Cardiovascular system1

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY
LEC:1 Dr: Anass Moez

Cardiovascular system (CVS) consists of
-Heart ( is pump which circulates the blood round the body).
- Blood vessels (flow blood from the heart to cells and back to the heart).
hearts is a pulsatile two-chamber pump composed of an atrium and a

ventricle. Each atrium is a weak primer pump for the ventricle, helping to
move blood into the ventricle. The ventricles then supply the main
pumping force that propels the blood either
(1) through the pulmonary circulation by the right ventricle
(2) through the peripheral circulation by the left ventricle.
Physiology of Cardiac Muscle

The heart is composed of three major types of
- cardiac muscle: atrial muscle, ventricular muscle. The atrial and
ventricular types of muscle contract in much the same way as skeletal
muscle, except that the duration of contraction is much longer.
- specialized excitatory.
- conductive muscle fibers.
The specialized excitatory and conductive fibers contract only feebly
because they contain few contractile fibrils; they exhibit either
automatic rhythmical electrical discharge in the form of action
potentials or conduction of the action potentials through the heart,
providing an excitatory system that controls the rhythmical beating of the
heart
Innervations of the heart

The heart receives a rich supply of sympathetic and parasympathetic
nerve fibers. The parasympathetic contained in the vagus nerves release
acetylcholine which acts on the muscarinic receptors. The
sympathetic postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine
(noradrenaline) which acts on beta one (β 1) adrenergic receptors
distributed on cardiac muscle. The circulating epinephrine hormone
from adrenal medulla also combines with the same receptors (β1
receptors).
Blood supply of the heart
The myocardial cells receive their blood supply through arteries that
branch from the aorta, named coronary arteries.
Coronary veins drain into a single large vein, the coronary sinus, which
drain into the right atrium.
The function of the heart valves

The atrioventricular valves (AV valves) are composed of thin
membranous cusps (fibrous flaps of tissue covered with endothelium),
which hang down in the ventricular cavities during diastole. After atrial
contraction and just before ventricular contraction, the AV valves begin
to close and the cusps come together by mean of backflow of the blood in
the ventricles towards the atria.
The AV valves include:

1. The mitral valve; the left AV valve; bicuspid valve, which consists of
two cusps (anterior and posterior), located between left atrium and left
ventricle.
2. The tricuspid valve; the right AV valve, which consists of three cusps,
located between right atrium and right ventricle.
The function of AV valves is to prevent backflow (prevent
regurgitation; leakage) of blood into the atria during ventricular
contraction. Normally they allow blood to flow from the atrium to the
ventricle during diastole but prevent backward flow from the ventricle to
the atria during systolic. The atrioventricular valves supported by
papillary muscles.
The aortic and pulmonary valves

Each valve consist of three semilunar cusps that resemble pockets
projecting into the lumen of aorta and pulmonary trunk. They contain no
papillary muscle. During diastole the cusps of these valves become
closely approximated to prevent regurgitation of blood from aorta
and pulmonary arteries into the ventricles. During systole the cusps
are open towards arterial wall, leaving a wide opening for ejection of
blood from the ventricles. In other words, the pulmonary and aortic
valves allow blood to flow into the arteries during ventricular contraction
(systole) but prevent blood from moving in the opposite direction during
ventricular relaxation (diastole).
All valves close and open passively. That is, they close when a
backward pressure gradient pushes blood backward, and they open
when a forward pressure gradient forces blood in the forward
direction.
*There are no valves at entrance of superior, inferior vena cava and
pulmonary veins into the atria.
mitral valve
aortic valve
Heart Sounds
When the stethoscope is placed on the chest wall over the heart, two
sounds are normally heard during each cardiac cycle (1st & 2nd heart
sounds). Heart sounds are associated with closure of the valves with
their associated vibration of the flaps of the valves and the
surrounding blood under the influence of the sudden pressure
changes that develop across the valve. That is, heart sound does not
produced by the opening of the valve because this opening is a slow
developing process that makes no noise.
1-The first heart sound (S1): is caused by closure of the AV valves

when ventricles contract at systole. The vibration is soft, low-pitched.
lub.
2-The second heart sound (S2): is caused by closure of the aortic and
pulmonary valves when the ventricles relax at the beginning of
diastole. The vibration is loud, high-pitched dup.
3-The third heart sound (S3): is caused by rapid filling of the ventricles,
by blood that flow with a rumbling motion into the almost filled
ventricles; at the middle one third (1/3) of diastole
4-The fourth heart sound (S4): it is an atrial sound when the atria
contract (at late diastole). It is a vibration sound (similar to that of S 3)
associated with the flow of blood into the ventricle.
Heart murmurs
They are abnormal sounds, can be produced by blood flowing rapidly in
the usual direction but through an abnormally narrowed valve (stenosis),
by blood flowing backward through a damaged, leaky valve
(incompetent, regurgitant valve) or by blood flowing between the two
atria or two ventricles through a small hole: ASD (atrial septal defect),
VSD (ventricular septal defect).

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CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

LEC:1 Dr: Anass Moez

hearts is a pulsatile two-chamber pump composed of an atrium and a

(1) through the pulmonary circulation by the right ventricle

(2) through the peripheral circulation by the left ventricle.

Physiology of Cardiac Muscle

Innervations of the heart

The function of the heart valves

The AV valves include:

The aortic and pulmonary valves

1-The first heart sound (S1): is caused by closure of the AV valves

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