1

MODULE - 4 2
 ❑ All 8051 microcontrollers have 4 I/O ports each comprising 8
bits which can be configured as inputs or outputs.

❑ Pin configuration, i.e. whether it is to be configured as an input

(1) or an output (0), depends on its logic state.

❑ All the ports upon RESET are configured as input, ready to be

used as input ports

❑ In total of 32 input/output pins enabling the microcontroller to

be connected to peripheral devices are available for use.

MODULE - 4 3
 PORT - 0
❑ Port 0 occupies a total of 8 pins (pins 32-39). It can be used for input
or output.

❑ To use the pins of port 0 as both input and output ports, each pin
must be connected externally to a 10K ohm pull-up resistor. This is
due to the fact that P0 is an open drain, unlike P1, P2, and P3.

❑ Dual role of port-0: Port 0 is also designated as AD0-AD7, allowing it

to be used for both address and data. When ALE = 0, it provides
data D0-D7, but when ALE =1 it has address and data with the help
of a 74LS373 latch.
MODULE - 4 4
 PORT-0

MODULE - 4 5
 PORT - 1
❑ Port 1 occupies a total of 8 pins (pins 1 through 8). ‰
Port 1 can be used
as input or output

❑ In contrast to port 0, this port does not need any pull-up resistors
since it already has pull-up resistors internally

❑ Upon reset, port 1 is configured as an input port

❑ To make port 1 an input port, it must be programmed as such by

writing 1 to all its bits
MODULE - 4 6
 PORT - 2
❑ Port 2 occupies a total of 8 pins (pins 21- 28). It can be used as input
or output. Upon reset, Port 2 is configured as an input port.
❑ Just like P1, P2 does not need any pull-up resistors since it already has
pull-up resistors internally.
❑ In many 8051-based system, P2 is used as simple I/O but in 8031-
based systems, port 2 must be used along with P0 to provide the 16-
bit address for the external memory

❑ Port 2 is also designated as A8 –A15, indicating its dual function and

Port 0 provides the lower 8 bits via A0 –A7.
MODULE - 4 7
 PORT – 3
❑ Port 3 occupies a total of 8 pins, pins 10 through 17.

❑ It can be used as input or output. Upon reset, Port 3 is configured as

an input port.

❑ P3 does not need any pull-up resistors, the same as P1 and P2 did
not.

❑ Port 3 has the additional function of providing some extremely

important signals such as interrupts.
MODULE - 4 8
 PORT - 3

MODULE - 4 9
 Pin's Current limitations
❑ When configured as outputs (logic zero (0)), single port pins can
receive a current of 10mA.
❑ If all 8 bits of a port are active, a total current must be limited to
15mA (port P0: 26mA).
❑ If all ports (32 bits) are active, total maximum current must be
limited to 71mA.
❑ When these pins are configured as inputs (logic 1), built-in pull-up
resistors provide very weak current, but strong enough to activate up
to 4 TTL inputs of LS series.
MODULE - 4 10
 LOGICAL STRUCTURE OF 8051 I/O PORTS

PORT – 1, 2 & 3 PORT - 0

Reference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTZaE2lcYTo
MODULE - 4 11
 Writing “0″ to the port (output)

MODULE - 4 12
 Writing “1″ to the port (output)

MODULE - 4 13
 Reading “1″ to the port (input)

MODULE - 4 14
 Reading “0″ to the port (input)

MODULE - 4 15
 Reading a port (port-pins) versus reading a latch

❑ There is a difference between reading a latch and reading the output

port pin.
❑ Reading a latch: Usually the instructions that read the latch, read a
value, possibly change it, and then rewrite it to the latch. These are
called "read-modify-write" instructions. Examples are-
ORL P2, A; P2 <-- P2 or A

❑ In this the latch value of P2 is read, is modified and is then written

back to P2 latch.

MODULE - 4 15
 Reading a port (port-pins) versus reading a latch

"read-modify-write" instructions
MODULE - 4 17
 Reading a port (port-pins) versus reading a latch
❑ Reading a Pin: Examples of a few instructions that read port pin are
MOV A, P0 ; Move port-0 pin values to A
MOV A, P1; Move port-1 pin values to A

Instructions Reading the Status of Input Port pins

MODULE - 4 18
 8051 I/O PORTS & SFR BIT AND BYTE ADDRESS LOCATIONS
PORT 0 BITS P0.7 P0.6 P0.5 P0.4 P0.3 P0.2 P0.1 P0.0

BIT ADDRESS 87H 86H 85H 84H 83H 82H 81H 80H

PORT 1 BITS P1.7 P1.6 P1.5 P1.4 P1.3 P1.2 P1.1 P1.0

BIT ADDRESS 97H 96H 95H 94H 93H 92H 91H 90H

PORT 2 BITS P2.7 P2.6 P2.5 P2.4 P2.3 P2.2 P2.1 P2.0

BIT ADDRESS A7H A6H A5H A4H A3H A2H A1H A0H

PORT 3 BITS P3.7 P3.6 P3.5 P3.4 P3.3 P3.2 P3.1 P3.0

BIT ADDRESS B7H B6H B5H B4H B3H B2H B1H B0H

MODULE - 4 19
20
MODULE - 4 21
 The following code will continuously send out to port 1 the alternating
value 55H and AAH.

MODULE - 4 22
MODULE - 4 23
MODULE - 4 24
MODULE - 4 25
MODULE - 4 26
MODULE - 4 27
MODULE - 4 28
 TIMERS
❑ The 8051 has two timers/counters, they can be used either as
➢ Timers to generate a time delay
➢ To generate a waveform with specific frequency
➢ To generate baud rate signal for serial communication
➢ Event counters to count events happening outside the microcontroller

❑ Both Timer 0 and Timer 1 are 16 bits wide

❑ Since 8051 has an 8-bit architecture, each 16-bits timer is accessed as
two separate registers of low byte and high byte
MODULE - 4 31
 TIMERS
❑ Register related to work with 8051 timers are:
➢ TH & TL Timer/counter register– To hold the value for generating time delay

➢ TMOD Register - to define mode of timer operation

➢ TCON Register – To control the timer operation

MODULE - 4 32
 TIMER registers
❑ Accessed as low byte and high byte
➢ The low byte register is called TL0/TL1 and
➢ The high byte register is called TH0/TH1

MODULE - 4 33
 ❑ Steps to calculate values to be loaded into the TL and TH registers
for finding the TH, TL registers’ values
1. Divide the desired time delay by 1.085us (if operating frequency is 11.0592 MHz)

2. Perform 65536 – n, where n is the decimal value we got in Step1

3. Convert the result of Step2 to hex value, where yyxx is the initial hex value to

be loaded into the timer’s register

4. Set TL = xx and TH = yy To generate a time delay

MODULE - 4 34
 ❑ Example: 500us time delay

Step1: 500us/1.085us = 461pulses

Step2: P=65536-461=65075

Step3: 65074 converted by hexa decimal =FE33

Step4: TH1=0xFE; TL1=0x33;

MODULE - 4 35
 TMOD REGISTER

❑ Accessed like any other register

MOV TL0,#4FH
MOV R5,TH0

❑ Both timers 0 and 1 use the same register, called TMOD (timer
mode), to set the various timer operation modes

❑ TMOD is a 8-bit register

➢ The lower 4 bits are for Timer 0
➢ The upper 4 bits are for Timer 1

MODULE - 4 36
 TMOD REGISTER

Prescaler:
Divides down the clock
signals used for the
timer, giving reduced
overflow rates

MODULE - 4 37
 TMOD REGISTER

❑ Timers of 8051 do starting and stopping by either software or

hardware control

❑ In using software to start and stop the timer where GATE=0

➢ The start and stop of the timer are controlled by way of software by the
TR(timer start) bits TR0 and TR1
➢ The SETB instruction starts it, and it is stopped by the CLR instruction

❑ The hardware way of starting and stopping the timer by an external

source is achieved by making GATE=1 in the TMOD register
MODULE - 4 38
 TCON REGISTER

MODULE - 4 40
 ❑ To generate a time delay
1. Load the TMOD value register indicating which timer (timer 0 or timer 1) is to be used and
which timer mode (0 or 1) is selected
2. Load registers TL and TH with initial count value
3. Start the timer
4. Keep monitoring the timer flag (TF) with the JNB TFx, target instruction to see
if it is raised and Get out of the loop when TF becomes high
5. Stop the timer
6. Clear the TF flag for the next round
7. Go back to Step 2 to load TH and TL again

MODULE - 4 41
 Timer 0 Mode 0 (13-bit timer)
❑ This is one of the rarities being kept only for the purpose of compatibility with
the previous versions of microcontrollers.

❑ This mode configures timer 0 as a 13-bit timer which consists of all 8-bits of TH0
and the lower 5-bits of TL0.

❑ How does it operate? Each coming pulse causes the lower register bits to change
their states. After receiving 32 pulses, this register is loaded and automatically
cleared, while the higher byte (TH0) is incremented by 1.

❑ This process is repeated until registers count up 8192 pulses. After that, both
registers are cleared and counting starts from 0
MODULE - 4 42
 Timer 0 Mode 0 (13-bit timer)

MODULE - 4 43
 Timer 0 Mode 1 (16-bit timer)

❑ It is a 16-bit timer; therefore it allows values from 0000 to FFFFH to

be loaded into the timer’s registers TL and TH.
❑ After TH and TL are loaded with a 16-bit initial value, the timer must
be started.
❑ After the timer is started. It starts count up until it reaches its limit of
FFFFH.
❑ When it rolls over from FFFF to 0000H, it sets high a flag bit called
TF (timer flag). This is one of the most commonly used modes.
MODULE - 4 44
 Timer 0 Mode 1 (16-bit timer)

MODULE - 4 45
 Steps to program Timer 0 Mode 1 (16-bit timer)

1. Choose mode 1 timer 0

– MOV TMOD,#01H
2. Set the original value to TH0 and TL0.
– MOV TH0,#FFH
– MOV TL0,#FCH
3. You had better to clear the flag to monitor: TF0=0.
– CLR TF0
4. Start the timer.
– SETB TR0
5. The 8051 starts to count up by incrementing the TH0-TL0.
TH0-TL0= FFFCH,FFFDH,FFFEH,FFFFH,0000H
MODULE - 4 46
 Timer 0 Mode 1 (16-bit timer)
6. When TH0-TL0 rolls over from FFFFH to 0000, the 8051 set TF0=1.
TH0-TL0= FFFEH, FFFFH, 0000H (Now TF0=1)
7. Keep monitoring the timer flag (TF) to see if it is raised.
AGAIN: JNB TF0, AGAIN
8. Clear TR0 to stop the process.
CLR TR0
9. Clear the TF flag for the next round.
CLR TF0
MODULE - 4 47
 Timer 0 Mode 1 (16-bit timer)

Assuming XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, write a program to generate a square wave of

50 Hz frequency on pin P2.3.
Solution:

1. The period of the square wave = 1 / 50 Hz = 20 ms.

2. The high or low portion of the square wave = 10 ms.
3. 10 ms / 1.085 s = 9216
4. 65536 – 9216 = 56320 in decimal = DC00H in hex.
5. TL1 = 00H and TH1 = DCH.

MODULE - 4 48
 Timer 0 Mode 1 (16-bit timer)
MOV TMOD,#10H ;timer 1, mode 1
AGAIN: MOV TL1,#00 ;Timer value = DC00H
MOV TH1,#0DCH
SETB TR1 ;start
BACK: JNB TF1,BACK
CLR TR1 ;stop
CLR TF1 ;clear timer flag 1
CPL P2.3
SJMP AGAIN ;reload timer since mode 1 is not
;auto-reload
MODULE - 4 49
 Timer 0 Mode-2 (Auto-reload Timer)

❑ When a timer is in mode 2, THx holds the "reload value" and TLx is the timer
itself.

❑ Thus, TLx starts counting up. When TLx reaches 255 and is subsequently
incremented, instead of resetting to 0 (as in the case of modes 0 and 1), it will
be reset to the value stored in THx.

❑ For example, let’s say TH0 holds the value FDh and TL0 holds the value FEh.
After every two cycles TL0 reset to the value stored in TH0.

❑ The auto-reload mode is very commonly used for establishing a baud rate.

MODULE - 4 50
 Timer 0 Mode-2 (Auto-reload Timer)

❑ In fact, only the TL0 register operates as a timer, while another TH0 register
stores the value from which the counting starts.

❑ When the TL0 register is loaded, instead of being cleared the contents of TH0
will be reloaded to it.

❑ Suppose it is necessary to constantly count up 55 pulses generated by the clock.

❑ In order to register each 55th pulse, the best solution is to write the number 200
to the TH0 register and configure the timer to operate in mode 2.

MODULE - 4 51
 Timer 0 Mode-2 (Auto-reload Timer)

MODULE - 4 52
 Timer 0 Mode-2 (Auto-reload Timer)

MODULE - 4 53
 Timer 0 Mode-2 (Auto-reload Timer)

MODULE - 4 54
 Timer 0 Mode-3 (Split Timer)
❑ Mode 3 configures timer 0 so that registers TL0 and TH0 operate as
separate 8-bit timers.
❑ In other words, the 16-bit timer consisting of two registers TH0 and
TL0 is split into two independent 8-bit timers.
❑ This mode is provided for applications requiring an additional 8-bit
timer or counter.
❑ The TL0 timer turns into timer 0, while the TH0 timer turns into
timer 1.

MODULE - 4 55
 Timer 0 Mode-3 (Split Timer)

❑ In addition, all the control bits of 16-bit Timer 1 (consisting of the

TH1 and TL1 register), now control the 8-bit Timer 1.

❑ Even though the 16-bit Timer 1 can still be configured to operate in

any of modes, it is no longer possible to disable it as there is no
control bit to do it.

❑ Thus, its operation is restricted when timer 0 is in mode 3.

MODULE - 4 56
 Timer 0 Mode-3 (Split Timer)
❑ While Timer 0 is in split mode, you may not start or stop the real
timer 1 since the bits that do that are now linked to TH0.

❑ The only real use by using split timer mode is if you need to have
two separate timers and, additionally, a baud rate generator.

❑ In such case you can use the real Timer 1 as a baud rate generator
and use TH0/TL0 as two separate 8-bit timers.

MODULE - 4 57
 Timer 0 Mode-3 (Split Timer)

MODULE - 4 58
 TMOD REGISTER

MODULE - 4 39
 ❑ EXAMPLE-1: In the following program, we create a square wave of 50% duty
cycle (with equal portions high and low) on the P1.5bit. Timer 0 is used to
generate the time delay. Analyze the program. Assume XTAL = 11.0592 MHz

MOV TMOD,#01 ;Timer 0, mode 1(16-bit mode)

HERE: MOV TL0,#0F2H ;TL0=F2H, the low byte
MOV TH0,#0FFH ;TH0=FFH, the high byte
CPL P1.5 ;toggle P1.5
ACALL DELAY
SJMP HERE
MODULE - 4 59
 DELAY: SETB TR0 ;start the timer 0
AGAIN: JNB TF0,AGAIN ;monitor timer flag 0
CLR TR0 ;stop timer 0
CLR TF0 ;clear timer 0 flag
RET
• The number of counts for the roll over is FFFFH – FFF2H = 0DH (13 decimal).
• However, we add one to 13 because of the extra clock needed when it rolls over
from FFFF to 0 and raise the TF flag. This gives 14 ×1.085us = 15.19us for half the
pulse.
• For the entire period it is T = 2 ×15.19us = 30.38us as the time delay generated
by the timer.
MODULE - 4 60
 ❑ EXAPMLE-2: Assume that XTAL = 11.0592 MHz. What value do we need to load
the timer’s register if we want to have a time delay of 5 ms (milliseconds)? Show
the program for timer 0 to create a pulse width of 5 ms on P2.7

• Since XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, the counter counts up every 1.085 us.
• This means that out of many 1.085 us intervals we must make a 5 ms pulse.

• To get that, we divide one by the other. We need 5 ms / 1.085 us = 4608 clocks.

• To Achieve that we need to load into TL and TH the value 65536 – 4608 =
EE00H.

• Therefore, we have TH = EE and TL = 00.

MODULE - 4 61
 CLR P2.7 ;Clear P2.3
MOV TMOD,#01 ;Timer 0, 16-bitmode
HERE: MOV TL0,#0 ;TL0=0, the low byte
MOV TH0,#0EEH ;TH0=EE, the high byte
CPL P2.7 ;SET high P2.7
SETB TR0 ;Start timer 0
AGAIN: JNB TF0,AGAIN ;Monitor timer flag 0
CLR TR0 ;Stop the timer 0
CLR TF0 ;Clear timer 0 flag
SJMP HERE
MODULE - 4 62
 ❑ EXAPMLE-3: Calculate TL and TH to get the largest time delay possible. Find the
delay in ms. In your calculation, exclude the overhead due to the instructions in
the loop
Solution:
▪ To get the largest delay we make TL and TH both 0. This will count up
from 0000 to FFFFH and then roll over to zero
▪ Making TH and TL both zero means that the timer will count from 0000
to FFFF, and then roll over to raise the TF flag.
▪ As a result, it goes through a total Of 65536 states. Therefore, we have
delay =(65536 - 0) ×1.085 us = 71.1065ms.
MODULE - 4 63
 ❑ EXAPMLE-4: Assume that XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, write a program to generate a
square wave of 2 kHz frequency on pin P1.7

Solution:

(a) T = 1 / f = 1 / 2 kHz = 500 us the period of square wave.

(b) 1 / 2 of it for the high and low portion of the pulse is 250 us.

(c) 250 us / 1.085 us = 230 and 65536 – 230 = 65306 which in hex FF1AH.

(d) TL = 1A and TH = FF, all in hex. The program is as follow.

MODULE - 4 64
 MOV TMOD,#10H ;Timer 1, 16-bitmode
AGAIN: MOV TL1,#1AH ;TL1=1A, low byte of timer
MOV TH1,#0FFH ;TH1=FF, the high byte
CPL P1.7 ;Complement P1.5
SETB TR1 ;Start timer 1
BACK: JNB TF1,BACK ;until timer rolls over
CLR TR1 ;Stop the timer 1
CLR TF1 ;Clear timer 1 flag
SJMP AGAIN ;Reload timer
MODULE - 4 65
 ❑ EXAPMLE-5: Generate a square wave with TON of 3ms and T0FF of 10ms on all
pins of port 0. Assume an XTAL of 22MHz.

For 22MHz , one timer cycle time is

22MHz / 12 = 1.83MHz
T = 1/1.83M = 0.546 us

For OFF time calculation:

10ms/0.546 us = 18315 cycles
65536-18315 =47221 = B875H

For ON time calculation:

3ms/0.546us = 5494 cycles
65536 – 5494 = 60042=EA8AH
MODULE - 4 66
 MOV TMOD, #01H
BACK: MOV TL0, #75H
ORG 300H
MOV TH0, #0B8H
DELAY: SETB TR0
MOV P0, #00H
AGAIN: JNB TF0, AGAIN
ACALL DELAY
CLR TR0
MOV TL0, #8AH
CLR TF0
MOV TH0, #0EAH
RET
MOV P0, #0FFH
END
ACALL DELAY
SJMP BACK
MODULE - 4 67
 ❑ EXAPMLE-6: Assuming XTAL = 22MHz write a program to generate a square
pulse of 2 seconds period on pin P2.4. Use timer 1 mode.

Since square wave TON and TOFF values are equal. So 2s/2 = 1 second.

For TON (1 SECOND) time calculation:

- WHEN TL and TH takes value of 0 and the maximum delay is 65536 x
0.546us = 35782 us = 35.78ms.
- If maximum delay is repeated for 28 times we get 28x35.78 ms = 1001 ms
= 1 second
MODULE - 4 68
 MOV TMOD, #10H
REPEAT: MOV R0, #28
CPL P2.4
BACK: MOV TL1, #00H
MOV TH1, #00H
SETB TR1
AGAIN: JNB TF1, AGAIN
CLR TR1
CLR TF1
DJNZ R0, BACK
SJMP REPEAT
MODULE - 4 69
 ❑ EXAPMLE-7: Assuming XTAL = 22MHz write a program to generate a square
pulse of frequency 100kHz on port pin P1.2.

MOV TMOD, #20H

❑ For 100kHz square wave,
MOV TH1, #0F7H
(a). T=1/f = 0.01ms = 10uS SETB TR1
BACK: JNB TF1, BACK
(b). TON = TOFF = 10uS/2 = 5uS
CPL P1.0
(c). 5us/ 0.546 us = 9 cycles
CLR TF1
(d). 256 – 9 = 247 = 47H SJMP BACK

MODULE - 4 70
 ❑ Timers can also be used as counters counting events happening
outside the 8051
➢ When it is used as a counter, it is a pulse outside of the 8051 that increments the
TH, TL registers
➢ TMOD and TH, TL registers are the same as for the timer discussed previously

❑ Programming the timer in the last section also applies to

programming it as a counter
➢ Except the source of the frequency

MODULE - 4 71
 ❑ The C/T bit in the TMOD registers decides the source of the clock
for the timer
➢ When C/T = 1, the timer is used as a counter and gets its pulses from outside
the 8051

➢ The counter counts up as pulses are fed from pins 14 and 15, these pins are
called T0 (timer 0 input) and T1 (timer 1 input)

MODULE - 4 72
MODULE - 4 73
 ❑ EXAPMLE-1: Assuming that clock pulses are fed into pin T1, write a program for
counter 1 in mode 2 to count the pulses and display the state of the TL1 count
on P2, which connects to 8 LEDs.

MODULE - 4 74
 ❑ EXAPMLE-2: Write an 8051 assembly language program to implement a
counter for counting pulses of an input signals. Assume the crystal frequency as
22 MHz. Configure TIMER 1 to generate a clock pulse for every one seconds at
P3.5 and TIMER 0 as a counter which receives input pulses at P3.4 from P3.5
Display final count values in port P1 (TL0) & P2(TH0).

ORG 000H
REPEAT: MOV TMOD, #15H
SETB P3.4
MOV TL0, #00
MOV TH0, #00
SETB TR0
MODULE - 4 75
 MOV R0,#28
AGAIN: MOV TL1,#00
MOV TH1, #00
SETB TR1
BACK: JNB TF1, BACK
CLR TF1
CLR TR1
DJNZ R0, AGAIN

MODULE - 4 76
 MOV A, TL0
MOV P1,A
MOV A, TH0
MOV P2,A
SJMP REPEAT
END

MODULE - 4 77
1
❑ Computers transfer data in two ways:

➢ Serial
▪ To transfer to a device located many meters away,
the serial method is used
▪ The data is sent one bit at a time

2
➢ Parallel
▪ Often 8 or more lines (wire conductors) are used to
transfer data to a device that is only a few feet
away

3
❑ Serial data communication uses two methods

➢ Synchronous method transfers a block of data at a time

➢ Asynchronous method transfers a single byte at a time

❑ There are special IC chips made by many manufacturers for

serial communications
➢ UART (universal asynchronous Receiver-transmitter)

➢ USART (universal synchronous-asynchronous Receiver-transmitter)

4
❑ Data transmission types:

5
❑ Protocol is a set of rules agreed by both the sender and
receiver on
➢ How the data is packed
➢ How many bits constitute a character
➢ When the data begins and end

❑ Asynchronous serial data communication is widely used for

character-oriented transmissions
➢ Each character is placed in b/w start and stop bits, is called
framing
➢ Block-oriented data transfers use the synchronous method
6
❑ The start bit is always one bit, but the stop bit can be one
or two bits

❑ The start bit is always a 0 (low) & the stop bit(s) is 1 (high)

❑ Due to the extended ASCII characters, 8-bit ASCII data is

common
➢ In older systems, ASCII characters were 7-bit

❑ In modern PCs the use of one stop bit is standard

7
8
❑ The rate of data transfer in serial data communication is
stated in bps(bits per second)

❑ Another widely used terminology for bps is baud rate

➢ It is modem terminology and is defined as the number
of signal changes per second

❑ The baud rate and bps are the same, and we use the terms
inter changeably

9
❑ The data transfer rate of given computer system depends
on communication ports incorporated into that system

❑ An interfacing standard RS232 was set by the Electronics

Industries Association (EIA) in 1960

❑ In RS232, a 1 is represented by -3 ~ -25 V, while a 0 bit

is +3 ~ +25 V, making -3 to +3 undefined

❑ The standard was set long before the advent of the TTL
logic family, its input and output voltage levels are not TTL
compatible

10
❑ Current terminology classifies data communication equipment
as

➢ DTE (data terminal equipment) refers to terminal and

computers that send and receive data

➢ DCE (data communication equipment) refers to

communication equipment, such as modems

11
12
13
❑ DTR (data terminal ready)
➢ When terminal is turned on, it sends out signal DTR to
indicate that it is ready for communication

❑ DSR (data set ready)

➢ When DCE is turned on and has gone through the self-
test, it assert DSR to indicate that it is ready to
communicate

❑ RTS (request to send)

➢ When the DTE device has byte to transmit, it assert RTS
to signal the modem that it has a byte of data to
transmit
14
❑ CTS (clear to send)
➢ When the modem has room for storing the data it is to receive, it
sends out signal CTS to DTE to indicate that it can receive the
data now

❑ DCD (data carrier detect)

➢ The modem asserts signal DCD to inform the DTE that a valid
carrier has been detected and that contact between it and the
other modem is established

❑ RI (ring indicator)
➢ An output from the modem and an input to a PC indicates that the
telephone is ringing
➢ It goes on and off in synchronous with the ringing sound

15
❑ The simplest connection between a PC and microcontroller
requires a minimum of three pins, TxD, RxD, and ground

16
❑ In data transmission, serial communication is the process of
sending data one bit at a time, sequentially, over
a communication channel or computer bus.

❑ To reduce the number of pins in a package, many ICs use a

serial bus to transfer data when speed is not important.

❑ Some examples of such low-cost serial buses

include SPI, I²C, DC-BUS, UNI/O, and 1-Wire.
17
❑ 8051 has two pins that are used specifically for transferring
and receiving data serially
➢ These two pins are called TxD and RxD and are part of
the port 3 group (P3.0 and P3.1)
➢ These pins are TTL compatible; therefore, they require
a line driver to make them RS232 compatible

❑ We need a line driver (voltage converter) to convert the

R232’s signals to TTL voltage levels that will be acceptable
to 8051’s TxD and RxD pins
18
❑ To allow data transfer between the PC and an 8051 system
without any error, we must make sure that the baud rate of
8051 system matches the baud rate of the PC’s COM port

20
21
22
❑ SBUF is an 8-bit register used solely for serial
communication

➢ For a byte data to be transferred via the TxD line, it

must be placed in the SBUF register

➢ SBUF holds the byte of data when it is received by

8051 RxD line

23
❑ SCON is an 8-bit the special function register (bit-
addressable).

❑ This register contain not only the mode selection bits but also
the 9th data bit for transmit and receive (TB8 and RB8) and
the serial port interrupt bits (TI and RI).

24
25
REN (receive enable):
When it is high, it allows 8051 to receive data on RxD pin, If
low, the receiver is disable

TI (transmit interrupt):
When 8051 finishes the transfer of 8-bit character It raises
TI flag to indicate that it is ready to transfer another byte

RI (receive interrupt):
When 8051 receives data serially via RxD, it raises the RI flag
bit to indicate that a byte has been received and should be
picked up before it is lost
26
❑ In mode 0, serial data are transmitted and received through
the RXD pin, while the TXD pin output clocks. The baud rate
is fixed at 1/12 the oscillator frequency. On transmit, the
least significant bit (LSB bit) is sent/received first.

27
❑ In mode 1, 10 bits are transmitted through the TXD pin
or received through the RXD pin in the following manner: a
START bit (always 0), 8 data bits (LSB first) and a STOP
bit (always 1). The START bit is only used to initiate data
receive, while the STOP bit is automatically written to the
RB8 bit of the SCON register.

28
❑ In mode 2, 11 bits are transmitted through the TXD pin or
received through the RXD pin: a START bit (always 0), 8 data bits
(LSB first), a programmable 9th data bit and a STOP bit (1).

❑ On transmit, the 9th data bit is actually the TB8 bit of the SCON
register. This bit usually has a function of parity bit. On receive,
the 9th data bit goes into the RB8 bit of the same register
(SCON).

❑ The baud rate is either 1/32 or 1/64 of the oscillator frequency.

❑ Mode 3 is the same as Mode 2 in all respects except the baud rate.
The baud rate in Mode 3 is variable.
29
❑ Step to program 8051 to transfer character bytes serially

1. TMOD register is loaded with the value 20H, indicating the use
of timer 1 in mode 2 (8-bit auto-reload) to set baud rate

2. The TH1 is loaded with one of the values to set baud rate for
serial data transfer

3. The SCON register is loaded with the value 50H, indicating

serial mode 1, where an 8-bit data is framed with start and
stop bits
30
4. TR1 is set to 1 to start timer 1

5. The character byte to be transferred serially is written into SBUF

register

6. The TI flag bit is monitored with the use of instruction JNB TI, xx
to see if the character has been transferred completely

7. TI is cleared by CLR TI instruction

8. To transfer the next byte, go to step 5

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Assume a switch is connected to pin P1.7. Write a program to monitor its status
and send two messages to serial port continuously as follows:
SW=0 send “NO”
SW=1 send “YES”
Assume XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, 9600 baud, 8-bit data, and 1 stop bit.

40
41
42
42
43
44
45
46
47
❑ A single microcontroller can serve several devices by two
ways: (i) Interrupt (ii). Polling

❑ Interrupts: Whenever any device needs its service, the

device notifies the microcontroller by sending it an interrupt
signal
➢ Upon receiving an interrupt signal, the microcontroller interrupts
whatever it is doing and serves the device
➢ The program which is associated with the interrupt is called the
interrupt service routine (ISR) or interrupt handler

48
❑ Polling can monitor the status of several devices and serve
each of them as certain conditions are met

➢ The polling method is not efficient, since it wastes much of the

microcontroller’s time by polling devices that do not need service
➢ ex. JNB TF,target

The advantage of interrupts is that the microcontroller can

serve many devices (not all at the same time)

49
❑ For every interrupt, there must be an interrupt service
routine (ISR), or interrupt handler

➢ When an interrupt is invoked, the micro-controller runs the interrupt

service routine
➢ For every interrupt, there is a fixed location in memory that holds
the address of its ISR
➢ The group of memory locations set aside to hold the addresses of

ISRs is called interrupt vector table

50
❑ Upon activation of an interrupt, the microcontroller goes
through the following steps:
1. It finishes the instruction it is executing and saves the address of the
next instruction (PC) on the stack

2. It also saves the current status of all the interrupts internally (i.e: not
on the stack)

3. It jumps to a fixed location in memory, called the interrupt vector

table, that holds the address of the ISR

51
4. The microcontroller gets the address of the ISR from the interrupt
vector table and jumps to it
➢ It starts to execute the interrupt service subroutine until it reaches
the last instruction of the subroutine which is RETI (return from
interrupt)

5. Upon executing the RETI instruction, the microcontroller returns to the

place where it was interrupted
➢ First, it gets the program counter (PC) address from the stack by
popping the top two bytes of the stack into the PC
➢ Then it starts to execute from that address

52
53
❑ The interrupts must be enabled by software in order for the
microcontroller to respond to them,
➢ There is a register called IE (interrupt enable) that is responsible
for enabling (unmasking) and disabling (masking) the interrupts

❑ To enable an interrupt, we take the following steps:

1. Bit D7 of the IE register (EA) must be set to high to allow the
rest of register to take effect

2. If EA = 1, interrupts are enabled and will be responded to if

their corresponding bits in IE are high

3. If EA = 0, no interrupt will be responded to, even if the

associated bit in the IE register is high
54
55
❑ The timer flag (TF) is raised when the timer rolls over
➢ In polling TF, we have to wait until the TF is raised
➢ The problem with this method is that the microcontroller is tied
down while waiting for TF to be raised, it can’t do anything else
➢ Using interrupts solves this problem and, avoids tying down the
controller
➢ If the timer interrupt in the IE register

56
57
58
❑ The 8051 has two external hardware interrupts
➢ Pin 12 (P3.2) and pin 13 (P3.3) of the 8051, designated as INT0
and INT1, are used as external hardware interrupts
➢ The interrupt vector table locations 0003H and 0013H are set
aside for INT0 and INT1
➢ There are two activation levels for the external hardware
interrupts
✓ Level trigged
✓ Edge trigged

59
60
❑ In the level-triggered mode, INT0 and INT1 pins are
normally high
➢ If a low-level signal is applied to them, it triggers the interrupt
➢ Then the microcontroller stops whatever it is doing and jumps to
the interrupt vector table to service that interrupt
➢ The low-level signal at the INT pin must be removed before the
execution of the last instruction of the ISR, RETI; otherwise,
another interrupt will be generated

❑ This is called a level-triggered or level-activated interrupt

and is the default mode upon reset of the 8051
61
Assume that the INT1 pin is connected to a switch that is normally
high. Whenever it goes low, it should turn on an LED. The LED is
connected to P1.3 and is normally off. As long as the switch is pressed
low, the LED should stay on. Simultaneously perform a toggle
operation in P1.5 with the delay of 500ms.

62
ORG 0000H
LJMP main

//ISR for INT1

ORG 0013H
SETB P1.3
MOV R3,#255
Back: DJNZ R3, Back
CLR P1.3
RETI
63
 //Delay of 500ms
ORG 30H
DELAY: MOV R2,#04H ;LOAD R2 WITH 07 HEX
main: MOV IE,#10000100B
HERE3: MOV R1,#0FFH ;LOAD R1 WITH 0FF HEX
Here: SETB P1.5 HERE2: MOV R0,#0FFH ;LOAD R2 WITH 0FF HEX
ACALL DELAY HERE1: DJNZ R0,HERE1 ;DECREMENT R0
DJNZ R1,HERE2 ;DECREMENT R1
CLR P1.5
DJNZ R2,HERE3 ;DECREMENT R2
ACALL DELAY
RET ;RETURN
SJMP Here END

64
❑ Pins P3.2 and P3.3 are used for normal I/O unless the
INT0 and INT1 bits in the IE register are enabled
➢ After the hardware interrupts in the IE register are
enabled, the controller keeps sampling the INTn pin
for a low-level signal once each machine cycle

❑ To make INT0 and INT1 edge-triggered interrupts, we must

program the bits of the TCON register
65
66
67
❑ In edge-triggered interrupts
➢ The external source must be held high for at least one
machine cycle, and then held low for at least one
machine cycle
➢ The falling edge of pins INT0 and INT1 are latched by
the 8051 and are held by the TCON.1 and TCON.3
bits of TCON register

68
69
70
71
72
73
❑ When the 8051 is powered up, the priorities are assigned
according to the following
➢ In reality, the priority scheme is nothing but an internal polling
sequence in which the 8051 polls the interrupts in the sequence
listed and responds accordingly

74
❑ Discuss what happens if interrupts INT0, TF0, and INT1
are activated at the same time. Assume priority levels were
set by the power-up reset and the external hardware
interrupts are edge-triggered.

Solution:
➢ If these three interrupts are activated at the same time, they
are latched and kept internally.
➢ Then the 8051 checks all five interrupts according to the
sequence listed above Table.
➢ If any is activated, it services it in sequence.
➢ Therefore, when the above three interrupts are activated, IE0
(external interrupt 0) is serviced first, then timer 0 (TF0), and
finally IE1 (external interrupt 1)
75
❑ We can alter the sequence of interrupt priority by assigning
a higher priority to any one of the interrupts by
programming a register called IP (interrupt priority)

❑ To give a higher priority to any of the interrupts, we make

the corresponding bit in the IP register high

❑ When two or more interrupt bits in the IP register are set

to high they are serviced according to the sequence of Table

76
77
❑ a) Program the IP register to assign the highest priority to
INT1(external interrupt 1), then

❑ (b) discuss what happens if INT0, INT1, and TF0 are

activated at the same time. Assume the interrupts are both
edge-triggered

❑ MOV IP,#00000100B ;IP.2=1 assign INT1 higher priority.

(OR)
SETB IP.2 ;IP.2=1 assign INT1 higher priority.

❑ When INT0, INT1, and TF0 interrupts are activated at

the same time, the 8051 services INT1 first, then it
services INT0, then TF0.
78