Historical

Cultural tourism is a type of tourism in which the visitor's
essential motivation is to learn, discover, experience and

consume the cultural attractions and products offered by a
tourist destination. These attractions and products relate to
the intellectual, spiritual, and emotional features of a society
that encompasses arts and architecture, historical and
cultural heritage, culinary heritage, literature, music, creative
industries as well as the living cultures with their lifestyles,
value systems, beliefs and traditions.[1]
Overview
[edit]
Cultural tourism experiences include, but are not limited to,

architectural and archaeological treasures, culinary
activities, festivals or events, historic or heritage, sites,
monuments and landmarks, museums and exhibitions,
national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, and religious
venues. It includes tourism in urban areas, particularly
historic or large cities and their cultural facilities such
as theatres,[1] as well as tourism in remote, indigenous
regions. In the twenty-first-century United States, national
parks and a limited number of Native American councils
continue to promote "tribal tourism." The U.S. National Park
Service has publicly endorsed this strain of cultural tourism,
despite lingering concerns over exploitation and the
potential hazards of ecotourism in Native America.[2]
Proponents of cultural tourism say that it gives the local
population the opportunity to benefit financially from their
cultural heritage and thus to appreciate and preserve it,
while giving visitors the opportunity to broaden their
personal horizons. Cultural tourism also has negative sides.
There may be negative effects on local residents, such as
making the local economy unstable, increasing the cost of
living for local residents, increasing pollution, or
creating environmental problems. Also, the local population
is at risk of coming into contact with new ways of life that
can disrupt their social fabric.[3][4][5]
This form of tourism is becoming generally more popular
throughout the world, and a recent OECD report has
highlighted the role that cultural tourism can play in regional
development in different world regions.[6] Cultural tourism
has recently shifted towards meeting the growing desire for
cultural "experiences" in particular.
A decorated water well in Zalipie, Poland
Tourists at the cultural historical Old Town of Porvoo
Sectors of cultural tourism can be distinguished both by the

destination (urban cultural tourism, rural cultural tourism,
etc.) as well as the theme of the trip (heritage tourism,
popular culture tourism, etc.).[7] The main subcategories are
discussed in more detail below.
Subcategories of Cultural Tourism
[edit]
Heritage tourism
[edit]
 Archaeological sites
 Monuments
 Architecture
 Museums
 Religious Sites
Heritage tourism involves traveling to a site of cultural

significance to engage with the heritage of the region and
local population. In recent years, more attention has been
put on the inclusion and thoughtful representation of the
history of marginalized groups for the tourist audience,
marked by UNESCO's updates to their World Heritage List,
which is a comprehensive list of significant heritage sites. [8]
Arts tourism
[edit]
 Theater
 Concerts and music venues
 Galleries
 Festivals, carnivals and events
 Literary sites
Arts tourism involves traveling to the location of an art

exhibit, which includes live-performances, museums, and
libraries. Arts tourism is a relatively less common form of
cultural tourism, due both the historical exclusivity of the arts
scene, and the option for artists to go on tour, eliminating
the need for tourism. Even so, in recent years, the arts
community has put increased emphasis on prioritizing the
accessibility of local art and exhibits. [8]
Creative Tourism
[edit]
 Photography
 Painting
 Pottery
 Culinary arts
 Language learning
Creative Tourism involves active participation from tourists

in cultural experiences specific to each holiday destination.
This form of tourism is more recently theorized and defined
by Greg Richards and Crispin Raymond in 2000. They
defined creative tourism as: "Tourism which offers visitors
the opportunity to develop their creative potential through
active participation in courses and learning experiences,
which are characteristic of the holiday destination where
they are taken." (Richards, Greg et Raymond, Crispin,
2000).
This type of tourism is opposed to mass tourism and allows
the destinations to diversify and offer innovative activities
different from other destinations.
Similarly, UNESCO launched in 2004 a program
entitled Creative Cities Network. This network aims to
highlight cities around the world that are putting creativity at
the heart of their sustainable urban development plan.
Creative cities are organized into seven categories
representing seven different creative fields: crafts and folk
arts, digital arts, film, design, gastronomy, literature, and
music. As of January 2020, the network has 246 members
across all categories. In order to promote the development
of this new type of tourism, a non-profit organization was
created in Barcelona in 2010: Creative Tourism Network. Its
missions involve, among others: the promotion of creative
tourism, the creation of a network of "Creativefriendly" cities
but also awards celebration, The Creative Tourism Awards."
Urban cultural tourism
[edit]
 Historic cities
 Regenerated industrial cities
 Waterfront development
 Arts and heritage attractions
 Shopping
 Nightlife
Urban cultural tourism involves traveling to urban sites of

cultural significance, which often offer a range of both
historical and recreational attractions. Certain major urban
cities with cultural offerings are listed in UNESCO's world
heritage site and have been lauded for their promotion of
cross-cultural exchange. Other urban cultural tourist sites
are post-industrial cities, who offer tourists a slice of their
history alongside modern recreation, such as shopping and
nightlife. [8]
Rural cultural tourism
[edit]
 Village, farm or agro-tourism

 Eco-museums
 National parks
 Wine trails
Rural cultural tourism involves traveling to rural sites of
cultural significance. Similarly to urban cultural tourist sites,
many rural sites are cities whose main industries have
declined, that supplement their economies by offering
various attractions, such as wine-tasting. Other rural cultural
sites have great historical significance, such as national
parks. [8]
Indigenous cultural tourism
[edit]
 Hilltribe, desert or mountain trekking

 Visits to cultural centers
 Arts and crafts (by local artists)
 Cultural performances
 Festivals
Indigenous cultural tourism is defined as "any service or

product that is a) owned and operated at least in part by an
Indigenous group and b) results from a means of exchange
with outside guests."[9] Most indigenous community have
faced historic marginalization, which has led many
proponents of cultural tourism to emphasize the need for
sensitivity around these cultural events, as well as the
importance of the indigenous population's control over how
their culture is represented.[8] Experts recognize that "the
capitalization of Native identity has been a feature of Native
and European interaction since the early colonial
period."[9] However, although this legacy is perhaps echoed
by modern day indigenous tourism, involvement in the
tourism industry allows indigenous populations "[to take]
part in the global economy on their own terms."[9]
Popular cultural tourism
[edit]
 Theme parks and themed attractions

 Shopping malls
 Pop concerts
 Sporting events
 Media and film sets
 Industrial heritage sites
 Fashion and design museums
Popular cultural tourism involves any kind of tourist

attractions that are modern and mainstream, such as
amusement parks or sporting events. Popular cultural
tourism has only recently been included under the umbrella
of cultural tourism, as recreational activities have gained
increasing recognition for their cultural significance.[8]

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Cultural tourism is a type of tourism in which the visitor's

essential motivation is to learn, discover, experience and

Cultural tourism experiences include, but are not limited to,

A decorated water well in Zalipie, Poland

Tourists at the cultural historical Old Town of Porvoo

Sectors of cultural tourism can be distinguished both by the

Heritage tourism involves traveling to a site of cultural

 Festivals, carnivals and events

Arts tourism involves traveling to the location of an art

Creative Tourism involves active participation from tourists

 Arts and heritage attractions

Urban cultural tourism involves traveling to urban sites of

 Village, farm or agro-tourism

 Hilltribe, desert or mountain trekking

 Arts and crafts (by local artists)

Indigenous cultural tourism is defined as "any service or

 Theme parks and themed attractions

 Media and film sets

 Industrial heritage sites

 Fashion and design museums

Popular cultural tourism involves any kind of tourist

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