HNDIT11062 –

Web Development

Week 2: Internet Basics

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 Course Content
•The Internet: Then and Now
• How Internet Works
• Major Features of the Internet
• Online Services

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The Internet: Then and Now
• The Internet was created by the Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA) and the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) for scientific and
military communications.

• The Internet is a network of interconnected networks. Even if part of its

infrastructure was destroyed, data could flow through the remaining
networks.

• The Internet uses high-speed data lines, called backbones, to carry data.
Smaller networks connect to the backbone, enabling any user on any
network to exchange data with any other user.

• ARPANET, NSFnet, Internet

• Internetworking : the process of connecting separate

networks
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How Internet Works

• TCP/IP

• Routing Traffic Across the Internet

• Addressing Schemes

• Domains and Sub domains

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How Internet Works…
TCP/IP

• Every computer and network on the Internet uses the

same protocols (set of guidelines or rules and procedures)
to control timing and data format.

• The protocol used by the Internet is the Transmission

Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, or TCP/IP.

• No matter what type of computer system you connect to

the Internet, if it uses TCP/IP, it can exchange data with
any other type of computer.

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 TCP/IP (Cont.)

• Single, common, worldwide standard

• US Department of Defense
– TCP, transmission control protocol
» Handle the movement of data
»Breaks the original massage in to small packets
& sequentially labels them.

– IP, Internet Protocol

» Delivery of packets
» Disassembling and reassembling of packets
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 How Internet Works…

Routing Traffic Across the Internet

• Most computers don't connect directly to the Internet. Instead,

they connect to a smaller network that is connected to the
Internet backbone.

• The Internet includes thousands of host computers (servers),

which provide data and services as requested by client systems.

• When you use the Internet, your PC (a client) requests data from a
host system. The request and data are broken into packets and
travel across multiple networks before being reassembled at their
destination.

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Network: consist of two or more connected computers

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 How Internet Works…

Addressing Schemes

• In order to communicate across the Internet, a computer must

have a unique address.

• Every computer on the Internet has a unique numeric

identifier, called an Internet Protocol (IP) address.

• Each IP address has four parts – each part a number between

0 and 255. An IP address might look like this:
e.g. 205.46.117.104

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 How Internet Works …
Domains and Sub domains
• In addition to an IP address, most Internet hosts or servers have a
Domain Name System (DNS) address, which uses words.

• A domain name identifies the type of institution that owns the

computer. An Internet server owned by IBM might have the
domain name ibm.com.

• The last part of the domain name is called the Top-Level Domain
(TLD) or Zone and is either two or three letters long.
• The second-to-last part of the domain name is called the Second-
Level Domain, and It chosen by the organization that owns the
computer. e.g. whitehouse.gov
ibm.com
slt.net 12
Three-letter zones (mainly used in the U.S.) indicate the type of organization that
owns the domain.

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Domains and Sub domains (cont.)

• The two-letter zones indicate the country in which the organization

that owns the computer is located.
e.g. U.S. - .us
Canadian - .ca
Sri Lankan - .lk

• Some enterprises have multiple servers, and identify them with

sub domains
e.g. products.ibm.com.

• Currently, domains in the com, edu, net and org zones are assigned
by Network Solutions’ InterNIC Registration Services, at
http://www.internic.net

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Internet governance is the development and
application of shared principles, norms, rules,
decision-making procedures, and programs that shape
the evolution and use of the Internet.

Principals of name spaces are administered by the Internet

Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) Including :

domain names
Internet Protocol (IP) addresses
application port numbers in the transport protocol
& many other parameters.

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 Internet governances…..
• The internet is a globally distributed network
comprising many voluntarily interconnected
autonomous network. It operates a central
governing…

• However,
to maintain interoperability, all technical & policy
aspects of the underlying core infrastructure & the
principal name spaces are administered by the
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names &
Numbers.. (ICANN)

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Major Features of the Internet

• The World Wide Web

• E-Mail

• News

• Telnet

• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

• Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

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 Major Features of the Internet…

The World Wide Web (WWW)

 The World Wide Web, abbreviated as WWW and commonly known
as the Web, is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via
the Internet.

 WWW is a part of the Internet, which supports hypertext documents,

allowing users to view and navigate different types of data.

 With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text,
images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them
via hyperlinks.

 Every Web page has an address, a Uniform Resource Locator (URL).

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 Hypertext
• Hypertext is text which contains links to other
texts.
• Hypertext, made famous by the World Wide
Web, is most simply a way of constructing
documents that reference other documents.
• Hypertext document is written in HTML Language.
 Hyper Text Markup Language
 Based on SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language)
 Describes the Structure of the document

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HTML Code
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Nixu International</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY background="/gfx/back1.gif">
<CENTER>
<IMG SRC="/gfx/logo.gif" ALT="Nixu Oy"><BR>
<H1><I>Nixu Oy</I></H1>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="/yhteysti.html">Contact us</A>
<LI><A HREF="/avoimett/">Jobs</A>
<LI><A HREF="/palvelut/">What we do</A>
<LI><A HREF="http://www.namesurfer.com/">
NameSurfer</A>
</UL>
</CENTER>
</BODY> </HTML>

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 URL
• Universal Resource Locator
• URL is an address to the current location of
information
protocol://host[:server port]/path/file.html
protocol://host[:server port]/path/
• For example
http://www.hut.fi/
http://www.nixu.fi/~kiravuo/etiketti/index.html
news:sfnet.harrastus.retkeily
ftp://ftp.funet.fi/rfc/

• WWW browser uses the URL address to retrieve a

document over the network
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This address is for an
Internet server that uses This site belongs to a
The hypertext transfer protocol. company named Glencoe.

This site is on the part To find the specific Web pages

of the Internet known that accompany this book, your
as the World Wide Web. browser follows the URL’s path
to a folder named “norton,” then
to a subfolder named “online.”

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 Hyperlink
• In computing, a hyperlink (or link) is
a reference to a document that the reader can
directly follow, or that is followed automatically.

• A hyperlink points to a whole document or to a

specific element within a document.

 HTML allows designers to link content together via

hyperlinks.

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 Web Browser
• A web browser or Internet browser is
a software application for retrieving,
presenting, and traversing information
resources on the World Wide Web.

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 Web Browsers
• The very first web browser was written by Tim burners Lee.

• Mosaic (1993) was first point-and-click browser, which was

written by Marc Andreessen and other undergraduate
students at the National Center for Supercomputing
Applications NCSA) in the United States.

• E.g.
• Internet Explore(IE)
• Firefox
• Opera
• Chrome
• Safari
• Netscape Navigator 26
 Browser
request for
information
SERVER
BROWSER

`Serversearches for the

information and sent it to
the browser

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 Search Engines
 A search engine is a piece of application software
that sits on a powerful computer ( a server) on the
Internet.
 Search engines keep track of information available on
the Internet.
 E.g.
• Googlewww.google.com)
• Excitewww.excite.com)
• Lycoswww.lycos.com)
• Info seek Guide(www.infoseek.com)
• WebCrawler(www.webcrawler.com)
• World wide web worm (www.goto.com)
• AltaVista (www.altavista.com) 28
Advantages
 Control over search: search terms can be combined as required

 search can be limited to period of time, field, source type etc..

 Currency of information made possible by regular addition by

web spiders.
 Best suited for complex keyword/concept searches.

Disadvantages
 False positives

 Search engines vary in terms of search

techniques/syntax
 Dead links, redundant links(same
document gets displayed)
 Spamming (salting of pages) 29
 Web Server
• Web servers are computers that deliver (serves up) Web
pages.
• In 1989 Tim Berners-Lee proposed The web servers
• Any computer can be turned into a Web server by installing
server software and connecting the machine to the Internet.
• web server refers to both hardware and software.
• E.g.
• Apache
• IIS (Internet Information Server)
• Tomcat
• Glassfish

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The world’s first web server
 Client server architecture
 The client-server model is a pattern of network
communication in which clients send requests to servers
over a computer network and the servers send back
responses.

 Servers are powerful computers or processes dedicated to

managing disk drives (file servers), printers (print servers), or
network traffic (network servers ).
 Each Web server has a unique address (IP address) and
domain name
 Provide services such as Web hosting

 Clients are PCs or workstations on which users run applications.

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Main process of web sever

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 Client-Side languages/styles

 HTML (Hyper Text Mark up Language) –

designing for the statistic web pages

 CSS (Cascade Style Sheets) – used to add styles

for the HTML pages.

 XML (Extensible Markup Language) - XML was

designed to transport and store data.

 Java Scripts - JavaScript is THE scripting

language of the Web.

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 Server-Side languages/styles

 PHP (Personal Home Page) - PHP is a powerful

tool for making dynamic and interactive Web
pages. Also Provides simple, but powerful
database access.

 ASP.NET (Active Server Pages) - ASP.NET is

an entirely new technology for server-side
Programming.

 JSP/Servlet – Server side technologies using

the Java Programming languages.
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Major Features of the Internet…

E-Mail

• Electronic mail (e-mail) is the most popular reason people use

the Internet.

• To create, send, and receive e-mail messages, you need an

e-mail program and an account on an Internet mail server
with a domain name.

• To use e-mail, a user must have an e-mail address, which you

create by adding your user name to the e-mail server's
domain name, as in
e.g jsmith@gmail.com.

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Major Features of the Internet…

News

• One Internet-based service, called news, includes tens of

thousands of newsgroups.

• Each newsgroup hosts discussions on a specific topic. A

newsgroup's name indicates its users' special topic of
interest, such as alt.food.cake.

• To participate in a newsgroup, you need a newsreader

program that lets you read articles that have been posted
on a news server. You can post articles for others to read
and respond to.

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Major Features of the Internet…

Telnet

• Telnet is a specialized service that lets you use one computer

to access the contents of another computer – a Telnet host.

• A Telnet program creates a "window" into the host so you

can access files, issue commands, and exchange data.

• Telnet is widely used by libraries, to allow visitors to look up

information, find articles, and so on.

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Major Features of the Internet…

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

 File transfer protocol (FTP) is the Internet tool used to copy

files from one computer to another.

 Using a special FTP program or a Web browser, you can log

into an FTP host computer over the Internet and copy files
onto your computer.

 FTP is handy for finding and copying software files, articles,

and other types of data. Universities and software companies
use FTP servers to provide visitors with access to data.

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 FTP (cont.)
• FTP, the protocol for exchanging files over the Internet.
• FTP works in the same way as HTTP for transferring Web pages
from a server to a user's browser and SMTP for
transferring electronic mail across the Internet in that, like these
technologies, FTP uses the Internet's TCP/IP protocols to enable
data transfer.

• FTP is most commonly used to download a file from a server

using the Internet or to upload a file to a server (e.g., uploading
a Web page file to a server).

• Transfer data reliably and efficiently

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 Anonymous FTP
• Using the Internet's File Transfer Protocol (FTP),
anonymous FTP is a method for giving users access to
files so that they don't need to identify themselves to
the server.
• Using an FTP program or the FTP command interface,
the user enters "anonymous" as a user ID. Usually, the
password is defaulted or furnished by the FTP server.
• Anonymous FTP is a common way to get access to a
server in order to view or download files that are
publicly available.
• If someone tells you to use anonymous FTP and gives
you the server name, just remember to use the word
"anonymous" for your user ID. Usually, you can enter
anything as a password.
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FTP Client Commands (issued by user interface)
Command Description
get filename Retrieve file from server

mget filename* Retrieve multiple files from server*

put filename Copy local file to server

mput filename* Copy multiple local files to server*

open server Begin login to server

bye / close / exit Logoff server

ls / dir List files in current remote dir on server

lcd Change local directory

cd Change remote directory

rhelp / remotehelp Lists commands the server accepts

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Major Features of the Internet…

Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

• Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a service that allows users to

communicate in real time by typing text in a special
window.

• Like news, there are hundreds of IRC "channels," each

devoted to a subject or user group.

• You can use a special IRC program to participate in

chatroom discussions, but many chatrooms are set up in
Web sites, enabling visitors to chat directly in their
browser window.
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 Online Services

• An online service is a company that provides

access to e-mail, discussion groups, databases
on various subjects, and the Internet.

• America Online, CompuServe, and Prodigy are

examples of popular online services.

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lesson review

• Name two organizations that created the network now called

the Internet.

• Explain the importance of TCP/IP to the Internet.

• Describe the basic structure of the Internet.

• Describe how Internet operate.

• List the major services the Internet provides to its users.

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