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Lecture 5

lecture on fluid dynamics

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Abdullah Muhammad
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13 views

Lecture 5

lecture on fluid dynamics

Uploaded by

Abdullah Muhammad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Review of Vector

Relations
Models of the Fluid
Lecture : 5

References
T1/2.2, 2.3

Sqn Ldr Tauha Irfan Khan


Last Lecture

➢ Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface

➢ Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability


Today’s Lecture

➢ Review of Vector Relations

➢ Models of the Fluid

➢ Control Volumes

➢ Fluid Elements
Coordinate Systems

Cartesian Coordinates Cylindrical Coordinates Spherical Coordinates


Scalar and Vector Fields
• A scalar quantity given as a function of coordinate space and time t is called a
scalar field
p = p(x,y,z,t) = p(r,,z,t) = p(r,,,t)
T = T(x,y,z,t) = T(r,,z,t) = T(r,,,t)
 = (x,y,z,t) = (r,,z,t) = (r,,,t)
• A vector quantity given as a function of coordinate space and time t is called a
vector field
V = V(x,y,z,t) = Vxi+Vyj+Vzk
Vx = Vx(x,y,z,t)
Vy = Vy(x,y,z,t)
Vz = Vz(x,y,z,t)
Vector Algebra
Vector Algebra
Vector Algebra
Vector Calculus
Gradient of a Scalar Field
Gradient of Pressure (P) at given point in space is defined as a vector such that:
– Its magnitude is the maximum rate of change of “p” per unit length of that coordinate space at
the given point
– Its direction is that of the max rate of change of “p” at the given point
Vector Calculus
Divergence of a Vector Field
Consider vector field for Velocity
• Indicates how much a vector field is spreading out or coming together at given point
– It is a scalar property
• Time rate of change of volume of a fixed mass, per unit volume of that element, is
equal to the divergence of V, denoted by .V
Vector Calculus
Curl of a Vector Field
Consider vector field for Velocity
• The rotation of the flow field is represented in the form of curl of V,
denoted by  x V
– It is a vector property
Line Integrals
Surface Integrals
Volume Integrals
Relations between Line, Surface & Volume Integrals
Models of the Fluid
• Three basic approaches
– Control Volume or large-scale analysis
• Based on average values at the boundary – gives useful engineering estimates

– Differential or small-scale analysis


• Can be applied to any problem – use of CFD for getting good estimates for almost any
geometry

– Molecular Approach
– Third model of the flow can be a microscopic approach wherein the fundamental laws of
nature are applied directly to the atoms and molecules, using suitable statistical averaging to
define the resulting fluid properties. (beyond the scope of present course)
Finite Control Volume Approach
• Imagine a closed volume drawn within a finite region of the flow. This volume
defines a control volume V, and a control surface S is defined as the closed surface
which bounds the control volume
• Control Volume (CV) is reasonably large, finite region of the flow
Finite Control Volume Approach
Infinitesimal Fluid Element Approach
• Imagine an infinitesimally small fluid element in the flow, with a differential volume
dV. The fluid element is infinitesimal in the same sense as differential calculus;
however, it is large enough to contain a huge number of molecules so that it can be
viewed as a continuous medium
• Fundamental physical principles applied to just the fluid element itself

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