Industry: Andrada, Filmar Badua, Reynaldo Jr.A. Benito, Angelica Joyce Z. Cabaddu, Quennie
Industry: Andrada, Filmar Badua, Reynaldo Jr.A. Benito, Angelica Joyce Z. Cabaddu, Quennie
Industry: Andrada, Filmar Badua, Reynaldo Jr.A. Benito, Angelica Joyce Z. Cabaddu, Quennie
ANDRADA, FILMAR
BADUA, REYNALDO JR.A.
BENITO, ANGELICA JOYCE Z.
CABADDU, QUENNIE
DEFINITION OF TERMS
PAPER – a thin material produced by pressing
together moist fibers of cellulose pulp derived from
wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible
sheets.
PLANT DECOMPOSED
FERTILIZER
RENEWABILITY IN PULP AND
PAPER INDUSTRY
CASCADING USE OF WOOD
Paper(other sort)
Binders in drugs
Energy(electricity)
.
Handkerchief
Napkins
Energy
(electricity)
CASCADING USE OF WOOD
product
process
Trimmings
water recycling
Process water
Industrial Symbiosis
waste
Ash
(adsorbent)
1826 1827
Steam cylinders for First Fourdrinier was received in
drying were first America
used
1841 1853-1854
Keller Of Saxony had The soda
invented a mechanical
process for making
process was
pulp from wood developed by
Watt and
Burgesse
1866-1867
The American chemist, Tilghman was
granted the basic patents for the sulfite
process
1874
The manufacture of
sulfite pulp began
1908
The sulfate
process was
introduced into
the United States
FACTS
Did you know that you cannot fold any piece of paper in half,
(no matter what size), more than six times? Try it!
Cellulose: 38- 42 %
Glucomannan
Xylan
Other hydrocarbons
95% of the Lignin 20-30 %
Resins
fiber is from
wood Cellulose LIGNIN
Fiber
An organic compound
A polysaccharide consisting of several hundred to
cellulose many thousand of linked glucose
Most abundant organic polymer
Lignin 2nd most
abundant
natural polymer
in the world
Principal
constituent of cell
wall, binder for
cellulose fiber and
it is a complex
amorphous poly
phenol polymer
Lend rigidity and the
reason why chopped
woods does not rot
easily
Raw materials
Non–wood Recovered/recycled
Softwood Hardwood fibers fibers
Soft wood
o Contain more lignin than
hardwoods Hardwood
o Longer and coarser fiber than o Provide Smooth surface
hardwoods o Primarily used in the production
o Strength to withstand stretching of printing paper
and tearing o E.g. Acacia, lemon, gum, birch,
o Include coniferous and non eucalyptus, pinus, patula, paper
coniferous woods mulberry, rubber plant wood etc..
o E.g.: pine, spruce
Non–wood fibers
o high cellulose content and low
lignin content
o often grown especially for paper
Recovered
production
/recycled
o e.g.: agricultural residues, Straw, fibers
Grasses and reeds
TYPES OF
PULPING
CHEMICAL RECOVERY most of process is SO2 relief gas liquor Sodium Hydroxide
devoted to recovery ,magnesium liquor recovered abd
of cooking 'chemicals recovered and reused as in kraft
with incidental reused after wood process , but make
recovery of heat digestion and pulp up chemicals is
through burning washing Na2CO3 instead of
organic matter Na2SO4
dissolved in liquor
MATERIALS FOR Digesters, pipe lines, Acid liquor requires Same as kraft
CONSTRUCTION pumps and tanks digester lining of acid materials
can be made of mild – prof brick; Fittings
steel or iron because of chrome- nickle
caustic liquor does steels (type 316),
not readily corrode lead , and bronze
them
Pulp characteristics • Brown color • Dull white color • Brown color
• Difficult to • Easily bleached • Easily bleached
bleach • Fibers are • Weaker than
• Strong fibers weaker than kraft or sulfite
• Resistant to kraft
Mechanical
refining
Typical paper • Strong brown • White grades: Usually blended
products bag and - Book paper with other pulps
wrapping - bread wrap • Book and
• Multiwall bags - fruit tissue magazine grade
• Gumming paper - sanitary tissue • Coated papers
• Strong white • Sanitary tissue
writing and
printing paper
• Cartons
Block Diagram of Pulp Production
Using Sulfate (kraft) Process
Feed
Debarking Chipping
(wood)
bleaching
DEBARKING
- a process of removing bark from wood. Generally, they are
powered by hydraulic motors. The log is then pressed against
blades or knives which remove the bark while the log is turned
to ensure the removal of bark all around the log.
bark
TYPES OF DEBARKER
• 1. Drum debarker -type of debarker used for centuries. Logs are loaded into a hopper
where a conveyor belt moves the logs into a drum. The drum is rotated and produces a
rolling action that tosses and throws the logs around inside it. The abrasion caused from
the logs hitting each other and being hammered against the inside of the drum wall
removes bark from the log.
• 2. Ring debarker –becoming the debarking method of choice for industries for it
produces a high value of lumber. It has a ring of cutting heads or knives mounted in a
circular position. The first ever ring debarker is developed in Sweden and called Cambio.
• 3. Flail debarker –consists of chains that are flung and whipped against the log. This
hammering action loosens and ultimately removes the bark from the log.
CHIPPING
-a process where logs are chipped into a smaller parts. This
process is basically performed in a disc chipper.
logs Chipped
logs screening
Length: 0.47-0.98 in
Width: 0.079-0.0394 in
COOKING
-a process where addition of chemicals are required to separate
cellulose fibers from other substances in a wood to produce a pulp.
Cooking process occur inside a digester.
25% steam
White liquor Lignin
50%
water
25%
Cellulose
COOKING
White liquor –is a cooking liquor and a mixture of chemical that contains Sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) and Sodium Sulfide (Na2S). This is used to entail the treatment of wood that breaks
the bonds of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose.
steam White liquor
Wood chips
Digester
(pressurized vessel) Cellusolic fiber
3 hrs. (pulp)
T=170-175 C Brown stock
Black liquor
Turpentine
Black liquor – a black aqueous solution that contains lignin residues, carbohydrates
from the breakdown of hemicellulose, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate and other
inorganic salts.
COOKING
Lignin structure
C9H10O2,C10H12O3,C11H14O4
WASHING
The brownstock from the blow tank goes to the washing stages where some
remaining cooking liquor is separated from the cellulose fiber. Normally, a
brownstock undergoes 3-5 washing stages in series.
SCREENING
Process where the pulp is separated from shives, knots, dirt and other debris
that have failed to disintegrate in the cooking process. These fibers containing
knots are reprocessed or sent back to the digester. The content of knots is
typically 3% of the digester’s output
THICKENING
- Stage where a greater portion of the water is removed by a rotating fine
wire screen.
BLEACHING
It is a chemical process that is used to decrease the color of the pulp. The
brownish color of the pulp is actually caused by the 5% residual lignin that
is failed to disintegrate during the cooking stage. This process is often
referred to as delignification.
Bleaching sequence in 1950s Modern bleaching sequence
1. Pulp is exposed to chlorine 1. Pulp is treated with oxygen
2. Washed with a sodium 2. Treated with ozone
hydroxide solution to remove 3. Washed with sodium
lignin by chlorination hydroxide
3. Treated with sodium 4. Treated with alkaline
hypochlorite peroxide and sodium
4. Washed with sodium dithionite
hydroxide again
Totally Chlorine-Free (TFC)
5. and final treatment with
hypochlorite. To reduce emission of pollutants!
RECOVERY OF BLACK LIQUOR
White liquor
Multi-effect
evaporator Na2S
smelt Slaked lime NaOH
1. Remove water water
So it can be burnt in the recovery
Boiler.
2. Produce water for the use of
other operations.
3.Concentrate the black liquor
Dissolving Green
Causticizing
tank liquor
Insoluble impurities tank
Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 = 2NaOH + CaCO3
WATER CONSERVATION
Paper Production Process
Stock Preparation
Beating
• includes fibre separation, cutting and fibrillation or
brushing effect
• takes place on a machine(Hollander or its
modifications)
• makes the paper more uniform, stronger, and more
dense
Refining(Disk Refiner/ Conical Refiner)
s
Pulping Screening De-Inking Bleaching