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1. CHEMISTRY
FUNDAMENTALS
1.2 – Making compounds
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Objectives
• 7Ha Atoms, Elements and Molecules
• Explain the difference between an atom and a molecule.
• Interpret particle models of mixtures, atoms, molecules, elements and compounds.
• Represent atoms, molecules of elements and simple compounds using a model.
• 7Hd Making compounds
• Describe how all other materials are made from the chemical elements.
• Recall some observations that indicate a chemical reaction.
• Describe how elements can combine to form compounds.
• Explain the differences between elements, compounds and mixtures.
• Name simple compounds formed from two elements.
• 7He Chemical reactions
• Recall examples of chemical reactions in everyday life.
• Recall some observations that indicate a chemical reaction.
• Identify the products and reactants using a word equation.
• Supply missing reactants or products to complete a word equation.
• Model simple reactions using word equations.
• 8F Chemical reactions – Fireworks
• 8Fb Chemical properties of elements
• Explain how chemical reactions are different to physical changes.
• Explain the difference between physical and chemical properties of a substance.
• Use observations to decide whether a chemical reaction has taken place.
• Model chemical reactions using word equations.
• Describe how atoms are rearranged in chemical reactions.
• Write simple chemical formulae from information on structure.
• Interpret formulae to identify the types of and ratio of atoms in a compound.
• Give a simple description of the valency of an element and use these to deduce the formula of compounds (containing two main group
elements).
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Atoms, molecules, elements, compounds and

mixtures
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Fireworks!
• Fireworks video
• https://www.activeteachonline.com/default/player/video/id/350375/external/0
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Chemical change?
Chemical change Physical change (not chemical!)
Forms compounds – new substance! Forms mixtures – no new substance
formed
Observations possible: No special observations (colour remains
• colour change the same…)
• gas produced
• energy released
Difficult to reverse change Change can be easily reversed using
separation techniques
(evaporation/filtration…)
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Practical – types of change

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Equations in Chemistry – word equations

• For the chemical changes in the practical, state what
happened in the reaction by writing a statement in the
following format
Reactants à Products
Expt
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Review of the atomic structure

So why are atoms electrically neutral?

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What happens to atoms in a chemical change?

• Demo using molecular models

*Key word: rearrange

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What happens to atoms in a chemical change?

• Chemical bonding allows atoms to rearrange their electrons
and themselves to achieve stability
• All chemical bonding involve electrons only
è nothing happens to the nucleus (protons and
neutrons) in chemical reactions
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Where are the electrons?

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Build-up of electrons in “shells”

• Electrons are the negatively charged particles that move
around the nucleus.

• Each shell can hold a maximum number of electrons

• 1st shell – 2 electrons

• 2nd shell – 8 electrons
• 3rd shell –8 electrons
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Build-up of electrons in “shells”

= Example sodium
• Sodium atoms have 11 electrons, same as its atomic
number.
• We fill starting from the first shell. 2 electrons take up the
first shell, there are 9 more.
• 8 electrons fill up the second shell, and the last electron
fills up the third shell.

1st shell = 2
2nd shell = 8
3rd shell = 1
Bohr’s atom
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Draw the electronic arrangement of the first 20

elements in the printout now
• Use your periodic table to help you
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Phet simulation – Build an atom

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/build-an-
atom/latest/build-an-atom_en.html
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Periodic table *valence = outermost

Questions (Hint – look at the 2 tables you filled in earlier):

1. What do you notice about the number of electron shells in relation to the element’s
position in the periodic table?
2. What other patterns do you notice about the arrangement of electrons and the
element’s placement in the periodic table?
3. Why is the element placed this way? What kind of significance do you think it holds?
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Review Quiz!

• How does the number of filled shells relate to the element

position in the periodic table?

• How does the number of electrons in the last shell of each

element relate to its position in the periodic table?
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Exit Quiz! *personal whiteboard

1. Calcium has an atomic number of 20. What is its electronic configuration?
A) 2,8
B) 2,8,10
C) 2,8,8,2
D) 2,10,8

2. Which group is phosphorus found in the periodic table?

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Recap – Electrons and Electron Shells

• Negatively charged electrons are located outside the
nucleus in “electron shells”. These shells represent
energy levels in atom.

• The arrangement of the electrons in the shells is called

electronic structure or electronic configuration.

• Atoms have an equal number of protons and electrons.

Thus atoms are neutral.
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Recap - Electron Shells

• Each shell can only hold a certain maximum number of
electrons

• 1st shell: maximum 2 electrons

• 2nd – 3rd shells: maximum 8 electrons

• The electrons in the outermost, or valence shell, are

called valence electrons

• When the valence shell is full, it is called a stable/full octet

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Recap - Notice the pattern in periodic table?

Vertical column (group)
• Each group (or family) has the same number of valence electrons
(electrons in outer shell)
• A family or group share similar chemical properties.

Horizontal row (period)

• Each period has the same number of shells
• Example: Period 2 with Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne
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Vertical Column
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Horizontal Rows
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Chemical Bonding
• All particles have a desire to become more stable (lower
energy)

• Atoms are the most stable when they acquire a full

valence shell or full octet

• An atom can fill its valence shell by chemically bonding

(connecting, combining) with another atom

• Two types of chemical bonding: ionic vs covalent

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Why full valence shell?

- The noble gases (Group VIII)
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The noble gas structure

• All noble gases have the maximum
number of electrons their valence shell
can hold
è don’t need to share, give away or
snatch electrons from other atoms
è they are stable
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So how to achieve stability?

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Back to chemical bonding…

• We now know:
• Bonding involves only electrons
• Electrons are arranged according to certain rules
• How to get electronic arrangement/configuration from the periodic
table

• So what happens to atoms when they bond?

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Ionic Bonding
• Ionic bonds are formed by
ions, which result when an
atom (neutral) gains or loses
electrons and become
electrically charged particles
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Ionic Bonding
• Positively charged ions = cations

• In a cation, how do the numbers of protons and electrons

compare?

• Negatively charged ions = anions

• In an anion, how do the numbers of protons and electrons

compare?
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Ionic Bonding
• Metals tend to lose electrons to become cations. Why?

• Non-metals tend to gain electrons to become anions.

Why?
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1. Why metal à Cation

Lower number of valence electrons
è easier to lose e- to achieve a full shell

2. Why non-metal à Anion

Higher number of valence electrons
è easier to gain e- to achieve a full shell
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Ionic Bonding
•Electrons are transferred from a metallic atom to a non-
metallic atom, resulting in two ions being formed
nWhen atoms lose or gain electrons, their neutral state is
disturbed.
¨Lose electron à become positive
¨Gain electron à become negative

nPositive ions (+) are called cations

nNegative ions (-) are called anions
• A metal and a non-metal atom undergo ionic bonding to
form an ionic compound
*Ions with opposite charges have strong
*Electrostatic force of attraction
electrostatic attraction for each other, resulting
= the ionic bond!
in the formation of the ionic bond
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Video: Ionic Bonds

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Atoms à Ions
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Ion Formation Printout

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The concept of valency

• Valency
= capacity of an atom to give/accept/share electrons to
achieve stability

è Atoms in the same group have the same valencies

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Ionic Bonding
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Ionic Bonding – sodium and chlorine

• Sodium forms sodium cation Na+
• Chlorine forms chloride anion Cl-

• Together, the ionic compound, sodium chloride (NaCl) is

produced!
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Chemical formulas
• Tells you
1. what elements are inside the compound
2. how many of each element is in there
• For example, 1 molecule of water:

2 hydrogen (H) 1 oxygen (O)

atoms atom
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Ionic Compounds
• Chemical formula: Na2O
nonmetal
metal subscript
• Chemical name: sodium oxide
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Simple (Binary) Ionic Compounds

• In S2, we will learn ionic compounds with only 2 elements
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Naming Simple Ionic Compounds

1) Metal (cation) written first

2) Non-metal (anion) written second

3) The ending of the anion’s name is changed to “-ide”

• E.g. Na2O is sodium oxide instead of ‘sodium oxygen’

• Chemical name is NOT capitalized and the subscript “2” is

not mentioned in the name
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“-ide” endings for Negative Ions

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Practice
Name the following compounds:

• a) CaI2
• calcium iodide

• b) Na3P
• sodium phosphide
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Chemical formulae
• Ionic compounds are electrically neutral
total + charges = total – charges

• Chemical formulae of ionic compounds must have an net

electrical charge of 0!
Example: What is the chemical formula of the
compound formed from lithium and oxygen?
n*always remember:
group number = no. of valence electrons

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Chemical Formulae of Ionic Compounds

Find the elements’ symbols and ion charges from the
periodic table (metal is always 1st)

• Li: group I à 1 valence e- à lose 1 e- for octet à +1 charge

• O: group VI à 6 valence e- à gain 2 e- for octet à -2 charge

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General chemical formulas

1+ 2+ 3+ 3- 2- 1-
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Chemical Formulae of Ionic Compounds

• Example: What is the chemical formula of the compound
formed from lithium and oxygen?

1) Find the elements’ symbols and ion charges from the

periodic table (metal is always 1st)
• Li+ and O2-

2) “Criss-cross” the ion charges

3) Reduce subscripts to lowest terms when possible

(subscripts of “1” are not written)
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Chemical Formulae of Ionic Compounds

• Try these examples:

• magnesium nitride
• Mg3N2

• calcium oxide
• CaO
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Finding Ions from a Chemical Formula

• Example: What are the ions that make up CaO?

• At first, it seems both Ca and O have ion charges of 1 but

remember in the chemical formula subscripts are reduced

• Check the periodic table for their ion charges by looking at the
group numbers they belong to

• Ca cation has a charge of 2+

• O anion has a charge of 2-

• So the ions that form CaO are Ca2+ and O2-

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Practice (personal whiteboards)

Cation Anion Chemical Formula Chemical Name
MgO
Sodium sulfide
Sr2+ Br -
BeF2
Potassium nitride
Rb+ O2-
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Practice
Cation Anion Chemical Formula Chemical Name
Mg2+ O2- MgO Magnesium oxide
Na+ S2- Na2S Sodium sulfide
Sr2+ Br- SrBr2 Strontium bromide
Be2+ F- BeF2 Beryllium fluoride
K+ N3- K3N Potassium nitride
Rb+ O2- Rb2O Rubidium oxide
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Chemical formulae printout

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1.2 Review sheet