Q1. Discuss any two swing components used to display highly formatted and iterative information.

JTable is a powerful and flexible Swing component designed to display and edit two-dimensional tables of data.
Here are some key features and uses:

 Data Presentation: JTable allows for the display of data in a tabular format, with rows and columns. It's
widely used to represent complex data structures.
 Customization: You can customize the appearance of tables, including cell rendering, headers, and cell
editors. This means you can format the table to suit specific needs, such as highlighting certain rows or
columns.
 Sorting and Filtering: JTable supports dynamic sorting and filtering of table data. This is particularly
useful in applications where users need to manage large datasets efficiently.
 Model-View-Controller (MVC) Architecture: JTable uses the MVC design pattern, where the
TableModel interface separates the table's data from its visual representation. This separation enhances
flexibility and maintainability.
 Event Handling: JTable includes robust event handling capabilities, enabling interaction with users, such
as responding to cell edits or selections.

JTree is another essential Swing component that displays data in a hierarchical tree structure. Here are some
important aspects:

 Hierarchical Data Representation: JTree is ideal for representing data that has a parent-child relationship,
such as file systems, organizational charts, or XML data structures.
 Expandable and Collapsible Nodes: Users can expand or collapse nodes to view different levels of the
hierarchy. This makes it easier to navigate large datasets.
 Custom Rendering: You can customize how nodes are displayed, including icons and text. This allows for
a visually appealing and intuitive representation of the data.
 Dynamic Updates: JTree can dynamically update the tree structure as data changes, making it suitable for
applications where the underlying data is frequently updated.
 Event Handling: JTree provides extensive event handling, allowing developers to respond to user actions
like node selection, expansion, and collapse.

Q2. explain callback methods in entilty beans

Callback methods in entity beans are crucial for managing the lifecycle of an entity in Java Persistence API (JPA).
These methods allow developers to perform specific actions at various stages of an entity's lifecycle, such as
creation, update, or deletion, ensuring that business logic is consistently applied.

Key Callback Methods

1. @PostLoad:
o Invoked after an entity is loaded into the persistence context.
o Used for initializing fields or setting up relationships that depend on the loaded state.
2. @PrePersist:
o Called before an entity is persisted to the database.
o Commonly used for setting default values or timestamps before saving.
3. @PostPersist:
o Executed after an entity is persisted into the database.
o Useful for actions that need to occur immediately after saving, like logging or triggering events.
4. @PreUpdate:
o Invoked before an entity is updated in the database.
o Used for validation or setting modification timestamps before the update.
5. @PostUpdate:
o Called after an entity is updated in the database.
o Suitable for actions that need to occur post-update, such as auditing changes.
6. @PreRemove:
o Executed before an entity is removed from the database.
 o
Often used for cleanup tasks or checks before deletion.
7. @PostRemove:
o Invoked after an entity is removed from the database.
o Useful for post-deletion cleanup tasks or notifying other systems.

Example Usage

In an entity bean, these annotations can be applied as follows:

java
@Entity
public class Employee {

@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private Long id;

private String name;

private Date createdDate;
private Date modifiedDate;

@PrePersist
public void prePersist() {
this.createdDate = new Date();
}

@PreUpdate
public void preUpdate() {
this.modifiedDate = new Date();
}

@PostLoad
public void postLoad() {
// Initialization or relationship setup
}
}

Q3. Explain various implicit objects available in jsp with example

In JSP (JavaServer Pages), implicit objects are pre-defined objects that the JSP container makes available to
developers without requiring explicit declaration. These objects simplify the development process by providing
direct access to various functionalities. Here are the nine implicit objects available in JSP, along with examples:

.
. out: An instance of JspWriter used to send content to the client.
. <% out.println("Hello, World!"); %>
.
. request: An instance of HttpServletRequest that represents the client’s request.
. <%
. String username = request.getParameter("username");
. out.println("Welcome, " + username);
. %>
0.
1. response: An instance of HttpServletResponse that represents the response to the client.
2. <% response.setContentType("text/html"); %>
3.
4. session: An instance of HttpSession that represents the session between the client and the server.
5. <%
6. session.setAttribute("user", "John Doe");
7. String user = (String) session.getAttribute("user");
8. out.println("User: " + user);
9. %>
0.
1. application: An instance of ServletContext that represents the servlet context.
2. <%
3. application.setAttribute("appName", "MyApp");
4. String appName = (String) application.getAttribute("appName");
5. out.println("Application Name: " + appName);
6. %>
7.
8. exception: An instance of Throwable that represents exceptions thrown on the JSP page.
9. <%@ page isErrorPage="true" %>
0. <%
1. out.println("Error: " + exception.getMessage());
2. %>
3.
4. page: An instance of Object that represents the current JSP page.
5. <% out.println("This is the current page: " + page); %>
6.
7. pageContext: An instance of PageContext that provides access to various namespaces and page attributes.
8. <%
9. pageContext.setAttribute("pageTitle", "Home Page");
0. String pageTitle = (String) pageContext.getAttribute("pageTitle");
1. out.println("Page Title: " + pageTitle);
2. %>
3.
4. config: An instance of ServletConfig that provides configuration information for the servlet.
5. <%
6. String servletName = config.getServletName();
7. out.println("Servlet Name: " + servletName);
%>

Q4. what is java socket programming ? Explain client/server model

Java socket programming is a way to enable communication between applications running on different Java Runtime
Environments (JREs). It allows for the exchange of data over a network using sockets, which are endpoints for
communication. Java provides two main classes for socket programming: Socket and ServerSocket.

Client/Server Model

In the client/server model, one application (the client) requests services from another application (the server). Here’s a basic
overview of how this model works in Java socket programming:

1. Server Side:
o The server application creates a ServerSocket object, which listens for incoming client connections on a
specific port.
o When a client connects, the ServerSocket’s accept() method returns a Socket object that represents the
connection to the client.
o The server can then use this Socket object to read data from and write data to the client.
2. Client Side:
o The client application creates a Socket object, specifying the server’s IP address and port number.
o This Socket object establishes a connection to the server.
o
o The client can then use the Socket object to send data to and receive data from the server.
Example : Sever code

import java.io.*;

import java.net.*;

public class MyServer {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(6666);

System.out.println("Server is listening on port 6666");

Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();

DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(socket.getInputStream());

String message = dis.readUTF();

System.out.println("Message from client: " + message);

dis.close();

socket.close();

serverSocket.close();

} catch (IOException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

Q5. Create simple networking application through java socket programming.

Server Code

First, let’s create the server application. The server will listen on port 6666 and print any message it receives from
the client.

Java
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

public class SimpleServer {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(6666);
System.out.println("Server is listening on port 6666");
Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();
DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(socket.getInputStream());
 String message = dis.readUTF();
System.out.println("Message from client: " + message);
dis.close();
socket.close();
serverSocket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

Client Code
Next, let’s create the client application. The client will connect to the server on localhost at port 6666 and send a
message.
Java
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

public class SimpleClient {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
Socket socket = new Socket("localhost", 6666);
DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream());
dos.writeUTF("Hello, Server!");
dos.flush();
dos.close();
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

How to Run

1. Compile the Server and Client:

2. javac SimpleServer.java
3. javac SimpleClient.java
4. Run the Server:
5. java SimpleServer
6. Run the Client (in a separate terminal):
- java SimpleClient
Q 6. What is Thread? Explain types of thread with suitable example

In Java, a thread is a lightweight process that allows multiple tasks to run concurrently within a single program.
Threads are essential for performing background tasks, improving application performance, and making efficient
use of system resources.

Types of Threads

1. User Threads:
o These are high-level threads managed by the application.
o They are created and controlled by the programmer using the Thread class or implementing
the Runnable interface.
o Example:

Java

class MyThread extends Thread {

public void run() {

System.out.println("Thread is running.");

public class TestThread {

public static void main(String[] args) {

MyThread t1 = new MyThread();

t1.start();

2. Daemon Threads:
o These are low-priority threads that run in the background to perform tasks such as garbage
collection.
o They do not prevent the JVM from exiting when all user threads finish their execution.
o Example:

Java

class MyDaemonThread extends Thread {

public void run() {

if (Thread.currentThread().isDaemon()) {

System.out.println("Daemon thread is running.");

} else {
 System.out.println("User thread is running.");

public class TestDaemonThread {

public static void main(String[] args) {

MyDaemonThread t1 = new MyDaemonThread();

MyDaemonThread t2 = new MyDaemonThread();

t1.setDaemon(true); // Setting t1 as daemon thread

t1.start();

t2.start();

Creating Threads

There are two main ways to create a thread in Java:

1. Extending the Thread Class:

o You can create a new class that extends the Thread class and override its run() method.
o Example:

Java

class MyThread extends Thread {

public void run() {

System.out.println("Thread is running.");

public class TestThread {

public static void main(String[] args) {

MyThread t1 = new MyThread();

t1.start();
 }

2. Implementing the Runnable Interface:

o You can create a new class that implements the Runnable interface and pass an instance of this class
to a Thread object.
o Example:

Java

class MyRunnable implements Runnable {

public void run() {

System.out.println("Thread is running.");

public class TestRunnable {

public static void main(String[] args) {

MyRunnable myRunnable = new MyRunnable();

Thread t1 = new Thread(myRunnable);

t1.start();

Key Points

 Concurrency: Threads allow multiple parts of a program to run simultaneously, improving performance
and responsiveness.
 Synchronization: Proper synchronization is crucial to avoid issues like race conditions when multiple
threads access shared resources.
 Lifecycle: A thread goes through several states: New, Runnable, Blocked, Waiting, Timed Waiting, and
Terminated.
Q7. Draw and explain the life cycle model of jsp and a serverlet. Write a program in jsp to show
incorporation of static and dynamic content simultaneously in a web page.

JSP Life Cycle

The life cycle of a JSP (JavaServer Page) involves several phases, starting from the creation of the JSP page to its
destruction. Here are the main phases:

1. Translation: The JSP file is translated into a servlet by the JSP engine.
2. Compilation: The generated servlet is compiled into a Java class.
3. Class Loading: The compiled class is loaded into the server’s memory.
4. Instantiation: An instance of the servlet class is created.
5. Initialization: The jspInit() method is called to initialize the servlet.
6. Request Processing: The _jspService() method is called to handle client requests.
7. Destruction: The jspDestroy() method is called to clean up resources before the servlet is destroyed.

Diagram

JSP File -> Translation -> Servlet (.java) -> Compilation -> Servlet (.class) -> Class Loading -> Instantiation ->
Initialization -> Request Processing -> Destruction

Servlet Life Cycle

The life cycle of a servlet is managed by the servlet container and includes the following phases:

1. Loading and Instantiation: The servlet class is loaded and an instance is created.
2. Initialization: The init() method is called to initialize the servlet.
3. Request Handling: The service() method is called to handle each client request. This method can
call doGet(), doPost(), or other HTTP methods based on the request type.
4. Destruction: The destroy() method is called to clean up resources before the servlet is destroyed.

Program –

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Static and Dynamic Content Example</title>

</head> <body>

<h1>Welcome to My Website</h1>

<p>This is static content.</p>

<%

// Dynamic content

String currentTime = new java.util.Date().toString();

%>

<p>The current time is: <%= currentTime %></p>

</body></html>
Q 8. Explain the life cycle of thread in details and write source code to demonstrate the thread life cycle.

Thread Life Cycle in Java

A thread in Java goes through several states during its life cycle. These states are managed by the Java Virtual
Machine (JVM) and can be described as follows:

1. New: A thread is in this state when it is created but not yet started. It remains in this state until
the start() method is called.

Java

Thread t = new Thread();

AI-generated code. Review and use carefully. More info on FAQ.

2. Runnable: After the start() method is called, the thread moves to the runnable state. It is ready to run but
may not be running immediately. The thread scheduler decides when the thread will run.

Java

t.start();

AI-generated code. Review and use carefully. More info on FAQ.

3. Running: When the thread scheduler selects the thread, it moves from the runnable state to the running
state. The run() method is executed in this state.

Java

public void run() {

System.out.println("Thread is running.");

AI-generated code. Review and use carefully. More info on FAQ.

4. Blocked/Waiting: A thread enters this state when it is waiting for a resource or another thread to complete
its task. It can be blocked due to I/O operations, waiting for a monitor lock, or waiting for a notification.

Java

synchronized (lock) {

lock.wait();

5. Timed Waiting: A thread enters this state when it calls methods like sleep(long millis), wait(long timeout),
or join(long millis). It remains in this state for a specified period.

Java

Thread.sleep(1000); // Sleep for 1 second

 6. Terminated: A thread enters this state when it has completed its execution or is terminated by an
exception. Once a thread is terminated, it cannot be restarted.

Java

public void run() {

System.out.println("Thread is terminated.");

Example Code Demonstrating Thread Life Cycle

Here’s a simple Java program that demonstrates the different states of a thread:

Java

class MyThread extends Thread {

public void run() {

try {

System.out.println("Thread is in running state.");

Thread.sleep(1000); // Timed Waiting

synchronized (this) {

wait(1000); // Waiting

System.out.println("Thread is resumed and running again.");

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

System.out.println("Thread is terminated.");

public class ThreadLifeCycleDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

MyThread t = new MyThread();

System.out.println("Thread is in new state.");

 t.start(); // Runnable

try {

t.join(); // Waiting for thread to die

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

System.out.println("Main thread is terminated.");

Explanation

1. New State: The thread t is created but not started.

2. Runnable State: The start() method is called, and the thread is ready to run.
3. Running State: The run() method is executed, and the thread prints “Thread is in running state.”
4. Timed Waiting State: The thread sleeps for 1 second using Thread.sleep(1000).
5. Waiting State: The thread waits for 1 second using wait(1000).
6. Running State: The thread resumes and prints “Thread is resumed and running again.”
7. Terminated State: The thread completes its execution and prints “Thread is terminated.”

Q9. What do you mean by multithreading? Explain it by any example.

What is Multithreading?

Multithreading is a programming technique that allows multiple threads to run concurrently within a single
process. Each thread represents a separate path of execution, enabling a program to perform multiple tasks
simultaneously. This can significantly improve the performance and responsiveness of applications, especially
those that require parallel processing or need to handle multiple tasks at once.

Benefits of Multithreading

 Improved Performance: By dividing tasks into smaller threads, a program can utilize CPU resources more
efficiently.
 Responsiveness: Multithreading allows applications to remain responsive to user input while performing
background tasks.
 Resource Sharing: Threads within the same process share the same memory space, which allows for
efficient communication and data sharing.
Example of Multithreading in Java

Let’s create a simple example to demonstrate multithreading in Java. We’ll create two threads: one that prints
numbers and another that prints letters.

Step 1: Create a Class that Implements Runnable

First, we’ll create a class that implements the Runnable interface. This class will define the task that the thread will
execute.

Java

class PrintNumbers implements Runnable {

public void run() {

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

System.out.println("Number: " + i);

try {

Thread.sleep(500); // Sleep for 500 milliseconds

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

class PrintLetters implements Runnable {

public void run() {

for (char c = 'A'; c <= 'E'; c++) {

System.out.println("Letter: " + c);

try {

Thread.sleep(500); // Sleep for 500 milliseconds

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}
 }

Step 2: Create and Start Threads

Next, we’ll create and start the threads using the Thread class.

Java

public class MultithreadingExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create instances of the Runnable classes

PrintNumbers printNumbers = new PrintNumbers();

PrintLetters printLetters = new PrintLetters();

// Create threads

Thread thread1 = new Thread(printNumbers);

Thread thread2 = new Thread(printLetters);

// Start threads

thread1.start();

thread2.start();

Explanation

1. PrintNumbers Class: This class implements the Runnable interface and overrides the run() method to print
numbers from 1 to 5, pausing for 500 milliseconds between each number.
2. PrintLetters Class: This class also implements the Runnable interface and overrides the run() method to
print letters from ‘A’ to ‘E’, pausing for 500 milliseconds between each letter.
3. MultithreadingExample Class: In the main method, we create instances of PrintNumbers and PrintLetters,
then create and start two threads. Each thread runs its respective task concurrently.
Q10. write short notes on

(a) repaint()

The repaint() method in Java is used to refresh the display of a component. When a component’s appearance needs
to be updated, calling repaint() schedules a call to the component’s update() method, which in turn calls paint().
This ensures that the component is redrawn with the latest data. The repaint() method can be called with different
parameters to specify the area to be repainted or the delay before repainting1.

Example –

public class MyComponent extends Component {

public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawString("Hello, World!", 20, 20);
}

public void update(Graphics g) {

paint(g);
}

public void changeText() {

// Change some state
repaint(); // Request a repaint
}
}

(b) Applet

An applet is a small Java program that runs within a web browser. Applets are used to create dynamic and
interactive web applications. They are embedded in HTML pages using the <applet> or <object> tag. Applets have
a specific life cycle, including methods like init(), start(), stop(), and destroy(). These methods manage the applet’s
initialization, execution, and termination. Applets are known for their security restrictions, which prevent them
from performing certain operations to protect the user’s system23.

import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Graphics;

public class MyApplet extends Applet {

public void init() {
// Initialization code
}

public void start() {

// Start or resume execution
}

public void stop() {

// Pause execution
}

public void destroy() {

// Cleanup code
}

public void paint(Graphics g) {

g.drawString("Hello, Applet!", 20, 20);
}
}

© J2EE

Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE), now known as Jakarta EE, is a set of specifications and extensions for
Java SE (Standard Edition) that provide a robust platform for developing enterprise-level applications. J2EE
includes APIs for web services, component-based development, and distributed computing. Key components of
J2EE include Servlets, JavaServer Pages (JSP), Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB), and Java Message Service
(JMS). These components help in building scalable, secure, and reliable enterprise applications45.

import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

public class MyServlet extends HttpServlet {

protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws
ServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html");
response.getWriter().println("<h1>Hello, Servlet!</h1>");
}
}

(d) RMI

Remote Method Invocation (RMI) is an API in Java that allows an object to invoke methods on an object running
in another Java Virtual Machine (JVM). RMI facilitates the development of distributed applications by enabling
remote communication between Java programs. It uses stubs and skeletons for communication: the stub acts as a
proxy on the client side, while the skeleton resides on the server side. RMI handles the details of network
communication, making it easier for developers to build distributed systems

Remote interface

import java.rmi.Remote;
import java.rmi.RemoteException;

public interface MyRemote extends Remote {

String sayHello() throws RemoteException;
}

Remote onject –

import java.rmi.server.UnicastRemoteObject;
import java.rmi.RemoteException;

public class MyRemoteImpl extends UnicastRemoteObject implements MyRemote {

protected MyRemoteImpl() throws RemoteException {
super();
}

public String sayHello() throws RemoteException {

return "Hello, RMI!";
}
}
Q10 . what do you mean by java socket programming? Explain TCP/IP client socket and TCP/IP Server
socket.

Java Socket Programming

Java socket programming is a way to enable communication between applications running on different Java
Runtime Environments (JREs) over a network. It can be either connection-oriented or connection-less. In Java,
the Socket and ServerSocket classes are used for connection-oriented socket programming,
while DatagramSocket and DatagramPacket classes are used for connection-less socket programming1.

A socket is an endpoint for communication between two machines. It allows a program to connect to another
program over a network and exchange data. The Socket class in Java provides methods to create and manage a
socket, while the ServerSocket class is used to create a server socket that listens for client connections.

TCP/IP Client Socket

A TCP/IP client socket is used to establish a connection to a server socket. The client socket initiates the
connection by specifying the server’s IP address and port number. Once the connection is established, the client
and server can communicate by reading from and writing to their respective sockets.

import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

public class SimpleClient {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
// Connect to the server on localhost at port 6666
Socket socket = new Socket("localhost", 6666);
// Create output stream to send data to the server
DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream());
dos.writeUTF("Hello, Server!");
dos.flush();
dos.close();
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

TCP/IP Server Socket

A TCP/IP server socket listens for incoming client connections on a specific port. When a client attempts to
connect, the server socket accepts the connection and creates a new socket for communication with the client. This
allows the server to continue listening for other client connections while handling the current one.

import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

public class SimpleServer {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
// Create a server socket listening on port 6666
ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(6666);
System.out.println("Server is listening on port 6666");
// Accept a client connection
Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();
 // Create input stream to receive data from the client
DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(socket.getInputStream());
String message = dis.readUTF();
System.out.println("Message from client: " + message);
dis.close();
socket.close();
serverSocket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}