FORENSIC MEDICINE

AND TOXICOLOGY

QUESTION BANK

SUMANTH M GOWDA
21 BATCH MBBS
1.Legal procedure
Long Essays :
1. Define inquest? Describe Various types of inquest held in your city?
2. Record of evidence in court of law?
3. Explain the procedure of recording Dying declaration? Difference
between Dying deposition and Dying declaration?
4. Witness? What are the types of witness

Short notes:
1. Inquest? Types of inquest?
2. Courts of law in India?
3. Dying Declaration?
4. Dying Deposition?
5. Conduct and Duties of the doctor in witness box?
6. Documentary Evidence

Short notes:
1. Police inquest?
2. Magistrate Inquest?
3. Indication of holding Magistrate inquest?
4. Subpoena/ summons?
5. Conduct money?
6. Expert witness?
7. Hostile witness?
8. Perjury?
9. Juvenile courts?

2.Medical Law and Ethics

Long Essay
1. Describe briefly functions of Indian medical council and state
medical council?
2. Discuss professional secrecy and privileged communication?
3. Define privileged communication? Give two examples? Position of a
medical practitioner with respect to such communication?
4. Describe civil and criminal negligence with suitable examples?
5. Define professional negligence? Discuss different type’s professional
negligence with two Examples

Short essays
1. Warning notice?
2. Professional secrecy?
3. Privileged Communication?
4. Difference between civil and criminal negligence?
5. Difference between professional negligence and infamous conduct?
6. Define criminal negligence with two examples?
7. Therapeutic misadventure?
8. Vicarious liability?
9. Euthanasia?
10. Informed consent?
11. Consumer protection act?
12. Difference between warning and warning notice?
13. Novus actus interveniens?
14. Functions of Indian medical council?
15. Functions of state medical council?

Short notes
1. Warning notice?
2. Dichotomy?
3. The doctrine of res ipsa loquitur?
4. Medical Maloccurrence?
5. Section 304 – A?
6. Contributory negligence?
7. Product Liability?
8. Therapeutic Privilege?
9.covering, 9. Loco parentis?
10. Penal erasure?
3.Identification
Long essays
1) Medicolegal importance of various ages
2) Enumerate various methods of identification of a person?
What is dactylography? Describe the types?

Short essays
1. Intersex
2. Gustafson’s methods for age estimation
3. Fingerprints/dactylography/dermatoglyphics
4. Tattoo marks
5. Superimposition
6. Forensic odontology
7. Medicolegal importance of teeth
8. Secondary sexual characters
9. DNA fingerprinting

Short note
1. Corpus delecti
2. Barr body
3. Klinefelter’s syndrome
4. Turner’s syndrome
5. Hasse’s rule
6. Arcus senilis
7. Cephalic index
8. Tattoo mark/methods of erasure of tattoo mark/dyes used
9. Poroscopy
10. Bite marks
11. Cheiloscopy/lip prints
4.AUTOPSY
Long essays
1. Objectives of a medicolegal postmortem examination.
Mention the organs that you would routinely send for
examination, giving your reason for the same in case of
suspected poisoning.
Add a note on presentation and procedure for forwarding
them to the chemical examiner.
2. How do you diagnose poisoning in the living and dead?
What are the materials to be preserved in the casualty while
treating and what are the viscera to be preserved for
chemical analysis during autopsy in a case of poisoning?
3. Define Autopsy. Describe the different types of
autopsy.

Short essays
1.Preservation of viscera in a suspected case of poisoning.
2.What is Exhumation? When is it done? Briefly outline the
procedure.
3.What is the difference between medicolegal and clinical
autopsy?
4.Primary skin incision for opening the body during the
autopsy.
5.Methods of removal of organs in autopay.

Short answers
1.Embalming
2.Exhunmation.
3.differemt methods of removal of viscera.
4.types of Incisions.
5.ASPHYXIAL DEATH
long essay
1) Define & classify Asphyxial death. Describe Postmortem findings in
case of drowning.
2) Define Hanging. What are the various types of Hanging? Describe
the Postmortem findings in case of hanging Enumerate the causes of
death .Add a note on judicial hanging.
3) Describe the postmortem findings in a case of death due to hanging.
Enumerate the difference between hanging & ligature strangulation.
4) Define hanging & strangulation. Enumerate the difference between
the two Asphyxial death
5) Enumerate various violent Asphyxial death. What is the postmortem
findings in a case of throttling? Add a note on hyoid bone fracture
6) Define drowning. What are the various types? Describe the
postmortem findings in a case of drowning and its medicolegal
importance.

Short essay
1) Difference between suicidal and homicidal hanging
2) Enumerate the Asphyxial death caused by pressure over neck
3) Judicial hanging
4) Difference between hanging & ligature strangulation
5) Ligature mark in hanging & strangulation
6) Throttling
7) Types of hyoid bone fracture
8) Smothering and its mli
9) Gagging
10) Café coronary
11) Traumatic asphyxia
12) Burking
13) Dry drowning
14) Describe the pathophysiology of salt water & fresh water drowning
15) Classify Asphyxial death. Describe autopsy findings
16) Signs of drowning
17) External findings in a case of death due to wet drowning
18) Sexual asphyxias
19) Autoerotic death
20) Hangman’s fracture

Short answers
1) Classification of hanging
2) Causes of death in hanging
3) Ligature mark of typical hanging
4) Partial hanging
5) Lynching
6) Judicial hanging
7) Signs of ligature strangulation
8) Difference between ligature marks of hanging and strangulation
9) Bansdola
10) Garroting
11) Bloodless dissection of neck
12) Hyoid bone fracture
13) Smothering
14) Gagging
15) Overlying
16) Café coronary syndrome
17) Traumatic asphyxia
18) Burking
19) Dry drowning
20) Causes of death due to drowning.
21) External signs of drowning
22) Antemortem signs of drowning.
23) Emphysema aquosum
24) Paultof’s hemorrhage
25) Diatoms and significance of examination of diatoms
6.DEATH AND ITS CAUSES / POST MORTEM
CHANGES
Long essays
1. Define death. Enumerate and explain early changes after death.
2. Define death. What are the types of death? Write a note on post
mortem hypostasis.
3. What is time since death? What is its significance? Mention various
factors that help in establishing time since death
4. Enumerate the early changes after death. Explain the mechanism of
rigor mortis.
5. What is algor mortis? What are the factors affecting algor mortis?
Medicolegal importance of algor mortis. Write a note on post mortem
caloricity.
6. What is rigor mortis? Mechanism of rigor mortis. Medicolegal
importance of rigor mortis. Differentiate between rigor mortis and
cadaveric spasm.
7. Enumerate and explain late changes after death. Write a note on
forensic entomology.

Short essay
1. What is suspended animation? What is its importance? Mention
three conditions where its seen?
2. Rigor mortis
3. Sudden death
4. Define death. What are the types of death?
5. Post mortem cooling
6. Post mortem hypostasis
7. Post mortem caloricity
8. Cadaveric spasm
9. Mummification
10. Differences between hypostasis and bruise
11. Forensic entomology
12. Differences between rigor mortis and cadaveric spasm
13. Adipocere formation
14. Enumerate the late changes after death
15. Brain stem death
16. Medicolegal importance of post mortem hypostasis
17. Factors influencing algor mortis, rigor mortis, post mortem
hypostasis, mummification
18. Medicolegal importance of death
19. Organ transplantation
20. What are the changes due to autolysis

Short answer
1. Conditions simulating rigor mortis
2. Eye changes after death
3. Caspers dictum
4. Time since death from post mortem staining
5. Medicolegal importance of cadaveric spasm
6. What are the modifications of putrefaction?
7. Mention the factors influencing putrefaction
8. Mechanism of mummification
9. What are the difference between primary relaxation and secondary
relaxation of muscles after death
10. Marbling
11. Vibices
12. Brain stem reflexes.
7.Forensic Psychiatry
Long essays
1. Define delusion? Describe the type of delusion? Write a note on civil
and criminal responsibility of an insane person?
2. Define Hallucination? Describe the types of hallucination? Write the
difference between real and feigned Insanity?
3. Mental Health act 1987? Write a note on civil and criminal
responsibility of an insane person? Write a note on Restraints of the
insane?

Short essays
1. Write short note on Hallucination?
2. Write short note on Delusion?
3. Write short note on Impulse?
4. Write short note on criminal responsibility of mentally ill person?
5. What are the difference between real and feigned Insanity?
6. Mental health act 1987?
7. Write a short note on civil responsibility of a mentally ill person?
8. Mac Naughten Rule?
9. Schizophrenia?
10. Section 84 IPC?

Short answers
1. Delirium?
2. Illusion?
3. Impulse?
4. Lucid interval?
5. Phobia?
6. Psychoses?
7. Testamentary Capacity?8. Mens rea?
9. Brain mapping or Brain finger printing?
10. Doctrine of diminished responsibility?
11. Automatism?
8.Mechanical Injuries including firearm
injuries,Regional Injuries,Transportation
Injuries,Thermal injuries including lightning and
electrocution injuries
Long essays (10marks)
1.Define section 44 of IPC. Describe Abrasion (Definition, Types,
Mechanism, Age or healing, Differential diagnosis and its Medico Legal
Importance). **
2.Mention the medico legal importance of hesitation cuts/Tentative
cut/Trial wound.Add a note on Grievous injuries?*
3.Define and classify mechanical injuries? Briefly enumerate the
difference between suicidal and Homicidal cut throat injuries? *
4.Describe the external and internal postmortem findings in burns.
Write briefly on cause of death in burns.
6.Describe the characteristics and medicolegal aspects of contusions.
Mention the differences between contusions and artificial bruise

Short essays (5 marks)

1. Define and describe types of skull fracture? What are coup and
countercoup injuries? *****
2. How do you determine the range of shot gun injuries? **
3.Define and classify laceration.Explain the mode of infliction and
features of any one of them.Mention its forensic aspect?*
4.With a labelled diagram, explain the features of entry wound of a
rifled firearm of distance range?
5.Define Bruises. Describe its types. How can we differentiate between
artificial bruises and true bruises?
6 Describe the types of laceration. What are the difference between
lacerated wound and incised wound? **
7. Classify firearms. Draw a neat labeled diagram of the appearance of
the entry wound caused by rifled firearm fired from a distance of 8
cms. Describe the purpose and medicolegal importance of rifling.
8 Contact and near contact fire arm wounds
9. Differences between ante-mortem and post mortem injuries.
10. Describe in detail the characteristics of entry wound of rifled
firearm injuries at varying ranges
11. Mention the immediate and late causes of death due to injuries.
12. Brain death/ brain stem death
13.How do you differentiate ante-mortem burns from postmortem
burns?

Short answers (3 marks)

1. Define and mention the medico legal importance of bruise?
2.Differentiate between post-mortem lividity and bruise?
3.Heat fracture / Heat hematoma?
4.Signature fracture?
5.Cross section of shotgun cartridge. 6.Gunpowder and Smokeless gun
powder
9. Joule burn and Filigree burn***
10. Epidural haemorrhage and its medico legal significance?
11.Chocking of a firearm?**
12.Wallace rule of nine?
13.Chop wound?
14.Bite marks
15.Crush syndrome
16.Dangerous weapons
17.Internal injuries caused by blunt force on abdomen
18. Ectopic bruise?
19.Tailing of wound and its medico legal importance?
20.Fabricated wound?
21.Scar?
21.Extradural hemorrhage
22.Bore of a shot gun?
23.Vitriolage?
25. Defence wound?
26. Section 320 IPC?
27. Section 319 IPC.
28. Graze Abrasion.
29. Age of Bruises.
30 Stab wound or punctured wound. 31.Cleavage lines of Langer.
32. Concealed puncture wound.
33.Ricochet bullet and Kennedy phenomenon. *
34.Primary impact injuries in traffic accidents**
35.Write in brief about injuries to pedestrians in road traffic accidents
36.Paradox gun.
37.Tailing of wound
38.Tandom Bullet
40. Imprint abrasions

41.Intra cranial haemorrhages.

9.IMPOTENCE AND STERILITY
Long essays (10marks)
1.Define impotence what are its types. Describe the Causes of
impotence and sterility in the female and Causes of impotence in
male? and its Medico legal importance.
2.What is artificial insemination and describe its types. What are the
precautions a doctor has to take while conducting artificial
insemination?

Short essays (5 marks)

1.Medicolegal importance of artificial insemination?
2.Medicolegal importance of artificial insemination- donor?

Short answers (3 marks)

1.Legitimacy
2.Quad hanc?
3.Sterility?
5. Surrogate mother?
10.VIRGINITY, PREGNANCY ,AND DELIVERY
•Abortion and PCPNDT act ,sexual offences
Long essays (10marks)
1.Define pregnancy. What are the signs of Pregnancy? Describe Lochia.
2.Describe Section 375 IPC with recent amendments
3.Define Rape and describe recent amendments to laws relating to
sexual offences.

Short essays (5 marks)

1.Medico legal Importance of Pregnancy 2.What are types of Hymen.
Medico legal Significance of Hymen.
3.What are the Presumptive, Probable,Definite and Positive signs of
pregnancy.
4.Recent signs of Delivery in living.
5.Medico legal examination of alleged victim of Rape.
6.Indications of Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) Act, 1971.
7.Complications of criminal abortion.
8.70.Describe the procedure of examination of an accused, arrested on
a charge of committing rape.
9.What is POCSO Act?
Short answers (3 marks)
1.Defloration
2.Dowry death
3.Pre Natal sex determination Test (PNDT) Act
4.What is precipitate Labour. Mention its Medico legal importance.
5.Abortion Stick
6.Describe the anal findings noted in a chronic passive agent of sodomy
7..Lugol’s iodine Test
8.Adultery.
9.Incest
10.Section 377 IPC
11.Bestiality.
12.Transvestism.
13.Sadism
14.Masochism
15.Voyeurism
16.signs of habitual Passive agent.
17.Rape Trauma Syndrome
18.Statutory rape
19.Custodial rape.
20.Name 3 test for detection of Semen.
11.INFANT DEATHS
Long essays (10marks)
1.Define Infanticede. What are the signs of live birth and feature of
dead born Foetus.
Describe methods usually adopted for carrying out infanticide.

Short essays (5marks)

1.describe the difference between Caput Succedaneum and
Cephalahematoma.

Short answers (3 marks)

1.Hydrostatic test.
2.Rule of Hasse.
3.Define live birth and Signs of live birth.
4.Define dead birth
5.Define still birth
6.Macerated foetus
7.Spalding’ sign 8.Robert Sign
9.Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.(Sids) 10.Battered Baby or Shaken
Baby Syndrome
11. Caffey Syndrome
12.Munchausen Syndrome by proxy.
13.Cot death or Crib death
14.Fodders test
15.Raygats test
16.Ploucquets Test.
17.Breslau’s second life test
18.What is viability of fetus? What is the difference between stillbirth
from live birth?

Torture
1.Define torture. Mention its objects.
MCQs can be asked**

12.BLOOD STAINS, DNA FINGER PRINTING

AND TRACE EVIDENCE
Long essays
1.What are different types of blood grouping and it medicloegal
importance.
2.DNA Finger printing and it’s types.

Short answers
1.Blood grouping in disputed paternity
2.Locard’s exchange Principle
3.Teichmann test
4.Takayama test.
5.Acid phopatase test
Analytical Toxicology-500pg no+pdf
-Brief description of analytical methods available for toxicological
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Spectroscopy, Mass spectroscopy, and immune assay

Polygraph, Brain mapping and Narcoanalysis LIE

DETECTION
-DNA Polygraph -366 pg no
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HIV ethical aspects- 109 pg no ppt

Pharmaceutical Toxicology PPT
TOXICOLOGY
1.GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY
Long essays.
1. What are the legal duties of a doctor while treating a case of
suspected poisoning? Discuss general principles of treatment of acute
poisoning
2. What are the medical and legal duties of a doctor in a suspected
case of poisoning?

Short essays
1. Describe the various methods of removal of poisoning from the
body, what methods can be adopted to enhance stomach
decontamination
2. What are the viscera preserved for chemical analysis in a case of
suspected poisoning
3. Name common chelating agents? How do they act? Describe the use
of any one of them
4. Method of performing gastric lavage? Examples for gastric lavage
solutions
5. Describe the various types of antidotes with examples? Briefly
mention mode of its action? Add a note on chelating agents
6. Legal duties of a doctor in case of poisoning
Short notes.
1. Universal antidote
2. Indication and contra indications of gastric lavage
3. Pharmacological antidote
4. Biological antidote
5. Coma cocktail
6. Contra indications of activated charcoal
7. Sites of actions of poisons
8. Physiological (Mechanical) antidote
9. Diagnosis of poisoning in living
10. Chelating agents
11. Poison Information Centre (PIC)

2.CORROSIVES
Short essays
1. Post-mortem appearance of GI tract following in- organic acid
ingestion
2. Signs and symptoms, management and post-mortem appearance of
carbolic acid poisoning
Short notes
1. Xanthoproteic reaction
2. Carboluria
3. Oochronosis
4. Oxaluria
5. Vitriolage

3.NON-METALLIC IRRITANTS
Short essays
1. Signs and symptoms, management and post-mortem appearance of
acute Phosphorus poisoning
Short notes
1.Phossy jaw
2. Rodenticides
3. Iodism
4. Describe mechanical antidote with suitable example

4.METALLIC IRRITANTS
Short essay
1. Chronic mercury poisoning
2. Signs and symptoms associated with acute and chronic Arsenic
poisoning
3. Describe the clinical features of Plumbism
4. Differential diagnosis of arsenic from cholera
Short notes
1. Hydrargyrism
2. Hatters shake/glass blower’s shake
3. Acrodynia or pink disease
4. What are the skin, hair and nail changes in arsenic poisoning
5. Basophilic stippling (punctate basophilia)
6. Minimata disease
7. Vineyard sprayer’s lung disease and Wilson’s disease
8. Metal fume fever
9. Plumbism

5.ORGANIC IRRITANTS – PLANTS

Short notes
1. Abortion stick
2. Malingering or artificial bruise
3. Toxalbumin
4. Marking nut
5. Suis or cattle poisons
6. Arrow poisons
7. Cattle poisons
8. Stupefying agents or roadside poisons
9. Hyderabad goli
ANIMALS
Short essays
1. Classify the poisons belonging to the irritant group with one example
each- describe the first aid measures and the hospital management of
cobra bite
2. How we can differentiate poisonous snakes from the non-poisonous
snake
3. Describe the management of poisonous snake bite
Short notes
1. Priapism
2. Cobra bite
3. Viperine snake bite
4. Scorpions
5. Cantharides
6. Polyvalent anti snake venom (PSV)

6.CARDIAC POISONS
Short notes
1. Hippus
2. Love philtor
3. Symptoms associated with acute nicotine poisoning
7.AGRICULTURAL POISONS
Long essays
1. Discuss mode of action, clinical features, management, post-mortem
findings and medicolegal aspects of Organophosphorus compound
poisoning
Short essays
2. Write about signs and symptoms and treatment of acute
Organophosphorus poisoning
3. Treatment Organophosphorus compound poisoning
Short notes
1. Plant penicillin
2. Carbamates
3. Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids

8.NEUROTOXIC POISONS
Short essays
1. Describe the signs and symptoms and treatment of a case of methyl
alcohol poisoning
2. Delirium tremens
3. Write a note on medical examination of an alcoholic person
including laboratory investigation
4. Medicolegal aspects of alcoholism 5. Different stages of alcohol
intoxication
Short notes
1. Drunkenness
2. Widemark’s formula
3 .Micturition syncope
4. Write a short note on Opium poisoning
5. Derivatives opium poppy
6. Magnan’s sign or cocaine bug syndrome
7. Designer drugs
8. Psychedelics
9. Flashback phenomena
10. Body packers or body stuffer’s syndrome
11. Solvent abuse
12. Wernick’s encephalopathy
13. Korsakoff’s psychosis

9.DELIRIANTS
Long essays
1.Classify poisons acting on Central Nervous System? Describe the signs
and symptoms and treatment of Datura poisoning
Short essays
1. Signs and symptoms of Datura poisoning
Short notes
1. Differences between the seeds of Datura and capsicum
2. Signs and symptoms associated with cannabis poisoning
3. 8 Ds of Datura poisoning
4. Carphologia
5. Preparations of Cannabis indica
6. Run a mock

10.SPINAL POISONS
Short essays
1. Describe the mechanism of action, signs and symptoms and
treatment in case of poisoning by strychnine
2. Differences between Strychnine poisoning and tetanus poisoning

11.ASPHYXIANTS
Long essays
1. Describe signs and symptoms, treatment and post-mortem
appearance of cyanide poisoning
Short essays
1. Describe the circumstances in which carbon monoxide poison can
occur? How will, you manage a case of acute CO poisoning
2. Describe the management of a case of acute cyanide poisoning
Short notes
1. The 3 steps Eli Lilly cyanide kit approach
2. War gases

12.FOOD POISONING
Short notes
1. Ptomaines or cadaveric alkaloids
2. Botulism
3. Neurolathyrism
4. Epidemic dropsy
5. Ciguatera poisoning

13.DRUG DEPENDENCE
Short notes
1. Drug addiction
2. Differences between Drug addiction and drug habituation
3. Drug automatism
4. Withdrawal symptoms
5. Drug habituation