Animal tissue

CHAPTER-2
Lesson-Animal Tissue
Tissue means a group of cells with similar origins performing a particular function. The tissue level of
organization begins from the phylum Coelenterates (Cnidaria).
In animals, there are 4 basic types of tissues.
1. Connective Tissue
2. Epithelial Tissue
3. Muscle Tissue
4. Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissue (Neural tissue)

 It is an excitable tissue. Nervous tissue consists of neurons and neuroglial cells. The neuron is the
longest cell in the body.
 The nervous system is first formed in the Cnidarians. The nervous system develops from
the ectoderm in embryonic development.
 Nervous tissue is made up of
A. Neuron (Nerve cell)
B. Neuroglial cells (Glial cells)
Neuron (Nerve cell)
Structure of nerve cell

 Neurons are the basic units of the nervous system, and amitotic.
 A neuron has a cell body (Soma), dendrites, and Axon.
 A cell body of neuron contains nucleus, other cell organelles, and nissel granuels (RNA particles).
 Some projections from the cell body, known as dendrites, produce a tremendous surface area to receive
the information (Impulse).
 The soma connects to the axon through the axon hillock (refer to your biology notebook to know what
is axon hillock).
 An axon transmits the nerve impulse to the next neuron. A myelin sheath protects an axon. In CNS
myelin sheath is formed by oligodendrocytes and in PNS it's formed by individual cells called Schwann
cells.
 The small gaps of myelin sheath on an axon are called Ranvier nodes. An axon ends with axon dendrites
or axon terminal synapses (Axon bulbs).
Classification of neurons or types of neurons.
Based on the following criteria neurons have been classified into several types.
1. Based on the structure
A. Nonpolar neurons or apolar neurons
They do not have any polarity. Axons and dendrites are not distinguished in these fibers.
All fibers are of the same kind and can carry information towards or away from the cell
body.
B. Unipolar neurons
Soma gives rise to only one nerve process, which acts as both an axon and a dendron.
The flow of information is unidirectional. These are sensory neurons. They can be found
in invertebrate and vertebrate embryos but not in adults.
C. Bipolar neurons
In bipolar neurons, Soma gives rise to two nerve processes with one dendron and one
axon at opposite poles. These neurons have a unidirectional information flow. They can
be found in the retina of the eyes, as well as the olfactory epithelium.
D. Multipolar neurons
One axon and numerous dendrites make up multipolar neurons, allowing for a one-way
information flow. They can be found in the cerebral cortex of adult vertebrates.
2. Based on the function

A. Sensory neurons / afferent neurons.
Transmits the information from sensory receptors to CNS.
Ex: Unipolar neurons
B. Motor/efferent neurons
Transmits the information from CNS to Muscle or glands.
Ex: Multipolar neurons
C. Interneurons/relay neurons/ association neuron
These neurons help shuttle the signals between afferent and efferent neurons.
Ex: Multipolar neurons in CNS
3. Based on Myelin sheath

A. Myelinated neurons
Schwann cells and Oligodendrocytes envelop myelinated nerve fibers, forming
the myelin sheath around the axon. The nodes of Ranvier are the spaces between two
neighbouring myelin sheaths. These fibers are present in the spinal and cranial nerves.
B. Non-Myelinated neurons
No myelin sheath around the axon surrounds. There are no Ranvier nodes. These fibers can
be found in both the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.
Neuroglial cells (Glial cells)

Muscle Tissue
 The study of muscles, their function, and diseases of muscles is called Myology. The Muscular
system develops from mesoderm in embryonic development.
 Muscular tissue has been classified into 3 types
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal muscle is found throughout the body and functions to contract in response to a stimulus.
Skeletal muscle serves many purposes, including producing movement, sustaining body posture and
position, maintaining body temperature, storing nutrients, and stabilizing joints. skeletal muscle
contraction is under voluntary control, receiving neural inputs allowing conscious control of muscles.

Animal tissue

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Animal tissue

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Animal tissue

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER-2

Nervous tissue (Neural tissue)

Structure of nerve cell

2. Based on the function

3. Based on Myelin sheath

Neuroglial cells (Glial cells)

You might also like