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Slide Set 1_ Introduction

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Slide Set 1_ Introduction

Uploaded by

Magambo Sahiil Moris
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 39

CMP4101/TEL4111: Digital Signal Processing

Cosmas Mwikirize, Ph.D


Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Makerere
University

© Cosmas Mwikirize, 2022


Course Info and Policies

• Physical Classes (unless communicated otherwise)


• Office: 3001
• What to discuss: Lecture notes, course feedback, exams/
quizzes/assignments/projects
• Office hour: Friday, 10am-11am.
• Email me for appointments outside office hour:
cosmas.mwikirize@mak.ac.ug/mwikirize.cosmas@gmail.com
• Course Assessment:
– Continuous Assessment (Quizzes, tests, labs (simulations)): 40%
– Final Exam: 60%
• Disclaimer: I reserve the right to change course policies at any time as I
see fit, but you will be notified.
Course Info and Policies

Professionalism
• Students are expected to conduct themselves in a
professional manner during class time. This includes, for
example, asking appropriate technical questions about work
that is presented by others, wearing masks, not wearing hats
or chewing gum, and being on time.
• Academic Integrity
https://policies.mak.ac.ug/sites/default/files/policies/Makere
re-Academic-Integrity-Policy.pdf
• You are not allowed to share your work or code with others
• Students are encouraged to discuss the HW problems with each other;
however, the submitted material may not be copied from any source or
student, whether written or electronic.
• If you quote others, you must make clear citation
The Roadmap

Signal Analysis Signal Analysis Signal Analysis


Introduction
in the Time in the in the
-The big picture: Domain Linear Systems The Z
Frequency Frequency
signals and Analysis in the Transform and Window
-Time Domain Domain: Domain:
systems Time Domain: application to Functions
Measurements Fourier Series Implications
-Digital vs Convolution Filters
-Time Domain and Fourier and
Analog signals Transformation applications
Analysis

Main References
1. John G. Proakis, Dimitris G. Manolakis, Digital Signal Processing; Principles,
Algorithms and Applications, 4 th ed., Prentice Hall, 2006.
2. John Semmlow. Circuits, Signals and Systems for BioEngineers: A Matlab-based
Introduction. 3rd ed., 2018
3. Steven W. Smith. A scientist and Engineer’s guide to Digital Signal
Processing.
Learning Outcomes

At the end of this course, the students will be able to:


• Understand the analytical tools such as Fourier transforms,
Discrete Fourier transforms, Fast Fourier Transforms and Z-
Transforms required for digital signal processing.
• Get familiarized with various structures of IIR and FIR systems.
• Design and realize various digital filters for digital signal
processing.
• Understand the applications of DSP in speech processing and
spectrum analysis.
Introduction
Reading: Steven W. Smith. A scientist and Engineer’s
guide to Digital Signal Processing.
Chapter 1: The depth and breadth of DSP
Signal Processing: The Old
• Humans are the most advanced signal processors
– speech and pattern recognition, speech synthesis,…
• We encounter many types of signals in various applications
– Electrical signals: voltage, current, magnetic and electric fields,…
– Mechanical signals: velocity, force, displacement,…
– Acoustic signals: sound, vibration,…
– Other signals: pressure, temperature,…
• Most real-world signals are analog
– They are continuous in time and amplitude
– Convert to voltage or currents using sensors and transducers
• Analog circuits process these signals using
– Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Amplifiers,…
• Analog signal processing examples
– Audio processing in FM radios
– Video processing in traditional TV sets

7
Limitations of Analog Signal Processing
• Accuracy limitations due to
– Component tolerances
– Undesired nonlinearities
• Limited repeatability due to
– Tolerances
– Changes in environmental conditions
• Temperature
• Vibration
• Sensitivity to electrical noise
• Limited dynamic range for voltage and currents
• Inflexibility to changes
• Difficulty of implementing certain operations
– Nonlinear operations
– Time-varying operations
• Difficulty of storing information

8
And now..DSP is Everywhere
• Sound applications
– Compression, enhancement, special effects, synthesis, recognition,
echo cancellation,…
– Cell Phones, MP3 Players, Movies, Dictation, Text-to-speech,…
• Communication
– Modulation, coding, detection, equalization, echo cancellation,…
– Cell Phones, dial-up modem, DSL modem, Satellite Receiver,…
• Automotive
– ABS, GPS, Active Noise Cancellation, Cruise Control, Parking,…
• Medical
– Magnetic Resonance, Tomography, Electrocardiogram, Ultrasound…
• Military
– Radar, Sonar, Space photographs, remote sensing,…
• Image and Video Applications
– DVD, JPEG, Movie special effects, video conferencing,…
• Mechanical
– Motor control, process control, oil and mineral prospecting,…
9
Digital Signal Processing
• Represent signals by a sequence of numbers
– Sampling or analog-to-digital conversions
• Perform processing on these numbers with a digital processor
– Digital signal processing
• Reconstruct analog signal from processed numbers
– Reconstruction or digital-to-analog conversion
digital digital
signal signal
analog analog
signal A/D DSP D/A signal

• Analog input – analog output


– Digital recording of music
• Analog input – digital output
– Touch tone phone dialing
• Digital input – analog output
– Text to speech
• Digital input – digital output
– Compression of a file on computer
10
Pros and Cons of Digital Signal
• Pros
Processing
– Accuracy can be controlled by choosing word length
– Repeatable
– Sensitivity to electrical noise is minimal
– Dynamic range can be controlled using floating point numbers
– Flexibility can be achieved with software implementations
– Non-linear and time-varying operations are easier to implement
– Digital storage is cheap
– Digital information can be encrypted for security
– Price/performance and reduced time-to-market
• Cons
– Sampling causes loss of information
– A/D and D/A requires mixed-signal hardware
– Limited speed of processors
– Quantization and round-off errors

11
Signal Types
• Analog signals: continuous in time and amplitude
– Example: voltage, current, temperature,…
• Digital signals: discrete both in time and amplitude
– Example: attendance of this class, digitizes analog signals,…
• Discrete-time signal: discrete in time, continuous in amplitude
– Example: hourly change of temperature in Kampala
• Theory for digital signals would be too complicated
– Requires inclusion of nonlinearities into theory
• Theory is based on discrete-time continuous-amplitude signals
– Most convenient to develop theory
– Good enough approximation to practice with some care
• In practice we mostly process digital signals on processors
– Need to take into account finite precision effects

12
You will need a bit of masterly in this language. Examples and Homeworks will be
in MATLAB.

Matlab: https://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab.html

Alternative: Octave: https://www.gnu.org/software/octave/index

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