Lecture 21

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Microbial Growth kinetics
The Bacterial growth curve

In closed system or batch culture, the microbial growth curve is typical S-shaped or
has sigmoidal nature.
Four characteristic phases of the growth cycle are recognized.

1. Lag Phase.
Immediately after inoculation of the cells into fresh medium, the population
remains temporarily unchanged. Although there is no apparent cell division
occurring, the cells may be growing in volume or mass, synthesizing enzymes,
proteins, RNA, etc., and increasing in metabolic activity.
The length of the lag phase is apparently dependent on a wide variety of factors
including the size of the inoculum; time necessary to recover from physical
damage or shock in the transfer; time required for synthesis of essential
coenzymes or division factors; and time required for synthesis of new (inducible)
enzymes that are necessary to metabolize the substrates present in the medium.
2. Exponential (log) Phase.
The exponential phase of growth is a pattern of balanced growth wherein all the
cells are dividing regularly by binary fission, and are growing by geometric
progression.
The cells divide at a constant rate depending upon the composition of the
growth medium and the conditions of incubation.
The rate of exponential growth of a bacterial culture is expressed as

generation time, also the doubling time of the bacterial population.
Generation time (G) is defined as the time (t) per generation (n = number of
generations). Hence, G=t/n is the equation from which calculations of
generation time is derived.
Exponential growth is balanced growth.

That is, all cellular constituents are manufactured at constant rates relative to
each other. If nutrient levels or other environmental conditions change,
unbalanced growth results
3. Stationary Phase.
Exponential growth cannot be continued forever in a batch culture (e.g. a closed
system such as a test tube or flask). Population growth is limited by one of three
factors:
1. exhaustion of available nutrients;
2. accumulation of inhibitory metabolites or end products;
3. exhaustion of space, in this case called a lack of "biological space".
This stationary phase usually is attained by bacteria at a population level of

around 109 cells per ml.
During the stationary phase, if viable cells are being counted, it cannot be
determined whether some cells are dying and an equal number of cells are
dividing, or the population of cells has simply stopped growing and dividing. The
stationary phase, like the lag phase, is not necessarily a period of quiescence.
Bacteria that produce secondary metabolites, such as antibiotics, do so during

the stationary phase of the growth cycle (Secondary metabolites are defined as
metabolites produced after the active stage of growth). It is during the stationary
phase that spore-forming bacteria have to induce or unmask the activity of dozens
of genes that may be involved in sporulation process.
4. Death Phase.
If incubation continues after the population reaches stationary phase, a death

phase follows, in which the viable cell population declines. (Note, if counting by
turbidimetric measurements or microscopic counts, the death phase cannot be
observed.).
During the death phase, the number of viable cells decreases geometrically
(exponentially), essentially the reverse of growth during the log phase.
The death of a microbial population, like its growth during the exponential phase,
is usually logarithmic (that is, a constant proportion of cells dies every hour).
Generation time: The time taken by the bacteria to double in number during a
specified time period is known as the generation time. The generation time
tends to vary with different organisms.
E.coli divides in every 20 minutes, hence its generation time is 20 minutes,

and for Staphylococcus aureus it is 30 minutes.
When growing exponentially by binary fission, the increase in a bacterial

population is by geometric progression. If we start with one cell, when it divides,
there are 2 cells in the first generation, 4 cells in the second generation, 8 cells
in the third generation, and so on.
The generation time is the time interval required for the cells (or population) to
divide.
G (generation time) = t (time, in minutes or hours) / n (number of generations)

Example: Suppose that a culture tube is inoculated with one cell that
divides every 20 minutes. The population will be 2 cells after 20 minutes, 4
cells after 40 minutes, and so forth. Because the population is doubling
every generation, the increase in population is always 2n where n is the
number of generations. The resulting population increase is exponential or
logarithmic.
Example: What is the generation time of a bacterial population that increases
from 10,000 cells to 10,000,000 cells in four hours of growth?
Arithmetic growth
Arithmetic growth refers to the situation where a microbial population
increases by a constant number of persons (or other objects) in each period
being analysed.
Geometric growth
Geometric growth refers to the situation where successive changes in a

population differ by a constant ratio (as distinct from a constant amount for
arithmetic change).
Exponential or Logarithmic Growth:
As growth of bacteria takes place through binary fission, a single bacterium (1)
grows as 1,2,4,8,16 and so on, which can also be expressed as 1 x 20, 1 x 21, 1 x
22, 1 x 23, 1 x 24,……………….. 1 x 2n respectively. This type of growth, in which
the number of cells doubles during each unit time (generation time), is called
‘exponential growth’ or ‘logarithmic growth’. Logarithmic growth is much faster
than arithmetic growth (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7….) or geometric growth (1, 2, 4, 8, 16,
32……).
Though, apparently it follows geometric growth, after few generations it grows as
1, 10, 100, 1000, 10000………. (100, 101, 102, 103, 104……..) Whose logarithmic
values are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4……..respectively?

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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY

The Bacterial growth curve

Four characteristic phases of the growth cycle are recognized.

The rate of exponential growth of a bacterial culture is expressed as

Exponential growth is balanced growth.

This stationary phase usually is attained by bacteria at a population level of

Bacteria that produce secondary metabolites, such as antibiotics, do so during

If incubation continues after the population reaches stationary phase, a death

E.coli divides in every 20 minutes, hence its generation time is 20 minutes,

When growing exponentially by binary fission, the increase in a bacterial

G (generation time) = t (time, in minutes or hours) / n (number of generations)

Geometric growth refers to the situation where successive changes in a

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