Notes - CSCO 2302 Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms. Londhe K.W.) 5JavaScript Programs ‘A computer program is a list of “instructions” to be "executed" by a computer. Ina programming language, these programming instructions are called statements. A JavaScript program is a list of programming statements. JavaScript Statements JavaScript statements are composed of: Values, Operators, Expressions, Keywords, and Comments. This statement tells the browser to write "Hello Dolly.” inside an HTML element with i document.getElementByld("demo").innerHTML = "Hello Dolly."; Most JavaScript programs contain many JavaScript statements. The statements are executed, one by one, in the same order as they are written. Semicolons ; Semicolons separate JavaScript statements. ‘Add a semicolon at the end of each executable statement: let a, b,c; // Declare 3 variables // Assign the value 5 toa b=6; — // Assign the value 6 tob c=atb; // Assign the sum of aandbtoc ‘When separated by semicolons, multiple statements on one line are allowed: jb=6;c=a+b; JavaScript White Space JavaScript ignores multiple spaces. You can add white space to your script to make it more readable. The following lines are equivalent: let person = "Hege"; JavaScript Line Length and Line Breaks For best readability, programmers often like to avoid code lines longer than 80 characters. If a JavaScript statement does not fit on one line, the best place to break it is after an operator: document.getélementByld("‘demo").innerHTML = "Hello Doliy!"; JavaScript Code Blocks JavaScript statements can be grouped together in code blocks, inside curly brackets (...}. The purpose of code blocks is to define statements to be executed together. ‘One place you will find statements grouped together in blocks, is in JavaScript functions: Notes - CSCO 2302 - Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms, Londhe K.W.)function myFunction() { document. getElementByld("demo1").innerHTML = "Hello Dolly! document. getElementByld("demo2").innerHTML = "How are you?" } JavaScript Keywords JavaScript statements often start with a keyword to identify the JavaScript action to be performed. Our Reserved Words Reference lists all JavaScript keywords. JavaScript keywords are reserved words. Reserved words cannot be used as names for variables. Here is a list of some of the keywords you will learn about in this tutorial: Keyword | Description Var Declares a variable Let Declares a block variable Const Declares a block constant If Marks a block of statements to be executed on a condition Switch | Marksa block of statements to be executed in different cases For Marks a block of statements to be executed in a loop Function | Declares a function Return _| Exits a function Try Implements error handling to a block of statements JavaScript syntax is the set of rules, how JavaScript programs are constructed: // How to create variables: var x; let ys // How to use variables: letz= x+y; JavaScript Values The JavaScript syntax defines two types of values: Fixed values Variable values Fixed values are called Literals. Variable values are called Variables. JavaScript Literals The two most important syntax rules for fixed values are: 1. Numbers are written with or without decimals: 10.50 1001 Notes - CSCO 2302 Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms. Londhe K.W.)2. Strings are text, written within double or single quotes: “John Doe" ‘John Doe! JavaScript Variables In a programming language, variables are used to store data values. JavaScript uses the keywords var, let and const to declare variables, ‘An equal sign is used to assign values to variables. In this example, x is defined as a variable. Then, xis assigned (given) the value 6: let x; JavaScript Operators JavaScript uses arithmetic operators | + - * / ) to compute values: (5 +6)* 10 JavaScript uses an assignment operator ( = ) to assign values to variables: let x, v5 ye JavaScript Expressions An expression is a combination of values, variables, and operators, which computes to a value. The computation is called an evaluation, For example, 5 * 10 evaluates to 50: 5*10 Expressions can also contain variable values: x*10 The values can be of various types, such as numbers and strings. For example, "John" + "" + "Doe", evaluates to "John Doe”. "John" +""+"Doe" JavaScript Keywords JavaScript keywords are used to identify actions to be performed. The let keyword tells the browser to create variables: let x, ys x=546; * 10; The var keyword also tells the browser to create variables: var x, ¥i x=54+6; yex*10; Notes - CSCO 2302 - Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms, Londhe K.W.)JavaScript Comments Not all JavaScript statements are “executed”. Code after double slashes // or between /* and */ is treated as a comment. Comments are ignored, and will not be executed: letx=5; //|will be executed //x=6; | will NOT be executed JavaScript Identifiers / Names Identifiers are JavaScript names. Identifiers are used to name variables and keywords, and functions. The rules for legal names are the same in most programming languages. A JavaScript name must begin with: Aletter (A-Z or a-2) A dollar sign ($) Or an underscore (_) Subsequent characters may be letters, digits, underscores, or dollar signs. Note Numbers are not allowed as the first character in names. This way JavaScript can easily distinguish identifiers from numbers. JavaScript is Case Sensitive All JavaScript identifiers are case sensitive. The variables lastName and lastname, are two different variables: let lastname, lastName; lastNam lastname i JavaScript does not interpret LET or Let as the keyword let. JavaScript and Camel Case Historically, programmers have used different ways of joining multiple words into one variable name: Hyphens: first-name, last-name, master-card, inter-city. Hyphens are not allowed in JavaScript. They are reserved for subtractions, Underscor first_name, last_name, master_card, inter_city, Upper Camel Case (Pascal Case): FirstName, LastName, MasterCard, InterCity. Lower Camel Case: Notes - CSCO 2302 Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms. Londhe K.W.)JavaScript programmers tend to use camel case that starts with a lowercase letter: firstName, lastName, masterCard, interCity. JavaScript Character Set JavaScript uses the Unicode character set. Unicode covers (almost) all the characters, punctuations, and symbols in the world. JavaScript comments can be used to explain JavaScript code, and to make it more readable. JavaScript comments can also be used to prevent execution, when testing alternative code, Single Line Comments Single line comments start with //. Any text between // and the end of the line will be ignored by JavaScript (will not be executed). This example uses a single-line comment before each code line: // Change heading: document.getElementByld("myl").innerHTML = "My First Page"; // Change paragraph document.getélementByld('my?").innerHTML = "My first paragraph."; This example uses a single line comment at the end of each line to explain the code: letx=5; // Declare x, give it the value of 5 let y=x +2; // Declare y, give it the value of x+2 Multi-line Comments Multi-line comments start with /* and end with */. Any text between /* and */ will be ignored by JavaScript, This example uses a multi-line comment (a comment block) to explain the code: r The code below will change the heading with id = "myH" and the paragraph with id = "myP" in my web page’ 7% document.getélementByld"my").innerHTML = "My First Page"; document.getElementByld("myP").innerHTML = "My first paragraph."; Itis most common to use single line comments. Block comments are often used for formal documentation. Using Comments to Prevent Execution Using comments to prevent execution of code is suitable for code testing, ‘Adding // in front of a code line changes the code lines from an executable line to a comment. Notes - CSCO 2302 Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms. Londhe K.W.) 10Nn of one of the code lines: My First Page" ‘My first paragraph."; This example uses // to prevent exec //document.getElementByld("myH").innerHTM| document getlementByld(" myP").innerHTM This example uses a comment block to prevent execution of multiple lines: r document.getElementByld("myH")innerHTMI document.getElementByld("myP") innerHTM A ‘My First Page"; ‘My first paragraph."; 4 Ways to Declare a JavaScript Variabl Using var Using let Using const Using nothing What are Variables? Variables are containers for storing data (storing data values). In this example, x, y, and z, are variables, declared with the var keyword: var x= 5; var y = 6; var 2= x+y; In this example, x, y, and z, are variables, declared with the let keyword: letx=5; let y=6; letz=x+y3 In this example, x, y, and z, are undeclared variables: x25; y=6; Zexty; From all the examples above, you can guess: x stores the value 5 y stores the value 6 zstores the value 11 When to Use JavaScript var? Always declare JavaScript variables with var,let, orconst. The var keyword is used in all JavaScript code from 1995 to 2015. The let and const keywords were added to JavaScript in 2015, If you want your code to run in older browsers, you must use var. When to Use JavaScript const? If you want a general rule: always declare variables with const. If you think the value of the variable can change, use let. Notes - CSCO 2302 Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms. Londhe K.W.) 1In this example, price1, price2, and total, are variables: const pricel = 5; const price2 = 6; let total = price1 + price2; The two variables price and price2 are declared with the const keyword. ‘These are constant values and cannot be changed. The variable total is declared with the let keyword. This is a value that can be changed. JavaScript Identifiers Al JavaScript variables must be identified with unique names. These unique names are called identifiers. Identifiers can be short names (like x and y) or more descriptive names (age, sum, totalVolume). The general rules for constructing names for variables (unique identifiers) are: Names can contain letters, Names must begin with a letter. Names can also begin with $ and _ (but we will not use it in this tutorial). Names are case sensitive (y and Y are different variables). Reserved words (like JavaScript keywords) cannot be used as names. Note JavaScript identifiers are case-sensitive. igits, underscores, and dollar signs. The Assignment Operator In JavaScript, the equal sign (=) is an "assignment" operator, not an “equal to" operator, This is different from algebra. The following does not make sense in algebra: X=XtS In JavaScript, however, it makes perfect sense: it assigns the value of x +5 to x. ((t calculates the value of x + 5 and puts the result into x. The value of x is incremented by 5.) Note The “equal to” operator is written like JavaScript Data Types JavaScript variables can hold numbers like 100 and text values like "John Doe". In programming, text values are called text strings. JavaScript can handle many types of data, but for now, just think of numbers and strings. Strings are written inside double or single quotes. Numbers are written without quotes. If you put a number in quotes, it will be treated as a text string. const pi= 3.14; let person = "John Doe"; let answer = 'Yes | am!"; in JavaScript. Notes - CSCO 2302 Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms. Londhe K.W.) 12Declaring a JavaScript Variable Creating a variable in JavaScript is called "declaring" a variable. You declare a JavaScript variable with the var or the let keyword: var carName; let carName; After the declaration, the variable has no value (technically it is undefined). To assign a value to the variable, use the equal sign: carName = "Volvo"; You can also assign a value to the variable when you declare it: let carName In the example below, we create a variable called carName and assign the value "Volvo" to it. Then we “output” the value inside an HTML paragraph with id="derno”:

Note It's a good programming practice to declare all variables at the beginning of a script. ‘One Statement, Many Variables You can declare many variables in one statement. Start the statement with let and separate the variables by comma: let person = "John Doe", carName = "Volvo", price = 20 A declaration can span multiple lines: let person = "John Doe", carName = "Volvo", nnerHTML = carName; Value = undefined In computer programs, variables are often declared without a value. The value can be something that has to be calculated, or something that will be provided later, like user input. Avariable declared without a value will have the value undefined. The variable carName will have the value undefined after the execution of this statement: let carName; Re-Declaring JavaScript Variables If you re-declare a JavaScript variable declared with var, it will not lose its value. The variable carNName will still have the value "Volvo" after the execution of these statements: var carName var carName; Volvo"; Note You cannot re-declare a variable declared with let or const. Notes - CSCO 2302 Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms. Londhe K.W.) 13This will not work: let carName = "Volvo"; let carName; JavaScript Arithmetic As with algebra, you can do arithmetic with JavaScript variables, using operators like = and + letx=5 +243; You can also add strings, but strings will be concatenated: let x= "John" +""+ "Doe"; Also try this: letx="5"+243; Note If you put a number in quotes, the rest of the numbers will be treated as strings, and concatenated. letx=2+3+"5"; JavaScript Dollar Sign $ Since JavaScript treats a dollar sign as a letter, identifiers containing $ are valid variable names: let $ = "Hello World"; let $$$ = 2; let $myMoney = 5; Using the dollar sign is not very common in JavaScript, but professional programmers often use it as an alias for the main function in a JavaScript library. In the JavaScript library jQuery, for instance, the main function $ is used to select HTML elements. In iQuery $("p"); means “select all p elements". JavaScript Underscore (_) Since JavaScript treats underscore as a letter, identifiers containing _ are valid variable names: let _lastName = "Johnson"; let _x=2; let _100 = 5; let keyword The let keyword was introduced in ES6 (2015), Variables defined with let cannot be Redeclared. Variables defined with let must be Declared before use. Variables defined with let have Block Scope, Cannot be Redeclared Variables defined with let cannot be redeclared. You cannot accidentally redeclare a variable. With let you can not dot let x= "John Doe"; letx=0; // SyntaxError: 'x’ has already been declared Notes - CSCO 2302 Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms. Londhe K.W.) 14With var you can: Block Scope Before ES6 (2015), JavaScript had only Global Scope and Function Scope. ES6 introduced two important new JavaScript keywords: let and const. These two keywords provide Block Scope in JavaScript. Variables declared inside a { } block cannot be accessed from outside the block: { let x= 2; } //xcan NOT be used here Variables declared with the var keyword can NOT have block scope. Variables declared inside a { } block can be accessed from outside the block. { varx= 2; } //xCAN be used here Redeclaring Variables Redeclaring a variable using the var keyword can impose problems. Redeclaring a variable inside a block will also redeclare the variable ou var x= 10; //Here xis 10 { var x= 2; If Here xis 2 } // Here xis2 the block: Redeclaring a variable using the let keyword can solve this problem. Redeclaring a variable inside a block will not redeclare the variable outside the block: let x= 10; // Here xis 10 { let x= 2; // Here xis2 } // Here xis 10 Notes - CSCO 2302 Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms. Londhe K.W.) 15Redeclaring Redeclaring a JavaScript variable with var is allowed anywhere in a program: var x= 2; // Now xis 2 var x= 3; 1/ Now xis 3 With let, redeclaring a variable in the same block is NOT allowed: var x= 2; // Allowed letx=3; // Not allowed { letx=2; // Allowed letx=3; // Not allowed Redeclaring a variable with let, in another block, IS allowed: letx=2; // Allowed // Allowed i I Allowed const keyword The const keyword was introduced in ES6 (2015) Variables defined with const cannot be Redeclared. Variables defined with const cannot be Reassigned. Variables defined with const have Block Scope. Cannot be Reassigned A const variable cannot be reassigned: const PI = 3.141592653589793; Pl= 3.14; // This will give an error PL= PI+ 10; // This will also give an error Notes - CSCO 2302 Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms. Londhe K.W.) 16Must be Assigned JavaScript const variables must be assigned a value when they are declared: const PI = 3.14159265359; When to use JavaScript con: Always declare a variable with const when you know that the value should not be changed. Use const when you declare: Anew Array Anew Object Anew Function Anew RegExp Constant Objects and Arrays The keyword const is a little misleading It does not define a constant value. It defines a constant reference toa value. Because of this you can NOT: Reassign a constant value Reassign a constant array Reassign a constant object But you CAN: Change the elements of constant array Change the properties of constant object Constant Arrays You can change the elements of a constant array: //Nou can create a constant array: const cars = ["Saab", "Volvo", "BMW"]; // You can change an element: cars[0] = "Toyota"; //You can add an element: cars.push("Audi}; But you can NOT reassign the arra const cars = ["Saab", "Volvo", "BMW"]; cars = ["Toyota", "Volvo", "Audi"]; // ERROR Notes - CSCO 2302 Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms. Londhe K.W.) 7Constant Objects You can change the properties of a constant object: //Nou can create a const object: const car = {type:"Fiat", mode|:"500", color:"white"}; //You can change a property: car.color = "red"; //You can add a property: car.owner = "Johnson"; But you can NOT reassign the object: const car = {type:"Fiat", model:"500", color:"white"}; car = {type:"Volvo", model:"—X60", color:"red"};_// ERROR JavaScript Operators The assignment operator (=) assigns a value to a variable. let x= 10; The addition operator (+) adds numbers: let x=5; let y=2; letz=x+y; The multiplication operator (*) multiplies numbers. let x=5; lety letz=x* y; ‘Types of JavaScript Operators There are different types of JavaScript operators: Arithmetic Operators Assignment Operators Comparison Operators Logical Operators Conditional Operators Type Operators Notes - CSCO 2302 Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms. Londhe K.W.) 18JavaScript Arithmetic Operators Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic on numbers: Operator Description + Addition - Subtraction = Multiplication Exponentiation (ES2016) Division Modulus (Division Remainder) Increment Decrement JavaScript Assignment Operators Assignment operators assign values to JavaScript variables. Operator | Example Same As x=y x=y X=xty i x=x/y = X=XHY we xeK*ty Adding JavaScript Strings The + operator can also be used to add (concatenate) strings. let text = "John"; let text2 = "Doe"; let text3 = text1 +" + text2; JavaScript Comparison Operators Operator Description equal to equal value and equal type not equal not equal value or not equal type greater than less than greater than or equal to Tess than or equal to ternary operator Notes - CSCO 2302 - Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms, Londhe K.W.) 19JavaScript Logical Operators JavaScript Type Operators Operator | __ Description && logical and I logical or ! logical not Operator Description typeof Returns the type of a variable instanceof Returns true if an object is an instance of an object type JavaScript Bitwise Operators Bit operators work on 32 bits numbers. Any numeric operand in the operation is converted into a 32 bit number. The result is converted back to a JavaScript number. Operator Description Example Same as Result | Decimal & ‘AND 5&1 0101 & 0001 0001 T OR 514 0101 | 0001 0101 e NOT “5 0101 1010 10 a XOR SAL (0101 * 0002 0100 4 <« left shift 5<<1 O101<<1 1010 10 > right shift Sool 0101 >> 1 0010 >> unsigned right shift Sopp 0101 >>> 1 0010 Script Data Types JavaScript provides different data types to hold different types of values. There are two types of data types in JavaScript. Primitive data type Non-primitive (1 reference) data type JavaScript is a dynamic type language, means you don’t need to specify type of the variable because itis dynamically used by JavaScript engine. You need to use var here to specify the data type. It can hold any type of values such as numbers, strings etc. For example: var a=40;//holdi Rahul";/ var Notes - CSCO 2302 Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms. Londhe K.W.) ing number /Jholding string 20JavaScript primitive data types There are five types of primitive data types in JavaScript. They are as follows: Data Type Description String represents sequence of characters e.g. “hello” Number _ | represents numeric values e.g. 100 Boolean _ | represents boolean value either false or true Undefined | represents undefined value Null represents null i.e. no value at all JavaScript non-primitive data types The non-primitive data types are as follows: Data Type Description Object represents instance through which we can access members Array represents group of similar values RegExp represents regular expression JavaScript variables can hold different data types: numbers, strings, objects and more: let length = 16; // Number let lastName = "Johnson"; /{ String // Object let x = {firstName:"John", lastName:"Doe" The Concept of Data Typ In programming, data types is an important concept. To be able to operate on variables, itis important to know something about the type. Without data types, a computer cannot safely solve this: let x= 16 + "Volvo"; Does it make any sense to add "Volvo" to sixteen? Will it produce an error or will it produce a result? JavaScript will treat the example above as: let x= "16" When adding a number and a string, JavaScript will treat the number as a string. "Volvo"; JavaScript Strings Astring (or a text string) is a series of characters like "John Doe". Strings are written with quotes. You can use single or double quotes: let carName: folvo XC60"; // Using double quotes let carName2 = ‘Volvo XC60'; // Using single quotes You can use quotes inside a string, as long as they don't match the quotes surrounding the string: let answer = "It's alright"; / Single quote inside double quotes let answer2 = "He is called ‘Johnny; // Single quotes inside double quotes let answer = 'He is called "Johnny"; // Double quotes inside single quotes Notes - CSCO 2302 Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms. Londhe K.W.) a1JavaScript Numbers JavaScript has only one type of numbers. Numbers can be written with, or without decimals: let x1 = 34.00; // Written with decimals letx2= 34; — // Written without decimals Extra large or extra small numbers can be written with scientific (exponential) notation: lety=123e5; //12300000 letz=123e-5; // 0.00123 JavaScript Booleans Booleans can only have two values: true or false. letx letz y) // Returns true (x==2) — // Returns false Booleans are often used in conditional testing. JavaScript Arrays JavaScript arrays are written with square brackets. Array items are separated by commas. The following code declares (creates) an array called cars, containing three items (car names): const cars = ["Saab", "Volvo", "BMW"; Array indexes are zero-based, which means the first item is [0], second is [1], and so on JavaScript Objects JavaScript objects are written with curly braces {}. Object properties are written as name:value pairs, separated by commas. const person = {firstName: "John", lastName:"Doe", age:50, eyeColor:"blue"}; ‘The object (person) in the example above has 4 properties: firstName, lastName, age, and eyeColor. The typeof Operator You can use the JavaScript typeof operator to find the type of a JavaScript variable, The typeof operator returns the type of a variable or an expression: typeof" // Returns “string” typeof "John" —_// Returns “string” typeof "John Doe" // Returns "string" Notes - CSCO 2302 - Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms, Londhe K.W.) 22typeof 0. // Returns "number" typeof 314 // Returns "number" typeof 3.14 // Returns "number" typeof (3) // Returns "number" typeof (3+4) — // Returns "number" Undefined In JavaScript, a variable without a value, has the value undefined. The type is also undefined. let car; // Value is undefined, type is undefined Any variable can be emptied, by setting the value to undefined. The type will also be undefined. car=undefined; // Value is undefined, type is undefined Empty Values An empty value has nothing to do with undefined. ‘An empty string has both a legal value and a type. let car=""; // The value is "*, the typeof is "string" Control Structures JavaScript If-else The JavaScript if-else statement is used to execute the code whether condition is true or false. There are three forms of if statement in JavaScript. 1. If Statement 2. If else statement 3, if else if statement JavaScript If statement It evaluates the content only if expression is true. The signature of JavaScript if statement is given below. if(expression){ //content to be evaluated } Let's see the simple example of if statement in javascript. JavaScript If...else Statement It evaluates the content whether condition is true of false. The syntax of JavaScript if-else statement is given below. Notes - CSCO 2302 Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms. Londhe K.W.) 23iflexpression){ //content to be evaluated if condition is true } else{ //content to be evaluated if condition is false } Let's see the example of if-else statement in JavaScript to find out the even or odd number. JavaScript If...else if statement It evaluates the content only if expression is true from several expressions. The signature of JavaScript if else if statement is given below. iffexpression1){ //content to be evaluated if expression1 is true } else if(expression2}{ //content to be evaluated if expression? is true } else if(expression3){ //content to be evaluated if expression3 is true } else{ //content to be evaluated if no expression is true } Let's see the simple example of if else if statement in javascript. JavaScript Switch The JavaScript switch statement is used to execute one code from multiple expressions. It is just like else if statement that we have learned in previous page. But it is convenient than if..else..if because it can be used with numbers, characters etc, The signature of JavaScript switch statement is given below. switch(expression){ case value: code to be executed; break; case value2: code to be executed; break; default: code to be executed if above values are not matched; } Let’s see the simple example of switch statement in javascript. Let’s understand the behaviour of switch statement JavaScript. Notes - CSCO 2302 - Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms, Londhe K.W.) 25 JavaScript Loops The JavaScript loops are used to iterate the piece of code usit the code compact. It is mostly used in array. There are four types of loops in JavaScript. 1. for loop 2. while loop 3, do-while loop 4, for-in loop ¥ for, while, do while or for-in loops. It makes 1) JavaScript For loop ‘The JavaScript for loop iterates the elements for the fixed number of times. It should be used if number of iteration is known. The syntax of for loop is given below, for (initialization; condition; increment) { code to be executed } Let's see the simple example of for loop in javascript. site) Notes - CSCO 2302 Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms. Londhe K.W.) 262) JavaScript while loop The JavaScript while loop iterates the elements for the infinite number of times. It should be used if number of iteration is not known. The syntax of while loop is given below. while (condition) { code to be executed } Let’s see the simple example of while loop in javascript. The JavaScript do while loop iterates the elements for the infinite number of times like while loop. But, code is executed at least once whether condition is true or false. The syntax of do while loop is given below. dof code to be executed while (condition); Let's see the simple example of do while loop in javascript. Different Kinds of Loops JavaScript supports different kinds of loops: + for-loops through a block of code a number of times ‘+ for/in - loops through the properties of an object, + for/of -loops through the values of an iterable object ‘+ while - loops through a block of code while a specified condition is true «© do/while - also loops through a block of code while a specified condition is true Notes - CSCO 2302 Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms. Londhe K.W.) 7The For Loop The for statement creates a loop with 3 optional expressions: for (expression 1; expression 2; expression 3) { // code block to be executed } Expression 1 is executed (one time) before the execution of the code block. Expression 2 defines the condition for executing the code block. Expression 3 is executed (every time) after the code block has been executed, Example for (let i= 0; i< 5; i++) { text += "The number is" +i+ "
"; } From the example above, you can read: Expression 1 sets a variable before the loop starts (let i = 0). Expression 2 defines the condition for the loop to run (i must be less than 5). Expression 3 increases a value (i++) each time the code block in the loop has been executed. The For In Loop The JavaScript for in statement loops through the properties of an Object: for (key in object) { /{ code block to be executed } Example const person = {fname:"John", Iname:"Doe", age:25}; let text for (let x in person) { text += person[x]; } Example Explained The for in loop iterates over a person object + Each iteration returns a key (x) + The key is used to access the value of the key +The value of the key is person[x] For In Over Arrays The JavaScript for in statement can also loop over the properties of an Array: for (variable in array) { code } Notes - CSCO 2302 Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms. Londhe K.W.) 28const numbers = [45, 4, 9, 16, 25]; let txt = for (let x in numbers) { txt += numbers[x]; } Array forEach() The forEach() method calls a function (a callback function) once for each array element. const numbers = [45, 4, 9, 16, 25]; let txt numbers.forEach(myFunction); function myFunction(value, index, array) { txt 4 value; } The For Of Loop The JavaScript for of statement loops through the values of an iterable object. It lets you loop over iterable data structures such as Arrays, Strings, Maps, Nodelists, and more: for (variable of iterable) { // code block to be executed } variable - For every iteration the value of the next property is assigned to the variable. Variable can be declared with const, let, or var. iterable - An object that has iterable properties. For/of is not supported in Internet Explorer. Looping over an Array const cars = ["BMW", "Volvo", "Min let text ="; for (let x of cars) { text += x; } Looping over a String let language = "JavaScript"; let text ="; for (let x of language) { text += x; } Notes - CSCO 2302 - Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms, Londhe K.W.) 29JavaScript function A JavaScript function is a block of code designed to perform a particular task. A JavaScript function is executed when "something" invokes it (calls it).// Function to compute the product of pl and p2 function myFunction(p1, p2) { return p1 * p2; } JavaScript Function Syntax A JavaScript function is defined with the function keyword, followed by a name, followed by parentheses (). Function names can contain letters, digits, underscores, and dollar signs (same rules as variables). ‘The parentheses may include parameter names separated by commas: (parameter1, parameter2, ...) The code to be executed, by the function, is placed inside curly brackets: {} function name(parameter1, parameter2, parameter3) { // code to be executed } Function parameters are listed inside the parentheses () in the function definition. Function arguments are the values received by the function when itis invoked. Inside the function, the arguments (the parameters) behave as local variaFunction Invocation The code inside the function will execute when "something" invokes (calls) the function: When an event occurs (when a user clicks a button) When it is invoked (called) from JavaScript code Automatically (self invoked) Function Return ‘When JavaScript reaches a return statement, the function will stop executing, If the function was invoked from a statement, JavaScript will "return" to execute the code after the invoking statement. Functions often compute a return value. The return value is "returned" back to the "calle let x= myFunction(4, 3); // Function is called, return value will end up in x function myFunction(a, b) { return a* b; // Function returns the product of a and b } Notes - CSCO 2302 Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms. Londhe K.W.) 30Why Functions? You can reuse code: Define the code once, and use it many times. You can use the same code many times with different arguments, to produce different results. function toCelsius(fahrenheit) { return (5/9) * (fahrenheit-32); } document.getElementByld("demo").innerHTML = toCelsius(77); The () Operator Invokes the Function Using the example above, toCelsius refers to the function object, and toCelsius() refers to the function result, Accessing a function without () will return the function object instead of the function result. function toCelsius(fahrenheit) { return (5/9) * (fahrenheit-32); } document.getElementByld("demo").innerHTML = toCelsius; JavaScript Objects Real Life Objects, Properties, and Methods In real life, a car is an object. A car has properties like weight and color, and methods like start and stop: Properties Methods car.name = carstart() a Fiat we carcdrive() Loa car.model = 500 car-brake() car.weight= —_car.stop() 850kg car.color = white All cars have the same properties, but the property values differ from car to car. All cars have the same methods, but the methods are performed at different times. JavaScript Objects You have already learned that JavaScript variables are containers for data values. This code assigns a simple value (Fiat) to a variable named car: let car = "Fiat" Objects are variables too. But objects can contain many values. This code assigns many values (Fiat, S00, white) to a variable named car: Notes - CSCO 2302 - Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms, Londhe K.W.) 31const car = {type:"Fiat", model:"500", color:"white"}; The values are written as nameivalue pairs (name and value separated by a colon). Object Properties The name:values pairs in JavaScript objects are called properties: Property Property Value firstName John lastName Doe Age 50 eyeColor blue Accessing Object Properties You can access object properties in two ways: ‘objectName.propertyName person.lastName; or objectName|"propertyName"] personf"lastName"]; JavaScript objects are containers for named values called properties. Object Methods Objects can also have methods. Methods are actions that can be performed on objects. Methods are stored in properties as function d Property Property Value firstName John lastName Doe ‘Age 50 eyeColor blue fullName function() {return this. firstName + "” + this.lastName;} ‘Amethod is a function stored as a property. const person = { firstName: “John", lastName : "Doe", id 15566, fullName : function() { return this firstName + } i + this.lastName; Notes - CSCO 2302 Introduction to Web Technology 2022-23 (Ms. Londhe K.W.) 32