English for Effective Communication

Module-IV
Sentence Equivalence
Objectives: Students would develop ability to
1. Delineate the contextual meaning of various words and their functions in a sentence.
2. Develop study skills related to Critical Writing.

Sentence Equivalence can be termed as two distinct words or phrases that fit a sentence in the
same way. The words or the phrases convey the meaning in the same Tone. They can be swapped
in any context without losing the meaning.
E.g. All Educational Institutions will be reopened on September 1st in TS.
On September 1st, the students should attend the Schools and Colleges in TS.
Introduction -A sentence is a group of words, phrases, clauses with complete meaning.
Sentences in English language have different structures depending on the context. The following
are some of the types of structures we come across in written and oral form:
The meaning of the sentences changes according to the sense conveyed by them.
Eg. i. Positive – P.V.Sindhu is one of the torch-bearers in the Tokyo Olympics from India.
ii. Negative-Covid-19 has ruined the development of the Tourism in all the countries.
iii. Neutral- Mary Kom may or may not participate in the Boxing Competitions.

Sentences are divided into 4 Types depending on the nature.

i. Assertive Sentence- Eg: Birds fly in the sky.
ii. Interrogative Sentence- Eg: Do birds fly in the sky?
iii. Imperative Sentence- Eg: Please let me know whether the birds fly in the sky.
iv. Exclamatory Sentence-Eg: Oh! The birds fly in the sky!
A sentence contains Subject+ Verb + Object. Depending on the relationship of the adjective,
adverb, preposition, conjunctions with the subject, three degrees of comparisons exist.
Positive, Comparative and Superlative Degrees.
Eg: i. Positive- Hyderabad is a big City.
ii. Comparative- Hyderabad is bigger than many other cities.
iii. Superlative- Hyderabad is the biggest city in Telangana.

Irregular Adjectives:
When there are irregular adjectives in a sentence, the normal rules of comparison do not
apply.
Eg: Everything was good before the Pandemic.
Situation seemed better when the vaccine was invented.
This is the best moment ever seen in this Pandemic.

According to the structure of a sentence and the position of the linkers, connectors there are
3 types of sentences.
Simple, compound and complex sentences.
Examples:
Simple Sentence: The students are in the class preparing for test.
Complex Sentence: The students in the class were preparing for the test when the teacher entered.
Compound Sentence: The students in the class prepared for the test and the teacher entered.

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Sentences with Linkers:
Rahul wanted to attend the class but he was sick.
Although it was raining, the IPL Cricket match continued.
Despite (in spite of) the warning, people are not following the SOP.
I am not well therefore, I cannot attend to my duty.
The Principal called her to his chamber because he wanted to brief the proceedings.
As I reached the station late, the train had left.
The price of Petrol hiked, nevertheless people didn’t stop commuting by cars.
He purchased a Villa and also a farmhouse.
The Government is bent on demonetizing in particular the 2000 rupee notes.
You will not succeed in life unless you are fastidious.

Types of Connectors:
Direction and Place: Under, at a distance, beyond etc.
Emphasis: In addition to, especially, of course, consequently, indeed etc.
Time and sequence: later, after, next, finally etc.
Comparison: A glass of milk is as good as an apple.
Similarly, equally, in the same way etc.
Contrast: on the other hand, otherwise, conversely etc.
Illustration: In this case, for example, illustrated by, such as, for instance etc.
Cause and Effect: so, due to, hence, as a result, thus etc.
Addition: furthermore, not only but also, as well as, in addition to, too, or etc.

Six types of sentence completion-

i. Restatement- Incomplete sentences consist same ideas in the blanks.
Eg: Sudha Murthy is a philanthropist and ____________.
a. enjoys watching films.
b. helping the less privileged.
c. reading novels.
d. living abroad.
Ans. b (qualities of noun which is to be chosen should be similar to fill the blank and reiterate the
statement).
ii. Comparison- Any common aspect in a sentence is compared with a word to be filled in the
blank.
Eg; Sachin is the legend of Indian cricket similarly ________
a. Don Bradman is of S. Africa.
b. Don Bradman is South African Cricket .
c. Don Bradman is of Australian Cricket.
d. Don Bradman is of Australia.
Ans. c – (game and country).

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iii. Analogy
Trade and Tool
Eg: Stethoscope: doctor: _____________________ ____________________
a. pot:goldsmith
b. watch:teacher
c. saw:carpenter
d. bus:driver
Ans. c
iv. Synonyms
Eg: Enormous: immense:: abound : ______________________
a. decrease
b. bind
c. bounce
d. flourish
Ans. d
v. Opposites or Antonyms
Eg: An optimist sees the glass half-full whereas ____________ sees the glass half empty.
a. an optometrist
b. a pessimist
c. an ophthalmologist
d. a omniscient
Ans .b
vi. Cause effect- Sentences depict the reason and the result.
Eg: The depletion of Ozone Layer is increasing therefore ________________________ .
a. people are becoming rich.
b. there is an increase in natural resources.
c. there is rampant spread of population.
d. there is an increase in surface UV Radiation on human health.
Ans. d

Jumbled words /phrases in a sentence-

Against COVID the vaccines are all mostly effective we currently.
a b c d

a. bcda
b. cdba
c. abcd
d .bdca

Ans. d

The subject-the Vaccines , object-against COVID, adjective phrase-we currently have,

adverbial phrase- are all mostly effective. The word order should be understood and applied.

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The blanks may be filled with linkers:
_________________ Rakul completed her Research, she could not submit her Thesis.
a.Until
b.Still
c.Although
d.Even
Ans.c (the linker although substantiates the condition)
Comparison
The lesser wants we have, _____________________
a. the happiest we are.
b. the happy we are.
c. the happier we are.
d. happy we are.
Ans. c
When there are two comparative adjectives in a statement, both should be in the same degree.
Contrast
There is a black and white TV in our house. Whereas my son has ________ TV.
a. lucid
b. colour
c. compact
d. latest
Ans. b ( the contrast is between colours)
Contextual Usage
Einstein was ____________ in classroom education, so he quit the school.
a. disinterested
b .uninterested
c. not interested
d. interested
Ans. a (the prefix dis- fits the appropriate meaning.and sense)
Grammatical Structures
Classic Mahabharata a is.
a b c d
a. dcba
b. abcd
c. bdca
d. cdba
Ans. c (grammatical Structure S+V+O)
Syntactical Usage
Nine time in saves stitch a.
a b c d e f
a. fedbac
b. cdbfea
c. bcdefa
d. fecbda
Ans. d (syntactical word order)

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Sequence of thoughts/actions
Having walked through the swamps for miles, _______
a. the frogs were jumping.
b. doctors prepared plasters.
c. the muddy roads seemed impossible.
d. the pilgrims were relieved to see a campfire.

Ans. d (coherent and logical progression of thought)

The skills essential to answer the sentence completion exercises are:

1. Understand the implied relationships.
2. Understand the information and flow of thought in a sentence.
3. Interpret the meaning.
4. Infer the relationships and deduce the answer.
Exercise
Complete the following sentences-
1. Jallianwala Bagh will be remembered in web ________________.
a. Serials b. Series c. Cereal d. Cereals
Ans. b words often confused

2. Fans were barred from the Tokyo Olympics,

------------------- .
a. which will open in two weeks.
b. where will open in two weeks
c. when will open in two weeks.
d. who would open in two weeks.
Ans. a (agreement of the relative pronoun with the noun)

3. Clean and plentiful water is the foundation __________________.

a. for prosper communities.
b. to communities
c. of prosperous communities.
d. communities for prosper.
Ans. c (prepositional phrase)

4. I like reading but ___________

a. hate walking.
b. dislike eating.
c. dislike gossiping.
d. hate writing.
Ans. d (same series of activities)

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5. Latha Mangeshker is not only a singer ____________ .
a. but a patriot
b. but not a true patriot.
c. but not only a truest patriot.
d. but also a patriot.
Ans.d (Similarities of qualities/restatement)

6. Female kangaroo sports a pouch on its belly to carry the baby kangaroos called _____
a. a kitten
c. a joeys.
b. a cub
d. a colt

Ans .c (Vocabulary)
Activity:
Pick any 15 sentences from the website given and answer the questions.
REF:501 Sentence Completion Questionshttps://www.misd.net ›grammar in Action ›
501Se...

Picture Perspective

Introduction
A picture speaks volumes. A picture is one of the modes of communication. Perspective can be
defined as a particular attitude, point of view and the sense of understanding. It is a way in which
a person develops an outlook towards the seen image. It is a personal point of view on a particular
situation or a problem depicted in the picture.
A picture is displayed and the individual is expected to conceptualize and interpret it either orally
or in written form. The Cognitive ability, environment, culture, exposure etc. effect the expression
and influences the interpretation.
The skills required to interpret a picture are critical thinking, analytical understanding, symbolic
representation, psychological, social, cultural factors, literary and linguistic skills.

Exercise
Interpret the following picture in 100 words.

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Activity: Interpret the following picture in 100 words.

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Ref: https://www.freepik.com/photos/language-learning
https://www.pinterest.com/colette43/perspective-taking-and-inference-pics/

Critical Thinking

Introduction- Critical Thinking is the analysis of facts to form judgement, examine the
reasons, logically conclude solutions and think of the impact in future. It is the rational, skeptical
unbiased analysis or evaluation of factual evidence. Critical Thinking is self-directed, self-
disciplined, self-monitored and self-corrective thinking. The use of rigorous standards of
excellence and mindful command of the standards are primary in Critical Thinking. Effective
communication and problem-solving abilities are the products of Critical Thinking. This enables
to overcome egocentrism and sociocentrism. Critical Thinking functions differently in
Individuals. It is the most effective way to learn to find solutions. It’s a lifelong process. Critical
Thinking will reduce biased views. It enhances understanding of the locale. Evaluation,
identification and distinguishing abilities are vital for Critical Thinking.

The steps involved are:

i. Identifying an issue or problem
ii. Understand the various reasons behind the problem and think of different solutions.
iii. Collect all the data and associated information.
iv. Study, sort and separate the data/reasons for the issue.
v. Think of the possible solutions and develop logical solutions.
vi. Present the solutions with possible success or failure options.
vii. State the anticipated future prospects or results in the advance stages if solutions are
implemented.

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Essential Skills for Critical Thinking
Open-mindedness
Observation
Analysis
Self-regulation
Problem-solving.
Explanation
Interpretation
Inference or propose a solution.

Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking
https://collegeinfogeek.com/improve-critical-thinking-skills
https://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/defining-critical-thinking/766

Exercise:
1. Imagine you had breakdown of your vehicle in a dense forest. You are without your Cellphone.
No habitation nearby except your team-members. In such situation think of the various options
you would adopt to reach the destination.
Activity:
If you were to be the CM of Telangana, mention any problem faced by the people of Telangana
and a solution to solve it.

Individual Perception and Obtaining Implications

Introduction: Perception is the method of selecting and identifying information from any
situation/problem/crisis/environment. It is the interpretation of information to identify the
meaning. It depends on the sensory concepts (smell, sight, auditory, touch, taste etc.) of the
presenter. It helps in deriving accurate predictions. Everyone judges situations, pictures, people,
and issues in a unique manner. Individual Perception is comprehending the presence of
personalities/characters or situations. It is influenced by external (motivation, personality) and
internal (contrast, repetition) factors. It depends on the psychological factors such as
identification, realization, cognizance, organization, insight, observation, selection, organization,
interpretation etc. The meta-cognitive skills, attitudes, approaches etc. are involved in perceiving
any situation. Perception is the end product of individual analysis, feeling about a situation to
encourage deeper thought.
Implication refers to the implied conclusion drawn in an occasion be it reading a text, visiting a
place, interacting with people, leading a team, completing a project or research. Implications
evolve through a thorough study of the previous history, the filling in of the gaps, the inferences
drawn. The essence of obtaining Implications is that a conclusion is suggested when something is
narrated or stated or the after effects of any perception. This activity includes using information
that is implied or inferred from the content which is not clearly stated.

Eg: We believe Genetically Modified (GM) crops will have serious implications (possible effect
or result) on the environment.

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 Perception occurs in stages-

i. Stimulation-It is the interest, encouragement, excitement, enthusiasm of the responses from an

individual. Eg: The patriotic impulse of an Indian while listening to the National Anthem.

ii. Organization-This stage refers to the orderly organization of the flow of thoughts..

iii. Interpretation-It can be defined as the process of understanding, analyzing and processing a
message.

iv. Evaluation: It is the scrutinizing process of the responses rendered by a set of pre-determined
standard.

v. Memory and recall: It is the cognitive domain and is Subjective.

Exercise
Perceive the following picture and answer the questions.

Ref: www.imagesofolympicswinners.

1. How do you perceive the above picture (instant perception). Express in 100 words.

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 Activity:
1. Students are asked to take the picture/image of any instrument, personality or tool and write their
perception in 150 words.
2. How do you perceive the reasons for joining Engineering Course? (100 words)

Read the passage and write the Implications in 100 words

Indian weightlifter Mirabai Chanu made 1.3 billion Indians citizens proud on Saturday, after she
opened the country's account in Tokyo Olympics 2020 and bagged a silver medal in the
Women's 49kg category. Finishing the event with a total lift of 202 kg, she has become the first
Indian weightlifter to win a silver medal at the Olympic Games. Chanu Saikhom Mirabai or Mira
Bai Chanu is a 26-year-old weightlifter from the state of Manipur. Born on 8 August 1994, she
has had a significant presence in international events since 2014 in the 48 kg category, having
won the World Championships and multiple medals at the Commonwealth Games in the
past. For those unaware, she is also a Padma Shri awardee and has been conferred with the Rajiv
Gandhi Khel Ratna award by the Government in 2018 for her contribution to sports. Saikhom
Mira bai Chanu was born in Nongpok Kakching, Imphal, in the northeastern state of Manipur.
She comes from a Meitei family-- which is an ethnic group of people native to the state
of Manipur in north eastern India. Her notable performances came in the 2014 Commonwealth
Games, Glasgow, where she won a silver medal in the women's 48 kg weight class. She then
went on to break the game's record en route to the gold medal at the 2018 edition of the
competition held in Gold Coast. Her biggest achievement before her present Olympic win was
the gold medal that she bagged at World Weightlifting Championships held in Anaheim in 2017.
Mirabai last took part at the Asian Championship in Ningbo, China where she lifted 199kg
(86kg+113kg) but missed out on a medal by a whisker. Ahead of the Olympics, Chanu had lifted
a total of 191kg (84kg + 107kg) in the senior women's 49 kg event to win a gold in
the qualifying event. In 2021, she became the 1st Indian weightlifter who qualified for the 2021
Summer Games after she secured the 2nd position in the 49kg category. In 2020 Olympics,
Mirabai Chanu started the competition by lifting 84kg in her first attempt during the snatch
event. Chanu's competitor Jourdan Delacruz from the USA lifted 83kg in her first attempt,
however, the Indian lifter upped her ante to lift 87kg in her second attempt, while Delacruz in her
second attempt lifted 86kg. World Champion China's Hoi Zhuihui topped the standings at the
halfway mark after lifting 92kg after two attempts. Both Chanu and Delacruz failed to lift 89 kg
in their third attempt allowing Zhuihui to stay top of the table. The Chinese weightlifter made a
new Olympic record in the snatch by lifting 94kg in her third and final lift. Mirabai Chanu
finished the event with a total lift of 202 kg and bagged the silver medal.

Exercise:
Students are asked to read the abridged version of Shakespeare’s drama King Lear or any play
and obtain the suggested Implications or Draw conclusions.

Activity

1. Read any short story from Panchatantra and write the Implications in 100 words.
2. Watch any film and write your implications in 100 words.

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