Green Schools 2.

0
for Retro-commissioning

Introduction of use
of operating data
 AGENDA

1 Review

2 Data Collection & Usage

a) Data log instrumentation & potable instrumentation
b) What do we want to know?
c) The data usage for the performance measurement
d) 2 examples

3 Data Analysis
a) Data Analytic Methods
b) For System Performance
c) For Potential ESO
d) For Deviation between operation and design condition
e) For Worth of investment

4 Vision  Timeline
 Target
 Transparency
 Together
2
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k Source: https://www.enb.gov.hk/sites/default/files/pdf/EnergySaving_EB_EN.pdf
ABOUT US

Review

3
 Review

Investigation Stage 1. Data collection

Today Focus

2. Data Analysis

3. Potential ESO identification

4. M&V method agreement

for proposed ESOs

5. Selection of ESOs for

implementation 4
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
ABOUT US

Data Collection & Usage

5
 Data-log Instrumentation
Chiller Plant Electrical

Turns of
Balancing Valve Pressure Gauge BMS Panel

Airside

Power Analyzer
6
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0 BMS Panel
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
 Potable Instrumentation

Chiller Plant Lighting

Infra-red thermometer Lux meter

Airside Electrical

Temperature & RH logger Thermal Camera Power Analyzer

7
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
 What Do We Want To Know?

Chiller Log Sheet Power Meter Data

BMS Operating Data

8
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
 What Do We Want To Know?

1. System Performance

2. System effectiveness

3. Equipment efficiency

4. Potential ESO

5. Deviation between operation and design condition

9
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
 What Do We Want To Know?

6. Are there any faults?

7. Worth of investment

8. Do the new devices / initiatives work?

9. Saving target achievement

10
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
 The Data Usage for the Performance Measurement

Data

1. Key
Performance
2.
indicator
Benchmarking
index

3. Reference
index

Performance Measurement 11
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
 1. Key Performance Indicator
A set of quantifiable measures that a company or industry used to compare
performance in terms of meeting their strategic and operational goals.

Energy consumption Cooling consumption

by area (ECA) by area (CCA)
Total energy consumption Cooling output
Area System energy Area
efficiency ratio (EERs)
Cooling output
Total energy consumption

Cooling output Plant energy efficiency Terminal energy

Chiller plant consumption ratio (EERplant) efficiency ratio (EERt)
Cooling output
Airside consumption

Coefficient of Condenser water transfer Chilled water transfer

performance coefficient (WTFcw) coefficient (WTFchw)
(COP)
Cooling output Heat rejection consumption Cooling output
Chillers energy consumption CWP energy consumption CWP energy consumption
12
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
 2. Benchmarking index
A quantifiable value or determined ratio that used to compare overall
performance between buildings or whole facilities or systems for evaluate
their efficiency.
1400

Annual Energy Consumption per Internal Floor Area

1200
1200

961
 239
1000

800
(MJ/m2)

600
540

400 325

200

0
C61. Universities/ Your institution C62. Adult Education/ C66. Special
Colleges Tutorial/ Vocational Education School
Schools
13
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0 • The Annual Energy Consumption per Internal Floor Area (MJ/m2) for C61, C62 and C66 are from the source:
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
https://ecib.emsd.gov.hk/index.php/en/energy-utilisation-index-en/commercial-sector-en
 3. Reference index
A set of measurable values or quantifiable ratios that used to generate a
“reference line” for guiding the operating parameter fall into an appropriate
performance efficiency for equipment, system or whole facility of building.

Main Condensing Water Entering Temp

(TCWE) Vs Outdoor Air Wet-Bulb Temp

31.5oC [Summer]

20.5oC [Winter]

Reference Line

14
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
 Example: Evaluate the chiller plant efficiency
BuildingPP1
A Building
CPN B
0.60 0.67
(5.88) (5.25)

Excellent Good Fair Need Improvement Source: THU

Cooling Output
Chiller plant efficiency EER =
Chiller Plant Consumption

*WCC Chiller COP

Chiller plant efficiency EER *For reference, the min. COP for <500kW
Chiller in BEC 2018:
Internal KPI Building A Building B - Screw: 4.8
- VSD Screw: 4.7
Chilled water transfer coeff. - Centrifugal: 5.4
- VSD Centrifugal: 5.3
Internal KPI Building A Building B

15
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0 Internal KPI Building A Building B
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
 Example: Evaluate the equipment efficiency
VSD

Calculate Ratio

Bldg 1 Bldg 2 Bldg 3 Bldg 4 ASHRAE 90.1

Ratio: 0.7 0.62 0.75 0.8 0.67 Bldg 1 Bldg 2 Bldg 3 Bldg 4

Bldg 1 Bldg 2 Bldg 3 Bldg 4

Bldg 3
16
Bldg 1 Bldg 2 Bldg 4

G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
ABOUT US

Data Analysis

17
 Data Analytical Methods

1. Time series analysis 2. Scatter plot 3. Regression

5. Bin method 6. Expert rules

18
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
10
15
20
25
30

0
5
17-09-12 14:00
17-09-12 19:00
18-09-12 0:00
18-09-12 5:00
18-09-12 10:00
Time Series Analysis

18-09-12 15:00
changes over time.

18-09-12 20:00
19-09-12 1:00
19-09-12 6:00
19-09-12 11:00
19-09-12 16:00
19-09-12 21:00
weekday

20-09-12 2:00
20-09-12 7:00
20-09-12 12:00
20-09-12 17:00
20-09-12 22:00
21-09-12 3:00
21-09-12 8:00
PAU-A4-Tchws 21-09-12 13:00
21-09-12 18:00
21-09-12 23:00
22-09-12 4:00
22-09-12 9:00
22-09-12 14:00
22-09-12 19:00
23-09-12 0:00
Chilled water supply temperature

23-09-12 5:00
weekend

23-09-12 10:00
23-09-12 15:00
23-09-12 20:00
24-09-12 1:00
24-09-12 6:00
24-09-12 11:00
A statistical study of measurements to identify control capability and
malfunction. Time series analysis can be useful to see how a variable

19
 Scatter plot
A graph of plotting points that show the relationship between dependent
variable and independent variable.

Energy Consumption

Outdoor Temperature 20
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
 Regression
A statistical measure that attempts to determine the strength of the
relationship between dependent variable (denoted by Y) and independent
variables (denoted by X).
Energy Consumption

Line of best fit

Y = a + bX

Outdoor Temperature 21
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
 Bin Method
A method of predicting heating and/or cooling loads using instantaneous
load calculation at different outdoor dry-bulb temperatures, and multiplying
the result by the number of hours of occurrence of each temperature.

22
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
 Expert Rule
A rules-based approach which is the simplest form of artificial intelligence to
prescribe by preset a set of rules. It represents the knowledge in terms of a set
of rules that tells what to do or what to conclude in different situations.

Too low static pressure

Too low supply air temperature

23
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
 For System Performance

Tool •Time series analysis

How Data •To monitor the operation

Helps performance

24
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
 kWh

0
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1,800,000
2,000,000

200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000

P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
Jan

G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
Feb

tuning
current
Mar
After Fine
Apr

May
After
2011

Jun

Case 1
Jul
improvement

Aug
2008

Sep
Before

Oct
improvement

Nov
Reduction

Dec

kWh
20000000
22000000
30000000
32000000
34000000

24000000
26000000
28000000
36000000

kWh
2006.1-2006.12
2006.2-2007.1
2006.3-2007.2
2006.4-2007.3
2006.5-2007.4
2006.6-2007.5
2006.7-2007.6
2006.8-2007.7
2006.9-2007.8
2006.10-2007.9
Before

2006.11-2007.10
Comparison with past year and baseline

2006.12-2007.11
2007.1-2007.12
2007.2-2008.1
2007.3-2008.2
2007.4-2008.3
2007.5-2008.4
2007.6-2008.5
2007.7-2008.6
2007.8-2008.7
2007.9-2008.8
2007.10-2008.9
2007.11-2008.10
2007.12-2008.11
2008.1-2008.12
After

Case 2

2008.2-2009.1
2008.3-2009.2
Fine-tuning

2008.4-2009.3
逐12个月滑动平均总电耗

Month

2008.5-2009.4
2008.6-2009.5
2008.7-2009.6
2008.8-2009.7
2008.9-2009.8
2008.10-2009.9
2008.11-2009.10
on

2008.12-2009.11
2009.1-2009.12
2009.2-2010.1
2009.3-2010.2
2009.4-2010.3
After

2009.5-2010.4
Reducti

2009.6-2010.5
2009.7-2010.6
Modification

2009.8-2010.7
2009.9-2010.8
2009.10-2010.9
2009.11-2010.10
25
 For Potential ESO

•Time series
Tool •Scatter plot

How Data •Understand operational

Helps performance

26
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
 Case Study: Chiller sequencing control
Cooling Load Profile

3 no.

2 no.

1 no.

Large gap between

Third chiller started up
cooling load and
too early?
chiller capacity
27
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
 Case Study: Chiller sequencing control

Cooling Load Profile

Postponed the third chiller

and started up until 10:30am
28
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
 Case Study: Chiller sequencing control
• Energy Saving: 847kWh per day saving
• Peak load reduced

Energy Consumption Profile

Original Sequencing New Strategy

29
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
 For Deviation between operation and design condition

•Scatter plot
Tool •Time series analysis

How Data •Testing and Commissioning

Helps

30
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
 Case Study: Condition of single air handling unit

Primary Air Handling Unit Air Handling Unit

Cooling Load (kW) Cooling
coolingloadLoad (kW) Pump Over-pressure
120
90
Rated
80 point 100
70 Rated
Condition Rated
60 80
point
50
60
40
30 40
20 Current Condition
10 20

0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Water Flow Rate (L/s) flowrate
Water Flow Rate (L/s)

Coil Deterioration Improper P setting 31

G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
 Case Study: Condition of different AHUs
• Condition varies among AHUs
• No difference in SA and RA temperature for some AHUs
• SA temperature > RA temperature (AHU107, AHU201, AHU30)

12
AHU107
AHU107
10 AHU201
AHU201
AHU30
AHU305
8
(deg C).

AHU407
AHU407
Supply and Return Air

AHU507
AHU507
6
Air Δt (℃)

AHU608
AHU608
Temp Difference

0
Sensor
-2 Error
-4
32
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
 Case Study: Condition of different AHUs
100%
AHU107
90% AHU201

AHU305
Valve % opening 80%
AHU407

70% AHU507

AHU608
60%

50%

40% Some AHUs at over

pressure condition with
30% valves not fully open or
always closed
20%

10%

0%

22:00
23:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00

15:00
16:00
17:00
14:00
2:00
0:00
1:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00

33
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
Temperature (°C)

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45

14/04/2008
17/04/2008
19/04/2008
22/04/2008
AHU 201

25/04/2008
27/04/2008
30/04/2008
03/05/2008
06/05/2008
08/05/2008
2. Valve always closed

11/05/2008
Opening

14/05/2008
%%Openning

16/05/2008
19/05/2008
Case Study: Condition of different AHUs

SAT

22/05/2008
25/05/2008
27/05/2008
RAT

30/05/2008
02/06/2008
05/06/2008
07/06/2008
10/06/2008
1. SAT > RAT (sensor error)

13/06/2008
15/06/2008
0%

% Valve
100%

34
 Case Study: Condition of different AHUs Valve of AHU
AHU No. 607 506 406 304 always opened.
Valve %Open
120%

100%

80%

60%

40% Valve of AHU

always closed.

20%

0%

35
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
Working hour(7:30am to 20:30pm) sunny
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60

14/04/2008
17/04/2008
20/04/2008
23/04/2008
26/04/2008
AHU 507

29/04/2008
02/05/2008
05/05/2008
08/05/2008
11/05/2008
14/05/2008
Opening

16/05/2008
%%Openning

19/05/2008
22/05/2008
SAT

25/05/2008
28/05/2008
31/05/2008
RAT

03/06/2008
06/06/2008
09/06/2008
12/06/2008
15/06/2008
18/06/2008
Case Study: Condition of different air handling units

19/06/2008
2. RA Temperature is higher than before
1.The valves tend to open

36
 Case Study: Waterside System Condition

1.20 CHWT = 5 °C
1.00
Relative load

0.80

Possible cause:
0.60
1. Sensor error
2. Too high differential
0.40 pressure setting

0.20

Relative flow rate

0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20
37
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
 Case Study: Control setting of AHU
Supply Supply Air Temp
AHU L106 送风温度 送风温度设定值 Valve Opening
水阀开度
Air Temp Set Point
20 100
90

(%)
18
C)
80

Opening
(°
Temperature `C

16 70
送风温度及设定值

%
60
14

水阀开度
Control hunting 50

Valve
12
40

10 30
20
8
10
6 0
16:22
16:26
16:31
16:35
16:40
16:44
16:49
16:53
16:58
17:02
17:07
17:11
17:16
17:20
17:25
17:29
17:34
17:38
17:43
17:47
17:52
17:56
18:01
18:05
18:10
18:14
Time
时间

For SA, Proportional band (K) =10, Integral action (Ti) =20s 38
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
 Case Study: Control setting of AHU
Find the manufacturer to fine tune the P-I-D gain.
Temperature (° C) K=45,Ti=100s
Ti=100s SA Temp
送风温度 设定值
SA Temp SP 水阀开度
% Valve

Opening% (%)
送风温度及设定值
23 100
22 80

水阀开度
21 60
`C

20 40
19 20

Valve
18 0
Time
3
3
0

00
67
39
15
75
66
29
94
80
54
33
13
93
54
20
95
75
54

10 8
10 0
3
37
83

2
30
77
13
17
22
27
31
36
41
45
50
55
60
65
69
74
79
83
88
93
98
K=45,Ti=200s
Ti=200s 送风温度
SA Temp 设定值
SA Temp SP 水阀开度
% Valve
送风温度及设定值 (° C)

23 100

Opening
%
22 80
Temperature

Valve水阀开度
21 60
`C

20 40
19 20 Fine tune P-I-D gain to
18 0 optimise the damping

(%)
Time effect of control by
6
0
0

80
40
06
75
30
16
79
27
13
80
46
20
94
46
14
75
46
26
92

10 4
3
36
82

15
63
12
17
22
26
31
36
40
45
50
54
59
64
68
73
78
82
87
92
96
10
changing Ti.
K=45,Ti=400s
Ti=400s 送风温度
SA Temp 设定值
SA Temp SP 水阀开度
% Valve

% (%)
送风温度及设定值 (° C)

23 100

Opening
22 80
Temperature

水阀开度
21 60
`C

20 40
19 20

Valve
18 0 39
Time
6
0
0

80
40
06
75
30
16
79
27
13
80
46
20
94
46
14
75
46
26
92

10 4
3
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
36
82

15
63
12
17
22
26
31
36
40
45
50
54
59
64
68
73
78
82
87
92
96
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k

10
 Case Study: Control setting of AHU
Find the manufacturer to fine tune the P-I-D gain.
K=90
K=90,Ti=200s 送风温度
SA Temp 设定值
SA Temp SP 水阀开度
% Valve

Temperature (° C)
送风温度及设定值
23 100

Opening (%)
%
22 80

Valve水阀开度
21 60
`C 20 40
19 20
18 0

Time
6
0
0

80
47
06
68
47
35
07
74
40
07
80
40
13
66
34
06
73
37
07

10 0
0
36
82

18
64
12
17
22
26
31
36
41
45
50
55
59
64
69
73
78
83
87
92
97
10
K=45,Ti=200s
K=45 送风温度
SA Temp 设定值
SA Temp SP 水阀开度
% Valve
送风温度及设定值

23 100
(° C)

水阀开度(%)%
22 80
Temperature

21 60

Valve Opening
`C

20 40
19 20
18 0

Time
6
0
0

80
40
06
75
30
16
79
27
13
80
46
20
94
46
14
75
46
26

10 2
10 4
3
36
82

9
15
63
12
17
22
26
31
36
40
45
50
54
59
64
68
73
78
82
87
92
96
Fine tune P-I-D gain to
optimise the damping
K=20,Ti=200s
K=20 送风温度
SA Temp SA设定值
Temp SP 水阀开度
% Valve
effect of control by
送风温度及设定值 (° C)

23 100
changing K.

水阀开度 %
22 80

Valve Opening
Temperature

21 60
`C

20 40
19 20
18 0 40

(%)
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
Time
6
0
0

80
47
06
68
47
35
07
74
40
07
80
40
13
66
34
06
73
37
07

10 0
0
36
82

18
64
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
12
17
22
26
31
36
41
45
50
55
59
64
69
73
78
83
87
92
97
10
 For Worth of investment

•Regression
Tool •Bin method

How Data •Estimate saving

Helps

41
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
 Case Study: Replacement of Inlet Guide Vane (IGV) with Variable Fan Speed
(VFS) control

4
1 2

Count / Year
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)

19.5 °C Outdoor Air Temp Flowrate

Step 1: Correlate outdoor temp

with frequency by regression Saving19.5 = E x Count19.5
3 Total Saving = 9,858kWh/year
Step 2: Find out required flowrate
by relationship
Step 3: Find out input power by Step 4: Find out energy
relationship E consumption by Bin Method
Step 4: Find out energy
consumption by Bin Method
Flowrate 42
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k
ABOUT US

Vision

43
 Vision

Industry application

Knowledge Build-up

Useful Information

Data Analysis

Data Collection
44
G r e e n S c h o o l s 2 . 0
P r o f e s s i o n a l T a l k