The document provides an overview of wet end chemistry in papermaking. It discusses the importance of additives to control pH, increase drainage and retention, and prevent foaming. Key additives include alum, polyaluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, polyamine, polydadmac, colloidal silica, and defoamers. Microparticle additives like colloidal silica help form small, dense flocs that improve dewatering while maintaining high retention and formation quality.
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The document provides an overview of wet end chemistry in papermaking. It discusses the importance of additives to control pH, increase drainage and retention, and prevent foaming. Key additives include alum, polyaluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, polyamine, polydadmac, colloidal silica, and defoamers. Microparticle additives like colloidal silica help form small, dense flocs that improve dewatering while maintaining high retention and formation quality.
The document provides an overview of wet end chemistry in papermaking. It discusses the importance of additives to control pH, increase drainage and retention, and prevent foaming. Key additives include alum, polyaluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, polyamine, polydadmac, colloidal silica, and defoamers. Microparticle additives like colloidal silica help form small, dense flocs that improve dewatering while maintaining high retention and formation quality.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
The document provides an overview of wet end chemistry in papermaking. It discusses the importance of additives to control pH, increase drainage and retention, and prevent foaming. Key additives include alum, polyaluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, polyamine, polydadmac, colloidal silica, and defoamers. Microparticle additives like colloidal silica help form small, dense flocs that improve dewatering while maintaining high retention and formation quality.
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WET END CHEMISTRY
A QUICK REVIEW INTRODUCTION Paper was invented in China more than 2000 years ago. Paper has become an important part in the development of human civilizations.
The industrialization of the world has led to the
continuous search for improvement in the quality and productivity of the paper manufacturing process. WHY USE PAPER- MAKING ADDITIVES? JUST WOODFIBERS, VIRGIN OR RECYCLED, PLUS WATER WILL NOT MAKE YOU THE PAPER QUALITY YOUR CLIENT REQUIRES…
A MODERN PAPER MACHINE WET END CHEMISTRY CONTROL INCREASE DRAINAGE & RETENTION STOCK DEAERATION AND FOAM CONTROL FORMATION AID DEPOSIT CONTROL SIZING / LIQUID BARRIER PAPER STRENGTH ENHANCEMENT WET END CHEMISTRY CONTROL pH Control - agglomeration of “sticky” materials, - brightness loss, - drainage / wet line variation Anionic Trash Control - High anionic trash content can cause stickies problems agglomeration - Also high chemicals consumption WET END CHEMISTRY ADDITIVES
stabilizes at about 8.0 without need for any additive. WET END CHEMISTRY ADDITIVES
Anionic Trash Control
“Anionic trash” - dissolved or colloidally dispersed anionic or non-ionic materials which inhibits the effectiveness of cationic additives. WET END CHEMISTRY ADDITIVES
ATC or Anionic Trash
Control additives, are therefore necessary in modern paper making. WET END CHEMISTRY ADDITIVES
TYPICAL ATC ADDITIVES :
ALUM / PAC ACH POLYAMINE POLYDADMAC WET END CHEMISTRY ADDITIVES
“Stickies” Control Talc Bentonite Coagulants / ATC Wet End Chemistry Additives
Alum based ATC’s:
BASIC ALUM POLYALUMINUM CHLORIDE (PAC) ALUMINUM CHLOROHYDRATE (ACH) Wet End Chemistry Additives Alum, PAC, ACH are: Inorganic polymers with low molecular weights and relatively high cationic charge. Traditionally used as ATC’s and fixing agents for acid to neutral papermaking processes. Very quick acting and have very high affinity to the anionic cellulose fibers and fines. Wet End Chemistry Additives
Polyamine & Polydadmac
Low molecular weight high
cationic charge organic
polymers. ATC’s and coagulants in
neutral to alkaline paper
making processes. Wet End Chemistry Additives
• Polydadmac has relatively higher
molecular weight than polyamine. • Usually used in very high filler furnishes. • Polyamine is used mostly in de-inked and mechanical pulp furnishes. INCREASE DRAINAGE & RETENTION
Two of the most important factors
in papermaking which affects quality and productivity. They can be opposing variables. There are additives that which can control and to improve. DRAINAGE & RETENTION HISTORY Single Polymer utilized anionic or cationic flocculants which were developed in the early years for acid paper making systems. In a way it is a dual program with “alum” as the coagulant part. Alum is used for both sizing and as coagulant / fixing agent. DRAINAGE & RETENTION HISTORY Dual Polymer developed for alkaline systems using AKD or ASA as sizing additive. No alum so cationic starch, polyamine or polydadmac based coagulants are used. flocculants used can either be cationic or anionic. DRAINAGE & RETENTION HISTORY Micro Particle an improvement over the dual polymer program, this technology was developed mainly to improve not only retention but also dewatering or drainage. micro particle used typically bentonite or colloidal silica. How does it work?
Charge neutralization-coagulation:
Low molecular weight and high cationic
charge solution polymers are used. Anionic trash, fiber fines, and fillers which are highly anionic are neutralized. Microflocs are formed. Bridging Mechanism: Most retention polymers work by forming bridges between fibers, fines, and fillers. A long chain polymer e.g. PAM, starch, will stick to the surface of one fiber, while the other end will stretch out and bond to a second fiber or filler. Retention Program Mechanism The main purpose of a retention program is to floc together the fillers and fines to retain these in the sheet at the same time increase drainage. The smaller the flocs, the less they interfere with drainage.
Flocculants however create large flocs that hurt dewatering. Micro Particle Mechanism
The main purpose of a microparticle
is to control floc formation Flocs are not so small but also not too big Enough to be retained in the sheet at the same time increase drainage. Micro Particle Colloidal Silica Anionic Colloidal Silica, Reacts with the cationic component (Starch or polymer) to create a floc structure that increases dewatering and retention, while improving formation.
It can be used to increase:
PRODUCTION RETENTION FORMATION SHEET STRENGTH Colloidal SilicaMechanism The starch can branch out and Fiber, Starch bond together fines and AKD, or Polymer Silica fillers. PCC
While the silica is small
enough to go inside the starch or a pam polymer molecule, neutralize its Floc Floc Floc Collapses Collapses Collapsed charge, and make it collapse into a small floc... Microparticle Mechanism The microparticle mechanism of colloidal silicacreates:
small dense flocs that
are tightly anchored to the long fibers.
small flocs that leave
open area for improved drainage, pressing, and drying. STOCK DEAERATION AND FOAM CONTROL A mixture of cellulose fibers, water, residual chemicals, unretained additives, mixed with air inevitably leads to
FOAMING A Paper machine wet end is mechanically designed to prevent / minimize the possibility of air entrainment. Upsets in the wet end operations and/or chemistry however, can happen and lead to foaming problems. Foam / Air entrainment in the stock can lead to:
Poor formation and drainage,
(sub-surface foam in newsprint grades) Sheetbreaks Deposit problems Finished paper quality problems DEFOAMERS / ANTIFOAM AGENTS (for paper machine applications)
Fatty Alcohol based
Polyol Ester (PEG ester, PPG ester) Polyethylene Glycol based MECHANISMS OF FOAMING & DEFOAMING: MECHANISMS OF FOAMING & DEFOAMING: CHOOSING THE BEST DEFOAMER FOR YOUR APPLICATION.. Screening tests parameters: Low or no adverse effect to sizing Minimum dosage knockdown Persistence A TYPICAL DEFOAMER TEST CHART: 230HT & 230G EVALUATION USING 1.0% BLACK LIQUOR AVERAGE OF DEFOAMER EVALUATION
