ATOMS PPT

Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen
1) Rutherford’s Model
2) Electrons emit radiations where accelerated
3) Planck’s Quantum Theory
Pre – requisits
𝑘𝑞1 𝑞2
Coulumbic Force =
𝑟2
Centrifugal Force =
𝑟2
Postulate 1
a) Atom has a nucleus where all protons and

neutrons are present.
b) The size of nucleus is very small and it is
present at the centre of the atom.
Postulate 2
a) Negatively charged electron are

revolving around the nucleus in the
same way as the planets are revolving
around the sun.
b)The path of electron is circular.
c) The attraction force (Coulombic or
electrostatic force) between nucleus
and electron is equal to the
centrifugal force on electron.
Postulate 3
a) Electrons can revolve only in those orbits whose angular momentum

𝑚𝑣𝑟 ℎ
ℎ
is integral multiple of
2𝜋
Postulate 4
a) The orbits in which electron can revolve are known as Stationary

Orbits because in these orbits energy of electron is always constant.
b) This means in these the electron’s acceleration does not result in
radiation and energy loss as required by classical electromagnetics.
Postulate 5
Each stationary orbit is associated with definite amount of energy

therefore these orbits are also called as energy levels and are numbered
as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …. Or K, L, M, N, O, ….. From the nucleus outwards.
Postulate 6
a) The emission or absorbtion of energy in the form of photon can only

occur when electron jumps for one stationary state to another and it
is
∆𝐸 = 𝐸𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 −𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒
b) Energy is absorbed when electron jumps from inner to outer orbit and
is emitted when electron moves from outer to inner orbit.
Only certain orbits whose radii are given by the above equation are
available for the electron. The greater the value of n, i.e., farther the
energy level from the nucleus greater is the radius.
The radius of the smallest orbit (n = 1) for hydrogen atom (z = !) is 𝑟𝑜 .
Q) Calculate the radius of 1𝑠𝑡 , 2𝑛𝑑 , 3𝑟𝑑 , 4𝑡ℎ Bohr’s Orbit of hydrogen.
Q) Calculate the radius of 1𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑛𝑑 Bohr’s Orbit of 𝐻𝑒 + .
Q) Calculate the radius ratio of 2𝑛𝑑 orbit of hydrogen and 3𝑟𝑑 orbit of
𝐿𝑖 +2 .
Q) The ratio of the radius of two Bohr’s orbit of 𝐿𝑖 +2 is 1:9. What would
be their nomenclature.
(1) K and L
(2) L and M
(3) K and M
(4) K and N
Q) If the P.E. of an electron is -6.8 eV in hydrogen atom then find out
K.E. and E of orbit where electron exists and radius of that orbit.
Q) If the total energy of an electron is -1.51 eV in hydrogen atom then
find out K.E, P.E, orbits radius and velocity of the electron in that orbit.
Ground State
Lowest energy state of an atom or ion is called ground state of the
atom.
Ground state energy of H-atom = -13.6 eV
Ground state energy of 𝐻𝑒 + Ion + -54.4 eV
Excited state
States of atom other than the ground state are called excited ststes
N = 2 first excited state
N = 3 second excited state
N = 4 third excited state
N = n + 1 nth excited stste
Excitation Energy
Energy required to move an electron from ground state of the atom to
any other state of the atom to any other state of the atom is called
exciation energy of the state.
Ionisation energy (IE)
Minimum energy required to move an electron from ground state to n = 0
is called ionization energy of the atom or ion.
Ionisation energy of H-atom = 13.6 ev
Ionisation energy of 𝐻𝑒 + ion + 54.4 ev
Binding Energy
Energy required to move an electron from any state to n = o is called
binding energy of that state.
Binding energy of ground state = I.E. of atom or Ion.
Hydrogen Spectrum Rydberg Formula
Bohr’s model successfully explained the hydrogen spectrum!
Spectrum
Emission
Absorption
Emission Spectrum
When the radiation emitted is past directly through the prism and then
received on the screen then the obtained spectrum is called as emission
spectrum
Emission continuous spectrum
Emission Line Spectrum
When any atomic gas, for example H gas, is given energy, it absorbs
energy. It’s electron are excited to higher levels. When they come back
to lower levels, they emit radiations. This results in formation of line
spectrum
Bohr’s Experimental
Emission Bond Spectrum
When any molecular gas is given energy, it absorbs energy. It’s electron
are excited to higher levels. When they come back to lower levels, they
emit radiations. This results in formation of band spectrum
No two elements will have identical line spectrum since no two elements
have identical energy level therefore the line spectrum of every
elements is unique, hence it is used to identify the elements.
𝑍2
E = -13.6 x eV/atom
𝑛2
Since line spectrum is obtained by the emission of energy through the

atoms of the element therefore line spectrum is called as atomic
spectrum.
Hydrogen line spectrum
When a radiation is applied on atomic hydrogen gas at Low pressure, a
bluish light is emitted. When a ray of this light is passed through a
prism, a spectrum of several isolated sharp line is obtained.
The wavelength of various lines show that spectrum lines lie in Visible,
ultraviolet and Infra red region.
Q) In a hydrogen spectrum if electron moves from 7 to 1 orbit by
transition in multi steps then find out the total number of lines in the
spectrum.
Q) In a hydrogen spectrum if electron moves from 6𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑜 3𝑟𝑑 orbit by
transition in multi steps then find out the following:
(a) Total number of lines in spectrum
(b) Total number of lines in U.V. region
(c) Total number of lines in visible region
(d) Total number of lines in IR region
Q) In Balmer series of H spectrum, which electronic transition represents
3𝑟𝑑 line?
Energy during
transitions
Q) Calculate the wavelength of 1𝑠𝑡 line of Balmer series in
Hydroen spectrum.

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Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen

a) Atom has a nucleus where all protons and

a) Negatively charged electron are

a) Electrons can revolve only in those orbits whose angular momentum

a) The orbits in which electron can revolve are known as Stationary

Each stationary orbit is associated with definite amount of energy

a) The emission or absorbtion of energy in the form of photon can only

Since line spectrum is obtained by the emission of energy through the

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