 'study‘.
PSYCHOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOUR
• Sports psychology is the branch of applied psychology which deals with sports performance and the
behaviour of a player during training or competitions.
• Now a days competition in the field of sports and games become very complex and tough.
• Coaches teachers and trainers trying hard to enhance the performance of sportspersons.
• The enhancement of sports performance is largely depend on physiology, biomechanics and sports
psychology.
• Sports physiology and sports biomechanics can improve our performance to a limited extent.
• But Sports Psychology is helpful as it has no such limit
• Various psychological factor such as Motivation , Learning, Interest, Attitude, Emotion, Stress, Anxiety,
etc., which affect sports performance. So knowledge of sports psychology is essential for the people who
are engaged in the field of sports. SCHOLAR SAKSHAM HAJELA sakshampgt.hpe@gmail.com
 Personality; Its Definition & Types (Jung Classification & Big Five Theory
MEANING OF PERSONALITY

 ‘Personality’ is derived from latin word ‘PARSONA’ which means ‘MASK’.

 Personality is the integration of all habits which determine the role and status of a person in society.
_____________ Burgess
 Personality Is Described As Sum Total Of All Traits And Distinguishing Qualities Of An Individual.
 According To Eysenck -“Personality Is The Sum Total Of The Actual Or Potential Behaviour Patters Of The
Organism.”
• Personality is the overall impression that a person creates on others
• It is an integrated image of all dimensions, i.e., physical, mental, intellect, social, emotional, vocational,
spiritual, etc
• If an individual lacks of any dimensions it will definitely affect his other dimensions of personality.
• These dimension put together make the personality of an individual.

SOCIAL PHYSICAL
DIMENSION DIMENSIONS DIMENSION

OF
EMOTIONAL
PERSONALITY MENTAL
DIMENSION DIMENSION

SCHOLAR SAKSHAM HAJELA sakshampgt.hpe@gmail.com

 PHYSICAL DIMENSION
• Physique As The Primary Aspect Of Personality.
• Based on fact that ‘first impression is the last impression’.
• Physical Dimension is related to good physique, good appearance, good health etc.
• Individuals Are Attracted Towards The Person Who Has Good Physique, good Health, good posture,
sturdy (strong)body, bright face etc.
• On the other hand unconfident, stooping (bend), weak person dose not give good impression at least in
the beginning.
• Physique is the foundation of personality which has the beginning effect on viewers. It is also said that
sound mind exists in sound body.
• Physical structure of an individual is related to heredity, environment, and balance diet.
• Balanced Diet, Physical Exercise And Other Environmental Factors Improve Physical Dimension Of An
Individual
MENTAL DIMENSION
• Mental Dimension is related to mental and intellectual strength and abilities
• Nobody can contribute to the society until and unless one is mentally sound and has acquired ample
knowledge .
• Many great personality of the world are not good looking but they possessed mental and intellectual
qualities.
• Development Of Thinking, Reasoning, Intuition And Judgement Are Possible Through Education.
• How We React And Respond Quickly To Any Situation Or Event
• It Helps In Learning New Skills, Adjust In New Circumstances
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 SOCIAL DIMENSION

• Human is a social animal. He lives in a society in which his socialisation takes place.
• A good personality is one which is sociable and socialising.
• The social qualities like Character, Morality, Etiquettes, Manners, Work Ethics, Friendliness, Good
Attitude, Helpful Nature, Cooperation, Sympathy And Kindness, etc. are the qualities or traits essential
for good personality.
• These traits are developed in the surroundings in which the individual is living.
• Individuals Take Part In Sports To Satisfy Or Gain Social Value Like Status Power, Affection, Inherent
Attitude, Tendency, Interest And Capabilities.
• One Has To Modify His/her Behaviour To Follow The Rules, Customs And Tradition Of Society.

EMOTIONAL DIMENSION
• Emotional dimension is related to emotional stability.
• It means that one must have proper control over various emotions such as Fear, Anger, Disgust,
Distress, Amusement Or Happiness etc. in different situations.
• Many sportspersons feel elated (excited) when they win but start crying, abusing the umpires or referees
when they lose. Such situation shows one’s emotional status.
• Such outburst (explosion) of emotions is not a good sign of personality.
• It is a sign of immaturity. In fact, one should be emotionally stable. It is an ingredient of balanced
personality
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 TYPES OF PERSONALITY

Type ‘A’ Personality

Type ‘B’ Personality

Type ‘C’ Personality

Based on psychosocial risk factors

Type ‘D’ Personality

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 TYPE ‘A’ PERSONALITY
by Friedman and Rosenman

 The individual with this type of personality are Very Competitive.

 The are Self Critical {willing to find fault with oneself}
 They are characterized by High Working Involvement
 Highly Excited And Usually Fall Prey Hypertension
 Persistence Sense Of Urgency ( Always Struggling Against The Clock)
Aggressive
 Quickly Impatient With Delays
 Easily Be Aroused (trigger) To Anger, Hostility (unfriendliness) And Aggression.
 More Prone To Heart Ailments
TYPE ‘B’ PERSONALITY
by Friedman and Rosenman
 They are Not Competitive In Nature
 Easy Going And Patient (able to tolerate delays)
 Usually Do Not Become Angry And Hostile
 Able To Express Their Emotion Appropriately
 Able To Cope (manage) With Stress Effectively
 Not Overachievers And Overambitious In Life
 Usually Quite Satisfied With Their Lives
 They can be called Successful Persons In Life Satisfied
SCHOLAR SAKSHAM HAJELA sakshampgt.hpe@gmail.com
 TYPE ‘C’ PERSONALITY
by Morris
 The individual with this type of personality are pleasing (प्रसन्न) and Appeasing Nature
 Unable To Express Their Emotions Specially Anger
 They are able to suppress their emotions efficiently.
 Lethargic (inactive), Passive (inactive), Hopeless And
Pessimistic (believe that the worst will happen) or negative
 Sometimes, They Even Deny Their Own Needs
 They Feel Alone And Their Loneliness Begins At An Early Age
 May Enhance The Risk Of Cancer Due To Their Behaviour Pattern Cancer

TYPE ‘D’ PERSONALITY by Johan Denollet

 The individual with this type of personality Usually Suffer From High Degree Of Distress
 They Persistently Suppress Their Feelings
 Don’t Share Their Emotions With Other Persons Because They Always Have A Fear
of Rejection Or Disapproval
 Such individual are Usually Prone To Heart Ailments (disease)
 They are Susceptible To High Blood Pressure, Inflammation
And Depression
 Great Risk Of Premature Death
 Usually Lead A Poor Quality Of Life SCHOLAR SAKSHAM HAJELA sakshampgt.hpe@gmail.com
 Carl Gustav Jung’s CLASSIFICATION
• CARL GUSTAV JUNG classified the personality on the basis of sociability character (the quality of being
sociable).

INTROVERTS
EXTROVERTS
AMBIVERTS

INTROVERTS
• Introverts are people who prefer their own world of thoughts, dreams, feelings and enjoy their
private space. Interaction with people drains their energy whereas being alone energizes them.
• These are the person who have these characteristics such as:
• Shyness,
• Social Withdrawal,
• Tendency To Talk Less,
• Self Centred,
• Unable To Adjust Easily In Society And Social Situations,
• They are Very Sensible, Rigid In Ideas and Future Oriented.

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 EXTROVERTS
• The characteristics of extroverts are opposite to introverts. They prefer the outer world and are
social. They get energized on going to parties, interacting with people and so on.
• Extroverts have a Tendency To Be Friendly, Outgoing, Talkative And Social In Nature
• They Usually Prefer Social Contacts
• They are Generous (open-handed, charitable), Supportive And Courageous, Happy Go, (easygoing /carefree)
• Interested In Present Reality Than Future, Don’t Have Hesitation, Express Their Feeling Openly
• Decision Taking And Act Upon It Quickly, Not Affected Easily By Difficulties And Troubles

AMBIVERTS

• Ambiverts are in the middle of extroverts and introverts. They have the following personalities: They
are good at dealing with a lot of different kinds of people. They are socially flexible in groups or also
when alone. They like to be with people and they are friendly but need time to be alone as well. They
are skilled communicators and listeners, moderate in mood and adapt to situations very fast.
• The Combine Characteristics Of Introverts And Extroverts
• Only Few Persons Who Are Pure Introverts Or Pure extroverts

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 BIG FIVE PERSONALITY THEORY
• The Big Five Personality Traits Are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, And
Neuroticism. These Five Factors Are Assumed To Represent The Basic Structure Behind All Personality
Traits. An Acronym For Remembering These Factors Can Be Formed By Rearranging The First Letters
Of Each Factor To Form The Word OCEAN.
This personality model was offered by-
Paul Costa and Robert McCrae

BIG FIVE
PERSONALITY
TRAITS

SCHOLAR SAKSHAM HAJELA sakshampgt.hpe@gmail.com

 OPENNESS (Imaginative vs Narrow Interest)

• Person Who Like To Learn New Things, New Concept And Enjoy New Experiences Usually Remain On
The Top Of Openness. Those who are high in Openness enjoy playing with ideas and discovering novel
experiences. Those who are low in Openness tend to avoid the unknown and follow traditional ways.

Imagination,
Insightfulness,
Traits Are Commonly Associated Variety of interests
With Openness Artistic interests
Emotionality
Adventurousness
Intellectual

CONSCIENTIOUSNESS (Organized vs Easy-going)

 Person Who Have High Degree Of Conscientiousness Are Remain Organized, Systematic, Laborious
and self discipline.

Orderliness
Dutifulness
Achievement-striving
Traits Are Commonly Associated Self-discipline
With Conscientiousness Cautiousness (सतर्क)

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 EXTROVERSION (Enthusiastic vs Reserved)
• Extroverts Got Their Energy From Interacting With Other Individuals, Whereas Introverts Get Their
Energy From Within Themselves.

Friendliness
Traits Are Commonly Associated Gregariousness (sociable )
With Extroversion Assertiveness
Activity level
Excitement-seeking
Cheerfulness

AGREEABLENESS (Friendly vs Un-Cooperative)

 Such Individual Are Friendly, Cooperative, Compatible (adaptable), Kind And Gentle.
 They are usually kind, generous (kindness), affectionate (loving, caring) and sympathetic.
 The individuals with this trait are compassionate and cooperative instead of suspicious and antagonistic
towards each other. Trust
Morality
Altruism (concern for the
well-being of others)
Traits Are Commonly Associated Cooperation
With Agreeableness Modesty (reserve)
Sympathy
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 NEUROTICISM (Composed(cool, normal,quite) vs Nervous)

• Neuroticism Is Also Called Emotional Stability. This Dimension Relates To One’s Emotional Stability And
The Degree Of Negative Emotions. Person Who Have High Neuroticism Usually Experience Emotional
Instability And Negative Emotions. Such Individual Remain Moody And Tense.
Moodiness,
Jealousy,
 Fear,
Traits Are Commonly Nervousness,
Associated With Anxiety,
Neuroticism  Self-criticism,
Lack Of Confidence,
Insecurity,
Instability And
Oversensitivity.

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 MOTIVATION
• The Word Motivation Is Derived From A Latin Word “Movere” Meaning “To Change, To Move”
• Motivation Is The Force Which Incites Individuals To Perform Some Activities.
• It Is The Inner Urge Of An Individual To Achieve The Goal.
• Human behaviour is controlled, directed and modified through certain motives. such as we search
food when we are hungry
• Motivation is the main psychological factor which affects performance.
• Motivation means to be inspired to do something
• The definition of motivation is to give reason, enthusiasm or interest that cause a specific action or
certain behaviour
• Motivation is a reason for actions, willingness and goals.

• According to Crooks and Stein, “any condition that might energise and direct our action”
is called motivation.
• According to Sage, “the drive to strive” is called motivation
TYPES OF MOTIVATION
• Intrinsic Motivation
• Extrinsic Motivation

SAKSHAM HAJELA
sakshampgt.hpe@gmail.com @natural_images160993
 TYPES OF MOTIVATION
INTRINSIC MOTIVATION
• It Means, Motivation Within Individuals
• In This Kind Of Motivation Force Comes From Within Oneself.
• It Can Be Seen As To Get Social Approval, To Display Superiority, For Enjoyment, Satisfaction, To Show
Mastery Over Skills Etc.
EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
• It Is Known As External Factor Or Force Which Compels The Sportsperson To Excel
• Extrinsic Motivation Plays An Important Role In Games And Sports To Enhance The Performance Or In
Acquisition Of New Learning.
• Reward, Praise, Blame, Punishment Or Cash Prize In Sports Are The Examples Of Extrinsic Motivation

Difference between
Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Motivation

SAKSHAM HAJELA
sakshampgt.hpe@gmail.com @natural_images160993
TECHNIQUES OF MOTIVATION
GOAL
SETTING
POSITIVE ELABORATE
SELF-TALK ARRANGEMENT

POSSITVE
SPECTATORS
ATTITUDE

MOTIVATIONAL
MOTIVATIONAL VERBAL
MUSIC COMMENTS
TECHNIQUES

PRIZES HYPNOTISM

PRAISE
HEALTHY SPORTS
OR
ENVIRONMENT
BLAME KNOWLEDGE OF
RESULT
COGNITIVE APPROACH the study of mental processes such as
thinking, attention, and memory.

• The active processing and interpretation of information influences the persistent and purposive drive
for action by an individual. It is based on the notion (belief) that desired motivation can be achieved by
an individual through active processing and interpretation of information. Expectancy theory and Goal
Setting theory is widely used as a cognitive approach for motivation. Expectancy theory explains that
people are motivated for the task where the probability of success is higher in comparison to failure.
(a) Time Bound: The task should be time bound
(b) Set Complexity level of task: Task should be
neither too difficult nor too easy
(c) Make task Specific: Task instructions should
be precise about what is to be done
(d) Define Purpose of task: Outcome of the task
should be clear and defined.
Expectancy theory is a motivational theory that explains how
people choose actions based on their expectations of the outcome:

SOCIAL SUPPORT STRATEGY

• Participation in sports and taking up exercise is greatly influenced by an understanding of the social
networking and perception of people around them. Conducive (सहायक helpful) exercise environment,
creating drive among people to initiate and maintain sporting behaviour is deeply affected by the
societal pressure or support provided to the individual. Positive social support from peer group, family
members, and friends helps in developing healthy habits and enough drive to maintain the act of
exercising. Initiating (to start) group activities and engagement of family and peers in sports participation
helps in increased participation in sports and exercise. SCHOLAR SAKSHAM HAJELA sakshampgt.hpe@gmail.com
 PEDAGOGICAL APPROACH
Teaching method that educators use to deliver content and design courses.

• Teaching coaching pedagogies used in sports training for planned outcome is largely responsible in
guiding and maintaining the desired behaviour of athletes. Adequate communication and maintenance
of positive relationship during training is an essential component influencing the motivation of athletes
towards a consistent action or behaviour. Making training enjoyable, engaging athletes in decision
making and providing valuable feedback to athletes are essential components to motivation. Let us
discuss few techniques of motivation using a pedagogical approach.
A. Guided Discovery Method: Athletes are highly motivated if allowed to find solutions to the problems
by themselves rather than if they are just made to do things as per instruction. Lack of independence
in decision making for athletes are major reasons affecting motivation.
B. Valuable Feedback System: To persuade (convince) athletes to push harder for a longer period of time,
they must be provided with a strong support system. Assisting athletes with feedback which can
provide them with specific direction to move in is an effective means towards effective motivation.
C. Fun-based Training: Training should be challenging and task-oriented for optimal performance.
Training methods should involve fun and enjoyment for athletes. Adding creativity and innovation to
training and the teaching-learning system helps in adding motivation for athletes to persist (adhere) with
continuous demands of training load.
D. Individualized Training Program (ITP/IEP): All athletes are unique and respond differently to the vast
variety of training demands. Each athlete is a unique individual and should have a training programme
designed for their abilities and capabilities and which is within attainable limits of the athletes.
Individualized training programmes or individualized education programmes are very essential in
sports to help athletes to set their own targets, challenges and difficulty levels which will not only
help them to avoid burnout, but also keep them motivated. SCHOLAR SAKSHAM HAJELA sakshampgt.hpe@gmail.com
FACILITATION APPROACH
The way you design group processes to achieve specific outcomes, such as learning, decision-making, or problem-solving

A. Incentives and Rewards: Drive towards an action to maintain it for a long term may sometimes need
external support. Awards and rewards work effectively as a motivation force for athletes to pursue
sports with consistency and continuity.
B. Valance of Reward (valuing the award.): Many time prizes and awards are used extrinsic sources of
motivation to maintain a desired action or behaviour. But, at times, even these may prove to be
ineffective. It is essential to understand that external factors like prize money or medals do motivate
athletes, but the most important aspect is to understand the need and expectation of the individual
athlete, this is known as ‘valance’ of the reward or valuing the award. To be motivated, athletes must be
awarded by considering what is desired or expected by an individual so that he or she can value that
reward. An athlete may like to be rewarded by being made the captain of the team and may value it
more than being rewarded with a pay hike.
C. Performance appraisals: Motivational force for any desired behaviour to last over a long period of time
may need support of being recognised and praised for the current and past endeavours (efforts). It
encourages them to plan their directions and actions. Regular appraisal of performance should be
provided to athletes and appropriate rewards given. (appraisal =evaluation, assessment)
D. Quality Support : Motivation for an action is influenced by the amount of facilitation made available for
athletes, but the impact is larger only if the quality of support is of a high standard. Factors influencing o
the desired behaviour of athletes need to studied, diagnosed and appropriate support needs to be
provided to ensure maintenance of behaviour of highest standards.

Incentives is any thing that motivates or encourages

An appraisal is a formal opportunity to analyse your performance at work,
SCHOLAR SAKSHAM HAJELA sakshampgt.hpe@gmail.com
 MOTIVATION AND SPORTS
• Motivation as a guiding force to initiate (begin), guide and maintain a behaviour desired for sports
participation and performance is well understood but still motivation remains as a challenging task in
sports.
• Researchers around the world have discussed the methods to maintain or increase motivation of
athletes, but little has been done to understand the reasons about why we participate in an exercise or
indulge in sports activities.
Summarizing the conclusions of different research, four motives towards sports and exercise
behaviour can be identified.
• Physical wellbeing;
• Psychological wellbeing;
• Performance achievement;
• Status and Power;
• All the motives mentioned above are intrinsic in nature and point towards the reason for sports
participation and exercise as being largely intrinsic in nature. People participate in sports and exercise
for various intrinsic motives but external motives can be added wherever or whenever intrinsic motive
is reduced.
• GOAL SETTING
• SPECTATORS
• VERBAL COMMENT
• HEALTHY SPORTS ENVIRONMENT
• KNOWLEDGE OF RESULT
• PRAISE OR BLAME
• CASH PRIZES, CERTIFICATES AND TROPHIES
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 Exercise Adherence sticking to" or "being faithful to
• Exercise Adherence is the ability to maintain an exercise program for an extended time period.
• “If exercise could be packed into a pill, it would be the single most widely prescribed and beneficial medicine
in the nation” – Dr Rober Butler, Former Director, National Institute of Ageing.
• “यदि व्यायाम को एक गोली में पै क दकया जाएगा, तो यह िे श में सबसे व्यापक रूप से दिर्ाा रित औि लाभकािी िवा होगी।
• It is associated to the ‘stickability’ factor which is related with quality of any athlete or participants to
continue with sports, exercise or any other physical activity without losing the motivation
• exercise adherence can also be referred as a self- regulated, voluntary behaviour directed towards
maintaining an exercise routine for a prolonged period of time after initial phase of adoption.

REASON TO EXERCISE
• Overcoming Social Physique Anxiety: People in the society are influenced by how other perceive them in-
term of their looks, fitness or body shape, weight and size. This leads to adoption of various means and
methods to make them lean and fitter.
• Reduced risk of disease: To overcome the sedentary lifestyle, adoption of exercise and fitness are
considered to be essential and important.
• Recreation : With change in lifestyle engagement in serious academics, focus on professional pathways,
individuals are facing with the challenge of finding time and activity for recreation, fun and enjoyment.
Recreation sports, fitness and exercise provide fun, enjoyment, recreation along with the physical benefits,
• Mental Relaxation: Exercise is one of the most effective ways to cope with stress and depression more
economically and with tremendous benefits to the society.
• Socialization: Often people look for opportunities to engage with community and socialize with friends, peer
groups, colleagues etc from their busy life. the most effective way to connect socially is through participation
in team sports, group exercises program and various other fitness programs
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 BENEFITS OF EXERCISE
• Health Benefits:
– Reduces risk of Cardiovascular Disease:
– Weight Management
– Strengthens Bones and Muscles
– Reduces risk of Falls (increase balance)
– Reduces risk of some Cancers
• Provides Stress Relief
• Increases Happiness
• Promotes Self-Efficacy (person's belief in themselves)
• Promotes Social Cohesion (unity)
• Cognitive Benefits : (relating to intellectual activity)
– Attention Control
– Improves Memory
• Mental Health Benefits :
– Exercise as therapy for emotional disorder
– Fitness as moderator of life stress
• Personality Enhancement
• Develops Leadership Qualities
• Special Population:
– Elderly Population
– Clinical Population (CWSN)
SCHOLAR SAKSHAM HAJELA sakshampgt.hpe@gmail.com
 Strategies for Enhancing Adherence to Exercise

• Goal setting: SMART – Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Time based – goals.
• Choose an activity you like: Dance, Yoga, or other Sports
• Adding variety to exercise: Adding variety to the exercise program through adoption of new strategies,
changing methods, using new equipment, and adding new members can induce fresh energy to the
exercising activity, thus enhance adherence to exercise.
• Social support enhancement: buddy partner, youth leader, mentor where members of family, a
classmate or a friend can be engaged as a motivator for exercise. Work out with friends.
• Feedback: Providing feedback to the participants in physical activity provides much needed direction
and energy for prolonging and continuing exercise behaviour
• Process Orientation: Exercise programmes based on outcome goals or product goals like weight loss,
physique and appearance etc. (Process Orientation a way of thinking that focuses on how things are done, rather than what is done.)
• Reinforcement Interventions: Positive as well as negative reinforcement approaches have found to be
effective in exercise adherence. Use of incentives and rewards for appreciating participation.
(reinforcement- process of boosting, strengthening.... Interventions- involvement)
• Problem Solving: This is based around identifying the obstacles and barriers that stand between the
participant and her/his physical activity goals. It is important to generate and implement solutions,
evaluate the outcomes and choose different solutions if needed.
• Health Risk Appraisals: Health risk appraisals of participants provide them with relevant information
about their current health, risk factors and level of fitness. (Appraisals, assessment & evaluation)
• Health Education: It is important that participants seek information from experts on the benefits of
exercise, proper exercise techniques and the results that should be expected during exercise.
SCHOLAR SAKSHAM HAJELA sakshampgt.hpe@gmail.com
 MEANING, CONCEPT &
TYPES OF AGGRESSIONS IN SPORTS आक्रमणशील
आक्रामक
• AGGRESSION refers to a range of behaviours that can result in both physical and psychological harm to
oneself, others, or objects in the environment.
• All the time aggression is not negative, it is the need of some sports activity but in a controlled
manner.
• Sports psychologists agree that aggression can enhance the sports performance. It generally comes
out of frustration which arise due to the goal blockage.
• Any form of behaviour towards the goal of harming and injuring another living being who is motivated
to avoid such treatment ____ Baron and Richardson
• Aggression – Aggression is behaviour that is hostile and violates other people’s rights.
• Reactive aggressive behaviour is unplanned and impulsive, and is usually a response to feelings of
anger & fear
• Proactive aggressive behaviour is calculated and planned action that has some motive other than
harming someone.
• When a person is angry, the body releases stress hormones, such as adrenaline and cortisol. The heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and
breathing rate increase, as a result
HOSTILE AGGRESSION/

TYPE PROACTIVE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR

OF INSTRUMENTAL AGGRESSION-CHANNELLED
AGGRESSION/REACTIVE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR
AGGRESSION
ASSERTIVE BEHAVIOUR
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 HOSTILE AGGRESSION
• The hostile aggression is when the primary aim is to cause physical harm or injury to your opponent.
• Some time referred as reactive aggression and can be accompanied by anger
• For An Individual To Be Showing Hostile Aggression Their Primary Aim Is To Cause Injury To The Other Human
Being. Their Intention Is On Causing Pain And Suffering.
• A Good Example Of Hostile Aggression Is A Bowler Throwing A Bouncer To Deliberately Shake Up The
Concentration Of A Batsman. Some Cricketers Have Deliberately Done This In The Past With The Intent
Towards Injury.

INSTRUMENTAL AGGRESSION
• Instrumental Aggression is displaying aggressive behaviour in the pursuit of a non aggressive goal. It is also
known as channelled aggression (aggression which are diverted into positive, productive actions in sport) and
is not accompanied by anger. This type of aggression comes in contact sports.
• It is a behaviour that has the intent to hurt in order to achieve money, praise or victory
• In case of instrumental aggression an athlete may intent to injure the opponent but the most important goal
to achieved by aggression act is to win the competition.
• For example, a rugby player using aggression to tackle his opponent but rather to win the ball back

SCHOLAR SAKSHAM HAJELA sakshampgt.hpe@gmail.com

SCHOLAR SAKSHAM HAJELA sakshampgt.hpe@gmail.com
 ASSERTIVE BEHAVIOUR
• This is define as behaviour that involves the use of legitimate (legal) physical or verbal force to achieve
one’s purpose.
• The intension is to establish dominance (mastery) rather than to harm the opponent.
• Any physical injury that may occur through assertive behaviour is accidental and unintentional.
• It is related to four main criteria i.e., It is goal oriented, not indented to harm , uses only legitimate
force and doesn’t break any rule of the game or sport.
• Example, sledging in cricket to cause psychological discomfort for the batsman.

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 PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES IN SPORTS
• Sports scientist from around the world have researched about unique attributes of successful athletes and elite
sportsmen to understand factors enabling athletes to perform successfully and reach optimal level of performance in
their athletic career.
• Attributes are perceived to be essential for performance effectiveness and athlete development , where athletes
abilities to perform, understand and manage training and competition
• SELF ESTEEM, • Specific
• MENTAL IMAGERY, • Measurable
• Realistics
• SELF TALK, • Attainable
• GOAL SETTING • Time-based

SELF ESTEEM
• Self-esteem is how you value and respect your self as a person.
• It is the real opinion that you have of yourself. It means confidence in your own abilities or capabilities.
• In fact, self-esteem is the positive or negative evaluations of the self as in how we feel about it.
• The concept of self-esteem generally refers to a person’s evaluation of, or attitude toward, him- or herself. Self-
esteem is centered around a belief in the self, respect for the self, and confidence in the self.
• Self esteem is one of the most significant factors that affects the sports performance. It plays a very vital role in
attaining success in the field of games and sports. Self-esteem is the most significant factor that differentiates
successful athletes from unsuccessful athletes in terms of their sports performance.
• We may enhance our self-esteem by having a positive image of our body and the physical skills and abilities that we
develop through the participation in sports. We get recognition and appreciation from our family, friends and
teachers that develop as a result of our involvement in sports.
• Coaches, physical education teachers and family members can positively influence self-esteem and provide
students with ongoing incentive to participate and personally succeed in physical activities.
SCHOLAR SAKSHAM HAJELA sakshampgt.hpe@gmail.com
 MENTAL IMAGERY

• Mental imagery involves the athlete imagining himself in an environment performing specific activity using his senses (sight, hear, feel
& smell).
• It can be defined as a visual representation in the absence of environmental input. In fact, it is a multi- sensory process that draws on
the senses to create a vivid mental image of a particular process.
• The use of the ‘mind’s eye’, or imagery, is considered important both in stress management and in focusing athletes on their task.
Sport psychologists distinguish between external imagery, in which athletes picture themselves from outside performing, and internal
imagery, in which they view themselves performing from inside their own body. A good example of internal imagery is in the mental
rehearsal of sporting techniques. When we imagine carrying out a sporting technique, the nervous system and muscles react in a
similar manner to that expected if we were actually carrying out the technique. This means that imagery helps us to learn and practise
techniques.
• Mental imagery techniques have been implemented with various different models and strategies. On of the very popular model is
PETTLEP framework. These are Physical, Environment, Task, Timing, Learning, Emotion, and Perspective. Mental Imagery
intervention and training can be effective in enhancing performance.

SELF-TALK
• Self-talk is the process of which an individual may communicate or guide oneself to achieve a set goal. The self-talk refers to our inner
dialogue, consisting of statements we say to ourselves, either in our mind or out loud.
• Most of us use self-talk in our lives in different situations like before giving a speech in the school event, etc. This practice helps us
appraise and regulate our thoughts and emotions and can help reduce stress and anxiety in certain situations. Athletes also engage in
self-talk during training and in competition to motivate themselves.
• It is the process of which an athlete may guide himself to accomplish a goal. The way you talk to yourself can really impact your
confidence. Self-talk can be both negative self-talk and positive self-talk. It can be encouraging and it can be distressing. Actually, your
self- talk depends on your personality. If you are an optimist, your self-talk may be more hopeful and positive.
• Self-talk only requires a limited number of keywords to get an athlete focusing on what needs to be done to ensure success. For
example, in hitting a tennis ball, one might say 'bounce' as it bounces and 'hit' as the racket makes the contact with the ball. Even
Mohammed Ali, the world famous boxer of USA, used to apply self-talk. He used to repeat "I am the greatest".
SCHOLAR SAKSHAM HAJELA sakshampgt.hpe@gmail.com
 TYPES OF SELF TALK
• Task-specific statements relating to technique category of self-talk refers to words or statements that
reinforce technique. For example, in the tennis volley, the word “turn” might be used in association
with preparation for stepping into the volley.
• Encouragement and effort category of self-talk refers to words or statements that provide self-
encouragement to persevere or to try harder. For example, the phrase “You can do it” might be used in
preparation for an anticipated play at home plate in softball.
• Mood words category of self-talk refers to words that precipitate an increase in mood or arousal. For
example, the mood words “hard” or “blast” might be used in conjunction with a play in football.

BENEFITS OF SELF -TALK

1. Focusing attention or concentration

2. Skill acquisition (voluntary control over movements)
3. Building and developing self-efficacy (person's belief in themselves)
4. Creating and changing mood
5. Controlling effort

arousal is a state in which you feel excited or very alert

reinforce strengthen or support
persevere continue
SCHOLAR SAKSHAM HAJELA sakshampgt.hpe@gmail.com
 GOAL SETTING
• Highly successful athletes, therefore set realistic and achievable goals. Research studies suggest that
goals (Smart goals) should be specific, measurable, difficult but attainable, time-based, written
down and a combination of short and long term goals. As a matter of fact, if you do not set a goal,
you can not achieve apex positions in your life. They should set the goals according to their
capabilities and capacities. To keep them on the track with their long term goals, sports persons
should also set the appropriate medium term as well as short term goals.
• Goal setting is a powerful process for thinking about your ideal future, and for motivating yourself to
turn your vision of this future into reality.

Characteristic of effective goal

1. Specific goal is one that focuses exactly on the goal to be achieved
2. Measurable goal is one that you can quantify, in the sense that you know exactly how close you are to
achieving the goal.
3. Action-oriented goals have action steps and action plans with detailing of what, when and how to do.
4. Realistic goals focus on setting the target which are attainable and with in the capability and capacity of
the athlete
5. Timely A well-stated goal should be timely in the sense that it specifies time constraints associated with
the goal, but also timely in the sense that it reflects an appropriate amount of time to accomplish the
goal.
SCHOLAR SAKSHAM HAJELA sakshampgt.hpe@gmail.com
SCHOLAR SAKSHAM HAJELA sakshampgt.hpe@gmail.com
 TYPES OF GOALS
• Outcome Goal: give priority and importance to the final outcome of a sporting event. They are
uncontrollable, yet attractive and exciting, they are useful in enhancing motivation for the exhausting
physical and mental preparation needed to achieve typical outcomes goals, such as winning
championships or medals. (Outcome goals are based on winning)
• Performance Goal: focus on achievements of athletes relatively independent of other competitors or
teammates. Therefore, they are more flexible and controllable for athletes, which allows them to
continually raise and lower goal difficulty levels to remain challenged and successful in their pursuit of
exciting outcome goals. (Performance goals are based on a personal standard).
• Process goals are specific actions or ‘processes’ of performing. For example, aiming to study for 2
hours after dinner every day. Process goals are 100% controllable by the individual.

Benefits of Goal Setting

1. Improved focus attention
2. Develop persistence (दृढ़ता)
3. Mobilisation of efforts
4. Developing new learning techniques
5. Increased motivation

SCHOLAR SAKSHAM HAJELA sakshampgt.hpe@gmail.com

 Principles of Goal Setting
• Make goals specific, measurable, and observable.
• Clearly identify time constraints.
• Use moderately difficult goals; they are superior to either easy or very difficult goals.
• Write goals down and regularly monitor progress.
• Use a mix type of process, performance, and outcome goals.
• Use short-range goals to achieve long-range goals.
• Set team as well as individual performance goals.
• Set practice as well as competition goals.
• Make sure goals are internalized by the athlete.
• Consider personality and individual differences in goal setting.

MENTAL
IMAGERY
TECHNIQUES
PETTLEP

SCHOLAR SAKSHAM HAJELA sakshampgt.hpe@gmail.com

For Any Query Feel Free To Contact Me

SAKSHAM HAJELA

(Physical.Education.Teacher)
Tagore Public School, Vaishali Nagar, Jaipur RAJ

sakshampgt.hpe@gmail.com
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@natural_images160993