Java Introduction for Beginners

© luv2code LLC
Course Development Team

Eric Roby

Coding with Roby Chád

Darby
www.codingwithroby.com

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Course Topics

1. Java Fundamental 6. Object-Oriented Programmin

2. Conditional 7. Java Collections Framewor

s

3. Loop 8. Exception Handlin

s

4. Method 9. File Input/Outpu

s

5. Arrays 10.Lambdas and Streams

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Prerequisites
• Helpful to have previous programming experience in any language

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Source Code and PDFs

All source code is available for download

All PDFs of slides are available for download

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Questions / Help

If you have questions or need help

Post the question in the classroom discussion foru

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What is Java?

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What is Java?

General-Purpose Language Platform Independent

Enterprise API and Frameworks Large Community Support

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What Can You Build with Java?

Web Applications Mobile / Android Apps

Banking, eCommerce, Social Media, … Uber, WhatsApp, Instagram, …

Desktop UI Enterprise Apps

IntelliJ, OpenOffice, … Finance, Insurance, eCommerce, …

Embedded Systems
Automotive, network routers, Games
medical devices, … Minecraft, Runescape, …

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Java Resources
• Tutorial
s

• Documentatio
n

• News

https://dev.java

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Java Development Environment

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Java Development
• Java Integrated Development Environment (IDE

• Helps you to write, test, and run your Java cod

• Simpli es coding with syntax checking and code completio

fi
n

• IntelliJ is a popular Java IDE

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About IntelliJ Super Amazing IDE!!!
Super Amazing IDE!!!
Super Amazing IDE!!!

• In this course, we will use the free version of Intelli

• Known as IntelliJ Community Edition

• Download from: https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/download

• Select Community Edition

• You can also use the Ultimate Edition ($) ... free trial version is available

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Installing IntelliJ Super Amazing IDE!!!
Super Amazing IDE!!!
Super Amazing IDE!!!

• IntelliJ is available fo

• Microsoft Window

• Ma
c

• Linux

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Java Development Kit (JDK)

• Low-level utility to compile and execute Java program

• IntelliJ uses the JDK behind the scene

• We’ll show how to con gure the JDK for IntelliJ in upcoming videos

fi
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Development Steps

1. Install Intelli

2. Con gure Java Development Kit (JDK) in IntelliJ

fi
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Basic Java Program

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Basic Java Program
• Program Structur

• main metho d

• Displaying Tex t

• Java Keywords

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Program Structure
Name of the class A class is a blueprint
Can give custom name for data and methods

public class Demo

public static void main(String[] args)

// add your code here

}

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Program Structure Curley braces are used
to define code blocks

Must have balanced curley braces

(open/close)
public class Demo

public static void main(String[] args)

// add your code here

}

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Program Structure main is the starting entry point
of your program.

Must always have signature:

public static void main
public class Demo

public static void main(String[] args)

// add your code here

public: code can be called from any class

}

} static: methods belongs to class instead of an instance

void: does not return a value
main: special name recognized by Java as starting point

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File Name File name must have same
name as public class
File: Demo.java
In this example: Demo.java

public class Demo File extension is always .java

public static void main(String[] args)

// add your code here

Java is ALWAYS case-sensitive

}

}
Even on operating systems that are
not case-sensitive

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Displaying Text
System.out.println(" … ");
File: Demo.java

public class Demo

public static void main(String[] args)

System.out.println("Hello World!")

}
Hello World!

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Java Keywords
• A Java program can use Java keyword

• Keywords are reserved words that have a prede ned meaning

fi
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Java Keywords
Category Keywords
Access Modifiers public, protected, private
final, static, abstract, synchronized, volatile,
Class, Method and Variable Modifiers transient
int, char, byte, short, long, float, double,
Primitive Types boolean
if, else, while, do, for, break, continue,
Control Flow Statements return, switch, case, default
Exception Handling try, catch, finally, throw, throws
class, interface, extends, implement, package,
Class Definition import, record
Objects new, this, super, instanceof
void, enum, assert, native, others …
Others goto, const

goto and const are reserved … but not used

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Strings in Java

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Displaying Text
System.out.println(" … ");
File: Demo.java

public class Demo

public static void main(String[] args)

System.out.println("Hello World!")

}
Hello World!

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 Assign Strings
• var is a simpli ed way of assigning a value to a variable

fi
Assign a String to a variable

var message = "Hello World!"

System.out.println(message);

Display the text

Hello World!

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Naming Conventions in Java Not a hard requirement, just a convention.
You will see this convention followed
on real-time projects.

• Variables start with a lower case letter

• For example: message, grade, account, age, city, etc

• For multiple words, use camel case: messageVolume, customerAccount, etc …

• Classes start with a capital letter

• For example: Demo, Customer, File etc

• For multiple words, use camel case: GameController, FileUploadUtil, etc …

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Concatenate / Join Strings
The + symbol is used to
concatenate / join the Strings
var message = "Hello World!"

var extra = "I love to code!"

System.out.println(message + " " + extra)

Display the text Hello World! I love to code!

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String
• Another common approach is specifying the class/type directly

class / type variable name

String message = "Hello World!"

String extra = "I love to code!";

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Concatenate / Join Strings
Assign the Strings to variables

String message = "Hello World!"

String extra = "I love to code!"

System.out.println(message + " " + extra)

Display the text Hello World! I love to code!

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The String class
• A class is a blueprint for data and methods / function

• The Java documentation lists the methods / functions that are available for the String class

Method Description
length() returns the length of the String
toUpperCase() returns an upper case version of the String
toLowerCase() returns a lower case version of the String
… …
https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase

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Calling methods / functions on Strings

String message = "Hello World!"

String extra = "I love to code!"

System.out.println("Length of " + message + " is " + message.length())

System.out.println("Upper case version of " + message + " is " + message.toUpperCase())

System.out.println("Lower case version of " + message + " is " + message.toLowerCase())

Length of Hello World! is 12

Upper case version of Hello World! is HELLO WORLD!
Lower case version of Hello World! is hello world!

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Reading User Input with Strings

© luv2code LLC
Earlier Example
File: Demo.java

public class Demo

public static void main(String[] args) color and hobby

is hard coded
System.out.println("My favorite color is blue")

System.out.println("My hobby is coding");

}

}
My favorite color is blue
My hobby is coding

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Refactor and add support for Variables
File: Demo.java
public class Demo

public static void main(String[] args) color and hobby

is hard coded
String theColor = "blue"
… but a little bit better

String theHobby = "coding"

System.out.println("My favorite color is " + theColor)

System.out.println("My hobby is " + theHobby)

My favorite color is blue

}

My hobby is coding

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 Read User Input from the User
• Ideally, we want to prompt the user and have them type in their answer.

Typed in by the user

What is your favorite color? purpl

What is your hobby? travelin Typed in by the user

Your favorite color is purple

Your hobby is traveling

Output is no longer
hard coded

Based on input from the user

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 Read User Input from the User
• Java provides a helper class to read input from the user: Scanner
Class variable

// Create a scanner for reading input from the use

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

Create a new instance that Configure the scanner to read user input
we can use in our app typically from the keyboard

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Prompt the user and Read Input Note: we use
System.out.print(…)

to keep input cursor

on the same line
// Create a scanner for reading input from the use as the prompt

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in)

// prompt the use

System.out.print("What is your favorite color? ") Prompt the user

// read the input from the use

String color = scanner.nextLine(); Read user input

What is your favorite color? <blinking cursor>

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Display the output
// Create a scanner for reading input from the use

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in)

// prompt the use

System.out.print("What is your favorite color? ")

// read the input from the use

String theColor = scanner.nextLine()

System.out.println("Your favorite color is " + theColor); Display the output

What is your favorite color? <blinking cursor>

Your favorite color is <whatever user entered>

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Pulling It All Together
// Create a scanner for reading input from the use

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in)

// prompt the use

r

System.out.print("What is your favorite color? ") Favorite color

// read the input from the use

String theColor = scanner.nextLine()

// prompt the use

r

System.out.print("What is your hobby? ") Hobby Output is no longer hard coded

// read the input from the use

r

String theHobby = scanner.nextLine() ;

Based on input from the user :-)

System.out.println("Your favorite color is " + theColor)

System.out.println("Your hobby is " + theHobby)

Close to release resources

// close to release resources and prevent resource/memory leak
Prevent resource/memory leaks

scanner.close();
Best practice

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Primitive Data Types

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Primitive Data Types
• A primitive data type is a basic type provided by Jav

• Not a class or objec

• Data is stored directly in memory allocated for the data typ

• Data types are de ned with a xed size and data range
fi
fi
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Primitive Data Types
Name Description

byte 8-bit, signed integer. Range -128 to 127

short 16-bit, signed integer. Range -32,768 to 32,767

int 32-bit, signed integer. Range -2^31 to 2^31 - 1

long 64-bit, signed integer. Range -2^63 to 2^63 - 1

Single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 floating point.

float Approx ±3.40282347E+38F (6-7 significant decimal digits).
Single-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 floating point.
double Approx ±1.79769313486231570E+308 (15 significant decimal digits)

char Single 16-bit Unicode character. `\u0000` to `\uffff` Unicode is a

superset of ASCII
See unicode.org
boolean true or false No other values
are valid

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byte, short, int and long byte: 8-bit
short: 16-bit
int: 32-bit
long: 64-bit

byte data = 102 L: specify a long number

short info = 13000

int stockCount = 2147483646

long cosmicDistance = 9223372036854775807L

System.out.println("data = " + data)

System.out.println("info = " + info)

System.out.println("stockCount = " + stockCount)

System.out.println("cosmicDistance = " + cosmicDistance);

data = 10
2

info = 1300
0

stockCount = 214748364
6

cosmicDistance = 9223372036854775807

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 Wrapper Classes
• For each data type, there is an associated “Wrapper Class

• Utility methods for working with primitive data types: for example, convert String to in

• Contains constant values for MIN and MAX

Primitive Data Type Wrapper Class

byte Byte
short Short
int Integer
long Long
float Float
double Double
char Character
boolean Boolean

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byte, short, int and long: min and max values
byte: 8-bit
// use special wrapper classes to display min and max value short: 16-bit
int: 32-bit

System.out.println("byte: min value=" + Byte.MIN_VALUE)

long: 64-bit

System.out.println("byte: max value=" + Byte.MAX_VALUE)

System.out.println("short: min value=" + Short.MIN_VALUE)

System.out.println("short: max value=" + Short.MAX_VALUE)

System.out.println("int: min value=" + Integer.MIN_VALUE)

System.out.println("int: max value=" + Integer.MAX_VALUE)

System.out.println("long: min value=" + Long.MIN_VALUE)

System.out.println("long: max value=" + Long.MAX_VALUE); byte: min value=-12

byte: max value=12

short: min value=-3276

short: max value=3276

int: min value=-214748364

int: max value=214748364

long: min value=-922337203685477580

long: max value=922337203685477580

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Values outside of range: Compilation Errors
byte: 8-bit
short: 16-bit
// these values are outside the range of the primitive data typ int: 32-bit

// this results in a compilation error long: 64-bit

byte otherValue = 129;

short otherNum = 33000; Compilation Errors

int otherCount = 2147483700

byte: min value=-12

byte: max value=12

short: min value=-3276

short: max value=3276

int: min value=-214748364

int: max value=2147483647

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float, double float: 16-bit floating point number
double: 32-bit floating point number

f: specify floating point number

defaults to double

float interestRate = 7.95f

double prizeWinning = 9982342452.45

System.out.println("interestRate=" + interestRate)

System.out.println("prizeWinning=" + prizeWinning);

interestRate=7.9

prizeWinning=9.98234245245E9

Scientific e-notation

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Formatting Floating Point Numbers
%.2f: number should be formatted as a
(f) floating point number
with (2) digits to right of decimal point

double prizeWinning = 9982342452.45

String formattedNum = String.format("%.2f", prizeWinning)

System.out.println("Formatted prizeWinning: " + formattedNum);

Formatted prizeWinning: 9982342452.4

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char and boolean

char stage = 'Q'

boolean alive = true

boolean found = false

System.out.println("stage=" + stage)

System.out.println("alive=" + alive)

System.out.println("found=" + found );

stage=

alive=tru

found=false

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Math Operations
double gradeExam1 = 87.5

double gradeExam2 = 100.0

double gradeExam3 = 66.50

double gradeAverage = (gradeExam1 + gradeExam2 + gradeExam3) / 3

System.out.println("Grade exam 1: " + gradeExam1)

System.out.println("Grade exam 2: " + gradeExam2)

System.out.println("Grade exam 3: " + gradeExam3)

System.out.println("Grade average: " + gradeAverage)

Grade exam 1: 87.

Grade exam 2: 100.

Grade exam 3: 66.

Grade average: 84.66666666666667

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 Formatting output
double gradeExam1 = 87.5

double gradeExam2 = 100.0

double gradeExam3 = 66.50

double gradeAverage = (gradeExam1 + gradeExam2 + gradeExam3) / 3

%.2f: number should be formatted as a

String formattedAvg = String.format("%.2f", gradeAverage) (f) floating point number

System.out.println("Formatted average: " + formattedAvg); with (2) digits to right of decimal point

Formatted average: 84.67

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Reading User Input with Numbers

© luv2code LLC
Earlier Example
grades are
double gradeExam1 = 87.5
hard coded

double gradeExam2 = 100.0

double gradeExam3 = 66.50

double gradeAverage = (gradeExam1 + gradeExam2 + gradeExam3) / 3

System.out.println("Grade exam 1: " + gradeExam1)

System.out.println("Grade exam 2: " + gradeExam2)

System.out.println("Grade exam 3: " + gradeExam3)

System.out.println("Grade average: " + gradeAverage)

Grade exam 1: 87.

Grade exam 2: 100.

Grade exam 3: 66.

Grade average: 84.66666666666667

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 Read User Input from the User
• Ideally, we want to prompt the user and have them type in their answer.

Enter grade exam 1: 9

Enter grade exam 2: 5 Typed in by the user

Enter grade exam 3: 7

Grade exam 1: 90. 0

Output is no longer
Grade exam 2: 54. hard coded
0

Grade exam 3: 70. Based on input from the user

0

Grade average: 71.33

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Prompt the user and Read Input
// Create a scanner for reading input from the use

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in)

// prompt the use

System.out.print("Enter grade exam 1: ") Prompt the user

// read the input from the user

double gradeExam1 = scanner.nextDouble(); Read user input

Enter grade exam 1: <blinking cursor>

repeat for gradesExam2 and 3

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 Primitive Data Type

Casting and Conversion

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 Casting and Conversion
• You may need to convert a oating point number to an intege

fl
r

• or vice-versa

• Java support
s

• Implicit Casting (Widening Conversion

• Explicit Casting (Narrowing Conversion)

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 Implicit Casting (Widening Conversion)
• Converting a number of smaller (narrow) type to a larger (wider) typ

• Relates to number of bits and precisio

byte: 8-bit
• Floating point numbers are more precise than integer numbers short: 16-bit
int: 32-bit
long: 64-bit

• For example
:

• byte is smaller than short in terms of byte

• int is narrower (less precise) than floa

• for example 8 is less precise than 8.001

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 Implicit Casting (Widening Conversion)
• Converting a number of smaller (narrow) type to a larger (wider) typ

• No special syntax is required since conversion is saf byte: 8-bit

short: 16-bit
int: 32-bit
• Analogy: smaller items can ALWAYS t inside larger box long: 64-bit

fi
byte data = 102
;

short info = data; // byte to shor

int stockCount = 2147483646

long bigBox = stockCount; // int to long

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 Explicit Casting (Narrowing Conversion)
• Converting a larger (wider) type to a smaller (narrow) typ

• Be careful: can lead to over ow or data loss/truncatio

fl
n

• Requires special syntax

// convert double to in

double theDoubleGradeAvg = 89.70

int theIntGradeAvg = (int) theDoubleGradeAvg

System.out.println("theDoubleGradeAvg=" + theDoubleGradeAvg)

System.out.println("theIntGradeAvg=" + theIntGradeAvg);

theDoubleGradeAvg=89.

Data loss / truncation theIntGradeAvg=89

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Explicit Casting (Narrowing Conversion)
Data loss / truncation
// convert float to byt

float theFloatDistance = 123.60f

byte theByteDistance = (byte) theFloatDistance theFloatDistance=123.

theByteDistance=123
System.out.println("theFloatDistance=" + theFloatDistance)

System.out.println("theByteDistance=" + theByteDistance)

// convert int to cha

r

int theCharacterCode = 65
;

char theChar = (char) theCharacterCode

System.out.println("theCharacterCode=" + theCharacterCode)

System.out.println("theChar=" + theChar);

theCharacterCode=6

Convert character code theChar=A

to a character based on unicode
See unicode.org

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