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SQL [Structured Query Language]

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patilvilohith20
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5 views

SQL [Structured Query Language]

Uploaded by

patilvilohith20
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Here are the notes on SQL (Structured

Query Language) that cover the key


topics:
1. SQL Basics
• Introduction to SQL: SQL is a standard
language used to interact with relational
databases. It allows users to create, read,
update, and delete data stored in a database.
• Data Types: SQL supports various data types,
including:
o Numeric Types: INT, FLOAT, DECIMAL,
etc.
o Character Types: CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT,
etc.
o Date and Time Types: DATE, TIME,
DATETIME, etc.
o Boolean: BOOLEAN
• DDL (Data Definition Language) Commands:
Used to define the structure of a database.
o CREATE: Create new tables, databases,
indexes, etc.
o ALTER: Modify existing database objects
like tables.
o DROP: Delete tables, databases, indexes,
etc.
o TRUNCATE: Remove all records from a
table, but not the table itself.
2. SQL DML (Data Manipulation Language)
• SELECT: Retrieve data from one or more
tables.
o Syntax: SELECT column1, column2 FROM
table_name WHERE condition;
• INSERT: Add new records to a table.
o Syntax: INSERT INTO table_name
(column1, column2) VALUES (value1,
value2);
• UPDATE: Modify existing records in a table.
o Syntax: UPDATE table_name SET column1
= value1 WHERE condition;
• DELETE: Remove records from a table.
o Syntax: DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
3. Advanced SQL
• Joins: Combine rows from two or more tables
based on a related column.
o INNER JOIN: Returns only the rows with
matching values in both tables.
o LEFT JOIN: Returns all rows from the left
table and matched rows from the right
table.
o RIGHT JOIN: Returns all rows from the
right table and matched rows from the
left table.
o FULL OUTER JOIN: Returns all rows when
there is a match in either table.
• Subqueries: Nested queries used to perform
operations on the result of another query.
o Example: SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE
column1 = (SELECT MAX(column1) FROM
table2);
• Aggregate Functions: Perform calculations on
a set of values and return a single value.
o COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), MAX(), MIN()
• Grouping: Organize data into groups and
perform aggregate functions.
o Syntax: SELECT column1, COUNT(*)
FROM table_name GROUP BY column1;
• Sorting: Arrange data in ascending or
descending order.
o Syntax: SELECT * FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1 ASC;
4. PL/SQL and Triggers
• Introduction to PL/SQL: Procedural Language
extensions to SQL, used for writing complex
queries, loops, and conditions.
• Cursors: Temporary work area created in
memory to execute SQL statements and store
the result.
o Implicit Cursor: Automatically created by
SQL whenever a DML statement is
executed.
o Explicit Cursor: Defined by the user for
queries returning multiple rows.
• Stored Procedures: Precompiled collections
of SQL statements stored under a name and
executed as a unit.
o Syntax: CREATE PROCEDURE
procedure_name AS BEGIN -- SQL
statements END;
• Triggers: Automatically execute a specified
set of SQL statements when a specific event
occurs on a table.
o Syntax: CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name
BEFORE/AFTER INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE
ON table_name FOR EACH ROW BEGIN --
SQL statements END;
These notes provide a comprehensive
overview of SQL, from basic commands
to advanced features like PL/SQL and
triggers.

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