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Christopher James,
TA; ICDL Trainer; Computer Engineer

Department of Informatics
Office: Server Room - Admin Block

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Image Processing
• Technique of analyzing, manipulating, and interpreting images
using mathematical and computer algorithms.
• Converting an image into digital form, performing operations on
it, and extracting meaningful information from it.
• Used in medicine, astronomy, remote sensing, and security
systems.

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Steps in Image Processing

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Steps in Image Processing (Input/importing)
• Used for image acquisition
• The acquired image is then converted into a digital form
• Stored in a computer for further processing

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Steps in Image Processing (Preprocessing)
• Removing any noise or artifacts that may be present in
the image.
• Various techniques such as filtering and smoothing can
be used to improve the quality of the image.

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Steps in Image Processing (Analyzing and manipulating)

• Analyzed and manipulated to extract meaningful

information from it.
• This can involve techniques such as segmentation,
pattern recognition, and feature extraction, data
compression, image enhancement, and spotting
patterns.

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Steps in Image Processing (Output)
• Producing a report based on the analysis of the image.
• Include information such as the dimensions of the
image, the colors used, the patterns detected, and other
relevant details.
• Include processed images that have been modified to
enhance certain features or to remove unwanted
elements.
• Used for various purposes, such as research, analysis,
and communication.
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Purpose of Image Processing

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Visualization in Image Processing

• Improve the visibility and quality of an image.

• Enhancing details and information not visible to the
naked eye
• Helps in better understanding and interpretation of the
image.
• Applications include medical imaging, astronomy, and
geology.

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Image Sharpening and Restoration

• Enhances the edges, contrast, and details of an image

to make it appear more focused and clearer.
• Improves the quality of degraded images due to noise,
blur, or other factors.
• Commonly used in applications such as medical
imaging, forensic analysis, and satellite imagery.

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Image Retrieval

• Process of searching and retrieving specific images

from a large database or archive.
• Techniques such as color, texture, and shape are used
to search for images based on user queries.
• Used in various applications such as multimedia
retrieval, medical imaging, and surveillance systems.

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Measurement of Pattern

• The process of identifying and measuring specific

patterns or structures in an image.
• Identify specific features or objects in an image,
measure their dimensions, and extract quantitative
information.
• Used in various applications such as medical imaging,
materials science, and geology.

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Image Recognition

• The process of identifying specific objects or features in

an image using computer algorithms.
• Analyze the image, detect and recognize specific
features or objects, and categorize them accordingly.
• Used in various applications such as facial recognition,
object detection, and image classification.

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Method of Image Processing

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Analog image processing
• Manipulation of physical photographs.
• Use of chemicals and physical tools to modify the image.
• Time-consuming process that can lead to loss of image quality
due to repeated handling.
• Allows for physical manipulation of photographs, giving the artist
greater control and creativity.
• It can produce unique and original results.
• It requires specialized equipment and chemicals that can be
expensive and difficult to obtain.
• Analog processing may not be suitable for certain types of images
or applications.
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Digital image processing
• Manipulation of digital images using computer algorithms
• Use of software tools to modify and enhance images.
• Fast and efficient process that can be automated and repeated
without loss of image quality.
• It offers greater flexibility in adjusting and enhancing images.
• Easily stored, shared, and distributed through electronic media.
• Can result in loss of image quality if not done correctly or if
compressed too much.
• Limited by the resolution and quality of the original digital image.
• Limited by the software and hardware available to the user.

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Techniques of Image Processing

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Image Capture

• Capturing images using devices such as cameras,

scanners, or sensors.
• Images are digitized and stored in a computer for further
processing.

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Image Enhancement

• Improving the visual quality of an image by adjusting

parameters such as brightness, contrast, and color
balance.
• Enhancement can be done manually or using
automated algorithms.

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Image Restoration

• Recovering images that have been degraded by noise,

blur, or other factors.
• Involves removing unwanted elements and enhancing
the essential features of the image.

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Image Segmentation

• Dividing an image into multiple segments or regions

based on specific characteristics such as color, texture,
or shape.
• Used in object detection and recognition, image
analysis, and computer vision.

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Object Detection and Recognition

• Identifying and localizing specific objects or patterns in

an image.
• Commonly used in applications such as security,
surveillance, and self-driving cars.

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Feature Extraction

• Identifying specific features or patterns in an image that

can be used for further analysis or recognition.
• Used in applications such as facial recognition, text
recognition, and medical imaging.

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Image Analysis

• Using algorithms and techniques to extract useful

information from images.
• Used in various fields such as medicine, engineering,
and astronomy for analyzing images and making
quantitative measurements.

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Image Compression

• Reducing the size of digital images while maintaining

their quality.
• Used to reduce the storage space required for storing
images and to facilitate their transmission over
networks.

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Image compression

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Image Compression

• Image compression is the process of reducing the size

of digital images while maintaining their quality.
• There are two types of image compression: lossy
compression and lossless compression.

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Types of Image Compression
Lossy Compression
• Technique that removes some of the image data to reduce the file size.
• Reduce the file size of an image, but it can also result in a loss of image
quality.
• Common lossy compression formats include JPEG and GIF.

Lossless Compression
• Compresses the image data without losing any information.
• Used to preserve the quality of the image while reducing the file size.
• Common lossless compression formats include PNG and TIFF

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Techniques for Compressing Images
Save for Web
• Optimizes images for the web by reducing the file size while
maintaining image quality
• Adjustable parameters include image format, color depth,
resolution, and compression level
Image Size
• Reduces file size by reducing image dimensions
• Adjustable parameters include width, height, and
resampling method
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Techniques for Compressing Images
JPEG Compression
• Supports lossy compression
• Adjusting quality level reduces file size
• Over-compressing can result in visible artifacts and loss of detail
Use of Smart Objects
• Layers in Photoshop that preserve original image data for non-destructive
changes
• Allows for optimizing images for specific purposes such as web or print
• Apply filters and adjustments without affecting the original image
Use of Plugins
• TinyPNG compresses PNG and JPEG images while maintaining quality
• WebP plugin converts images to the WebP format, optimized for the web

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Class Activity
You are a research scientist working on a project to develop a new imaging system
for use in medical diagnostics. The system will need to be able to capture high-
quality images of the human body and analyze them to detect any abnormalities or
diseases. The project team is currently discussing the different techniques that can
be used for image processing and is divided on whether to use digital or analog
techniques.
i. Explain the main differences between digital and analog image processing
techniques and the advantages and disadvantages of each.
ii. Explain how digital technique for image enhancement can be used to improve
the diagnostic accuracy of the imaging system.
iii. Describe a specific analog technique for image enhancement and explain how
it can be used in the context of the medical imaging system.

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Questions?

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 Christopher James,
TA; ICDL Trainer; Computer Engineer

Department of Informatics
Institute of Accountancy Arusha (IAA)
cjames@iaa.ac.tz
https://iaa.ac.tz

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