Article

A Smart Voltage and Current Monitoring System for

Three Phase Inverters Using an Android Smartphone
Application
Mohannad Jabbar Mnati 1,2,*, Alex Van den Bossche 1,3 and Raad Farhood Chisab 4
1 Department of Electrical Energy, Metals, Mechanical Constructions and Systems, Ghent University,
Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 913, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Gent, Belgium; alex.vandenbossche@ugent.be
2 Department of Electronic Technology, Institute of Technology Baghdad, Middle Technical University, Al-

Za’franiya, 10074 Baghdad, Iraq

3 Flanders Make, the Strategic Research Centre for the Manufacturing Industry, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium

4 Department of Electrical Technology, Technical Institute Kut, Middle Technical University, Al-Za’franiya,

10074 Baghdad, Iraq; raadfarhood@yahoo.com

* Correspondence: mohannad.mnati@ugent.be or m.j.mnati@gmail.com; Tel.: +32-488-383-749

Academic Editors: Michele Magno and Ilker Demirkol

Received: 8 February 2017; Accepted: 8 April 2017; Published: 15 April 2017

Abstract: In this paper, a new smart voltage and current monitoring system (SVCMS) technique is
proposed. It monitors a three phase electrical system using an Arduino platform as a microcontroller
to read the voltage and current from sensors and then wirelessly send the measured data to monitor
the results using a new Android application. The integrated SVCMS design uses an Arduino Nano
V3.0 as the microcontroller to measure the results from three voltage and three current sensors and
then send this data, after calculation, to the Android smartphone device of an end user using
Bluetooth HC-05. The Arduino Nano V3.0 controller and Bluetooth HC-05 are a cheap
microcontroller and wireless device, respectively. The new Android smartphone application that
monitors the voltage and current measurements uses the open source MIT App Inventor 2 software.
It allows for monitoring some elementary fundamental voltage power quality properties. An effort
has been made to investigate what is possible using available off-the-shelf components and open
source software.

Keywords: SVCMS; voltage sensor; current sensor; Android; Bluetooth; Arduino; smart

1. Introduction
Because of the increasing advances in technology, smart systems are increasingly being used.
These systems allow technicians, administrators, and managers to monitor and control the
performance of devices from a safe distance. The monitoring system is very important when working
in the field of three phase systems; some users and companies use smart monitoring software
programs [1–4]. These programs are installed on the user’s smartphone or company computers to
allow employers to make decisions if there is an error.
The main objective of this paper is to create a smart monitoring system based on an intelligent
control system [5–9]. The proposed system is called a smart voltage and current monitoring system
or SVCMS. The SVCMS is designed to monitor the performance of a three phase grid by measuring
voltage and current. The SVCMS design consists of two parts; the first is the control system shown in
Figure 1a. This system has been designed using the Arduino Nano V3.0 as a microcontroller to read
and calculate the RMS voltage and current from sensor units [10,11]. The Arduino Nano V3.0 is an
open source platform that is very cheap, flexible, and has special-purpose data processing capabilities [12].
Similar applications have been proposed for previous versions of this microcontroller [9,13,14]. The

Sensors 2017, 17, 872; doi:10.3390/s17040872 www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors

Sensors 2017, 17, 872 2 of 16

voltage sensor unit design is based on the ZMPT101B current transformer (Interplus Industry Co.
Ltd., Shenzhen, China) and it amplifies the signals using a LM358 IC (Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX,
USA) [15,16]. The current sensor unit is designed based on an ACS712 chip (Allegro Microsystems,
Worcester, MA, USA) [17]. Both voltage and current units are isolated, very cheap, and easy to use.
The last part in the control system is the Bluetooth HC-05 (Guangzhou HC Information Technology
Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China) [18,19]. This Bluetooth HC-05, is one of several types of wireless
communication [20] (ZigBee, Wi-Fi, etc.) unit placed between the control system and the end user
(monitoring system).

(a) (b)
Figure 1. SVCMS Model: (a) Control system; (b) Monitoring system.

The second part of the SVCMS, seen in Figure 1b, is the monitoring system or monitoring
application that is installed on a tablet or smartphone device. This application monitors the data
(three phase voltage and current) received from the microcontroller. This paper uses a new
application designed using MIT App Inventor 2, an open source platform from Google, that can be
used to design different types of applications that can be implemented of Android smartphones or
tablets [21–24].
The aim of this work was to design and implement a low cost and safe three phase measuring
system and to design a smartphone application to monitor the data received from the three phase
measuring system. The SVCMS has been designed to measure three phase voltages and currents for
all three phase systems that have a line to ground voltage of less than 250 VAC with a current value
of less than 30 A. The rest of the paper is organised as follows: Section 2 presents the relevant related
research, Section 3 presents the SVCMS design of both hardware and software in detail, Section 4
discusses the practical hardware and software system results, and finally, Section 5 presents
conclusions and suggests further work.

2. Related Work
This section discusses the system which has been designed and compares it with some related
work in the same area, such as similar studies using different techniques, like different types of
voltage and current sensors, wireless communication technology, type of microcontroller, and
monitoring systems.
The SVCMS that has been designed in this research consists of voltage and current sensors for a
three phase system, an Arduino Nano V3.0 microcontroller (electronics_lee Co. Ltd, Wuxi, China),
Bluetooth HC-05 as the wireless communication system, and a new Android smartphone application
designed to monitor the measured values. Table 1 shows a list of the devices used in other proposals
in this area.
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 3 of 16

Table 1. List of related works.

Related Work Communication Monitoring

Application Type of Sensors Microcontroller
[Reference] Year System System
Smart Power
Gill et al. [5], 2012 ZigBee Voltage and Current PC PC
Monitoring
Smart
Aurilio et al. [1], 2014 ---- Voltage and Current Arduino Shield Ordinary
Meters
Tamkittikhun et al. [20], Power Meter Arduino Mega
Ethernet Shield Voltage and Current PC
2015 Design 2560
Temperature and Arduino Mega
Salamone et al. [2], 2016 Smart Lamp Bluetooth Smartphone
Humidity 2560
Sung et al. [25], 2013 Smart LED Wi-Fi + ZigBee Light Sensor XP-8000 Smartphone
Di Gennaro et al. [26], Monitoring
ZigBee pH Probe Raspberry Pi PC
2014 System
Monitoring Arduino Mega and
Calderón et al. [7], 2016 Cable Temperature PC
System PC
Monitoring Embedded Linux
Kim et al. [27], 2015 Wi-Fi Webcam Smartphone
System Board and Arduino

3. SVCMS Design
The SVCMS design in Figure 1 consists of two parts: the control system (practical system) and
software system (the program of the microcontroller and smartphone application).

3.1. Control System (Hardware Design)

The control system of the SVCMS in Figure 1a has been designed to measure the voltage and
current of a three phase system. Then the microcontroller calculates the RMS values to be sent to the
smartphone application using Bluetooth as the wireless communication method. The practical
module of the control system (SVCMS) includes the following parts:
1. Voltage sensor unit
2. Current sensor unit
3. Microcontroller unit
4. Wireless communication unit
The four units of the hardware control system are shown in Figure 2.

(a) (b)
Figure 2. Cont.
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 4 of 16

(c) (d)
Figure 2. Hardware components: (a) voltage sensor unit; (b) current sensor unit; (c) Arduino Nano,
(d) Bluetooth HC-05.

3.1.1. Voltage Sensor Unit

The voltage sensor circuit that is shown in Figure 3 is designed to measure the maximum AC
voltage that is less than 250 VAC based on components in Figure 2a. This circuit uses a differential
attenuator after a 230 VACrms with tolerance less than 5 VACpp. The output waveform (5 VAC) of
the circuit is riding on DC voltage as an offset (about 2.5 V) and the amplitude can be adjusted by
potentiometer but not greater than 5 V. The output of the circuit is connected directly to the ADC pin
of the Arduino microcontroller.

Figure 3. Voltage sensor circuit—A band pass (~50 Hz).

The voltage sensor circuit design in Figure 3 is based on three stages:

1. A ZMPT101B current transformer (Interplus Industry Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, China) [15] with low
impedance load (R2). The ZMPT101B is a small size current transformer with good consistency
and isolation for voltage measurements. The main properties of the transformer are explained
in Table 2 [15] and the output characteristics are shown in Figure 4. Two curves show in the
Figure 4 depended to the input resistance of ZMPT101B, Figure 4a shows the relation between
the RMS input current and RMS output voltage and Figure 4b shows the relation between the
RMS input current and phase angle error of the output signal (the input resistance R1 is
connected in series with the transformer).
2. Two stages of bandpass-amplifier are based on LM358 IC [16]. This chip consists of two
operation amplifiers with the properties of:
 Low power consumption
 A wide single power supply (3 V to 32 V)
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 5 of 16

(a)

(b)

Figure 4. Output characteristics of ZMPT101B [15]: (a) output voltage and input current; (b) phase
angle and input current.

Table 2. The main properties of ZMPT101B [15].

Parameter Value
Turns Ratio 1000:1000
Primary and Secondary Current 2 mA and 2 mA
Dielectric Level 3000 VAC/min
Frequency Range 50~60 Hz
Phase Angle Error ≤20°, (50 Ω)

3.1.2. Current Sensor Unit

The current measuring circuit, shown in Figure 5, is based on the Allegro ACS712 IC sensor [17].
The ACS712 IC is a linear current sensor used for measuring AC and DC currents. This device comes
in three types from the manufacturer according to the maximum current sensed (±5, ±20, and ±30 A).
In this paper, the ACS712-30A was used as the current sensor. The ACS712-30A can measure currents
up to ±30 A and with 66 mV/A output sensitivity on a +5 V DC power supply.
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 6 of 16

Figure 5. Current sensor circuit.

From data sheet [17], Figure 6 shows the curve of relation between the DC input voltage and
measuring current. The main properties of the ACS712 chip are shown in Table 3.

Figure 6. The ideal curve of the measuring current of ACS712 (Imax = 30 A) [17].

Table 3. The main properties of ACS712 [17].

Parameter Value
Supply Voltage 5V
Minimum Isolation Voltage (Input & Output) 2.1 kVrms
Sensitivity (±5, ±20 and ±30) A (66,100, 185) mV/A
Working Temperature From (−40 to + 85) °C
Consumed Current 10 mA

3.1.3. The Microcontroller

As previously mentioned, the main component of the control unit is the Arduino development
board. The Arduino Nano V3.0 board, shown in Figure 1c, is an open source electronics prototyping
platform based on V3.0 on the ATmega328, flexible hardware and software. All manufacturer
properties are shown in Table 4, while the pins diagram is shown in Figure 7.

Table 4. Arduino Nano Properties.

Parameter Value
Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage (logic level) 5V
Flash Memory, EEPROM, and SRAM 32 kB of which 2 kB used by bootloader, 1 kB, and 2 kB
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Analog I/O Pins 8
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 7 of 16

DC Current per I/O Pins 40 mA (I/O Pins)

Input Voltage 7–12 V
Digital I/O Pins 22
PWM Output 6
Power Consumption 19 mA

Figure 7. Pin diagram of Arduino Nano [28].

The A/D converter of Arduino Nano is 10-bit and the measuring current of the circuit is 30 A
(ranging from −30 to +30) A. From the above data (Tables 2 and 3), the quantisation noise of the A/D
converter can be calculated by Equation (1):
𝐼𝑚 60
𝑄𝑁 = = 10 = 0.058651 ≈ 58.651 mA (1)
2𝑁 −1 2 −1
where: QN: quantisation noise; Im: measuring range; N: A/D bits of the converter.

3.1.4. Wireless Communication

The Bluetooth HC-05 module shown in Figure 1d was used as the wireless communication
device between the microcontroller and the end user (smartphone device). This model is connected
directly to the Arduino Nano V3.0. The Bluetooth HC-05 properties are shown in Table 5.

Table 5. Properties of Bluetooth HC-05.

Parameter Value
Frequency ISM band, 2.4 GHz
Synchronous 1 Mbps/1 Mbps
Power Supply +3.3 VDC 50 mA
Working Temperature (−25~+75) °C
Transmit Power Class 2, ≤4 dBm

The final SVCMS hardware is shown in Figure 8, the system consists of four units, which are: (1)
Arduino Nano V3.0, (2) three voltage sensors, (3) three current sensors, and (4) Bluetooth HC-5 as a
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 8 of 16

wireless communication. In Figure 8, the connection of all components and how it works together are
shown in order to yield the data and also shows how the data is read by the oscilloscope to check the
system for errors or mistakes during the connection. The approximate total cost of the SVCMS model
using parts acquired from eBay stores, as presented in Table 6, was 25€.

Figure 8. The SVCMS hardware system.

Table 6. SVCMS model cost analysis.

Component Hardware Quantity Price (€)

Voltage Sensor Single-phase AC Voltage Sensor Circuit 3 3×4.26
Current Sensor Single-phase AC current Sensor Circuit 3 3×1.7
Wireless Communication HC-5 Bluetooth 1 3.41
Microcontroller Board Arduino Nano 1 3.26
Total cost from eBay stores (approximately) 24.55

3.2. Monitoring System (Software Design)

Two types of program are used in this work, the first one is for the Arduino microcontroller to
read the data from the voltage and current sensors and send the results by Bluetooth to the end user.
The second one is for monitoring the received data from the microcontroller. The monitoring system
or monitoring software of the SVCMS is installed on an Android smartphone or a tablet as shown in
Figure 1b. This application is designed to monitor the data (three phase voltage and current) received
from the microcontroller.

3.2.1. Microcontroller Program

Figure 9 shows the main open source platform of the Arduino Nano microcontroller and shows
the microcontroller codes to read the data from the voltage and current sensor units, and then send
the data to the end user. This program is written in an Arduino platform and then uploads it to the
Arduino board using the USB connection. In this part of the program it can be seen that the program
checks the availability of the Bluetooth device to see if it is connected or not in order to read the result
and send this data to the smartphone via the Bluetooth communication protocols.
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 9 of 16

Figure 9. Main microcontroller program.

3.2.2. Monitoring Program

The voltage and current for three phases are monitored by the android smartphone application.
This application developed by the MIT App Inventor 2, as open source platform available from
Google as online software for Android project applications. The main screen of the MIT App Inventor
2 is shown in Figure 10. This screen consists of component sets and program tools. These components
include some visible items on the final smartphone application (e.g., texts, buttons, labels, etc.) and
invisible items like the database, wireless tools, etc.

Figure 10. Main screen of MIT App Inventor 2.

Sensors 2017, 17, 872 10 of 16

4. Discussion and Results

There are more methods for controlling and monitoring a three phase circuit depending on the
controller or the type of display for the results of the voltage and current. In this paper, a new method
for monitoring and displaying the three phase system is given; this method is called the smart voltage
and current monitoring system, or SVCMS, where a smartphone is used instead of traditional
methods like an LCD display or an analog method for monitoring and displaying the results. It
consists of two major parts which are the control and monitoring parts. The control part has four
branches which are: a voltage sensor unit, a current sensor unit, the Arduino Nano V3.0 unit, and
wireless communication unit (Bluetooth device), while the second part contains the monitoring part
that monitors the voltage and current for three phases using the Android smartphone application
which is written using the MIT App Inventor 2, an open source software platform available from
Google for Android project applications.
Now, the control part will be discussed. It mainly consists of two sensors for measuring the
voltage and current. The voltage sensor contains the transformer and two op-amps (LM358).
According to Section 3.1.1 and the voltage sensor circuit in Figure 3, the Matlab Simulink simulation
of the three phase voltage system is shown in Figure 11. Figure 12 shows the three phase voltage
source and three voltage sensors. Figure 11 explains how the voltage can be simulated using the
Matlab/Simulink in which the input voltage is shown in scope-A1 (which is about 230 V) while the
output voltage can be measured in pin VS-OUT and these three phase voltages (phase-A, phase-B,
and phase-C) can be shown through the scope-A2 (this voltage is about 5 V). The waveform of input
and output voltage of Figure 11 is shown in Figure 12. The input voltage sine wave is offset equal to
zero and upper with lower voltage of 230 V. The output voltage in Figure 12 ranges between 0 and 5
V for the microcontroller which is offset around 2.5 V. This circuit is used to reduce the voltage in
order to deal with the high voltage.

Figure 11. Matlab/Simulink of the three phase voltage system.

Sensors 2017, 17, 872 11 of 16

Three Phase Input Voltage (50 Hz)

250
Phas A
200
Phas B
150 Phas C

100

50
Input

-50

-100

-150

-200

-250
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
Time

Three Phase OutPut Voltage (50 Hz)

5
Phas A
4.5
Phas B
4 Phas C

3.5 2.5Volt
<= 5Volt
3
Output

2.5

1.5 >= 0 Volt

1

0.5

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
Time

Figure 12. Simulation result (input and output) voltage.

The second sensor is the current sensor, as shown in Figure 5, which is based on the ACS712 IC
sensor. This sensor can work under a limit of 30 A with 66 mV/A sensitivity with +5 V DC power
supply. Figure 6 explains the relation between the output voltage and phase current and it can be
noticed that the relation is linear under different temperature conditions from −40 °C to 125 °C; this
relation increase is exactly linear and that means the increase in current taken will lead to an increase
in the voltage output. Also one can notice that the change in temperature will not affect the activity
of this circuit.
The control and software flowchart of the SVCMS is shown in Figure 13. According to Section 3.2,
the flowchart in Figure 13a shows how the control system works (reading data from sensors and
sending this data after calculating the RMS values by Arduino Nano through the Bluetooth HC-05 to
the end user). Figure 13b shows the flowchart of the smartphone application program and how to
receive data by smartphone Bluetooth from the microcontroller (control system) and then monitor
the results. It can be noted that the smartphone checks the Bluetooth device to see if it is active or not
in order to receive the data from the Bluetooth device HC-05 that is connected with Arduino Nano.
After reading the data it will check every phase and will begin with phase A. If the voltage and
current have values and is never equal to zero then it will display these values, while if the voltage is
zero then it will display the (SC) and with current equal to zero display (NL) and with together equal
to zero then display (NC). After that the program will check the second phase (phase B) and repeat
the same steps for phase A, then go to phase C and repeat same procedure for the other two phases.
Finally, it will return to “receive data” and repeat the same procedure in order to update the reading
and display the new data received.
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 12 of 16

(a) (b)
Figure 13. Flowchart of SVCMS: (a) Flowchart of Arduino Nano V3.0 Software; (b) Flowchart of
Android application Software.

According to the Matlab/Simulink waveform in Figure 12, the Arduino Nano V3.0 calculates the
RMS Value for voltage and current by Equations (2) and (3). The three phase voltage is presented in
Equations (4)–(6):

𝑇
1
𝑉𝑝ℎ (𝑅𝑀𝑆) = √ ∗ ∫ 𝑉𝑝ℎ (𝑡)2 𝑑𝑡 (2)
𝑇 0

𝑇
1
𝐼𝑝ℎ (𝑅𝑀𝑆) = √ ∗ ∫ 𝐼𝑝ℎ (𝑡)2 𝑑𝑡 (3)
𝑇 0

where: T = 1/frequency
𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 (4)

𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 − 120) (5)

𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜃 + 120) (6)

The Android smartphone application is the fifth unit connected to the control system by
Bluetooth. The android application of SVCMS is shown in Figure 14. Figure 14a shows the SVCMS
Android application before it connects the Bluetooth to the control system (the status is “disconnect”)
while Figure 14b explains the condition of the Bluetooth device after connecting (the status is
“connect”) but no result appears in the main screen as the control system is not working (which
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 13 of 16

means that there is no signal for all six sensors). Figure 14c presents all states of monitoring according
to the flowchart application in Figure 12b.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 14. The SVCMS android application: (a) control system disconnected; (b) control system
connected (no measuring signals received); and (c) all states of measuring sensors are shown.

Figure 14 explains the different cases of the connection and cases of phases. In Figure 15a the six
sensor reading is zero, that means the sensor is not working because the Bluetooth device was in the
off state. In Figure 15b the Bluetooth is working but the device and sensors are not connected and
without receiving signals, while in Figure 15c the program is working and reading different data
received from the sensors with special cases of voltage and current like “SC” and “NL”.
Figure 15 shows more screens that are programmed to explain how this system (hardware and
software) works. Figure 15a shows the abstract that is written in this paper and gives a brief idea
about this system for controlling and monitoring the three phases and how to it can display the results
while Figure 15b shows the name of the journal where it was submitted and extra information such
as the specific dates like received, accepted, and published dates. Figure 15c explains the control flow
chart for the SVCMS control system and how it works while Figure 15d shows the second type of
flow chart, which is the application flow chart, which works on smartphones and how it can display
the results. Then Figure 15e explains the first types of sensors, which are the voltage sensors, and
shows the circuit diagram of this sensor. Finally, Figure 15f shows the circuit diagram of the second
sensor, the current sensor, and explains the components of this sensor.
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 14 of 16

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

Figure 15. The SVCMS additional screen: (a) abstract; (b) journal information; (c) Arduino flowchart;
(d) Android flowchart; (e) voltage sensor unit; (f) current sensor unit. [NOTE: The system design is
based on only one SVCMS application and can be connected by the Arduino Nano at a given time].

5. Conclusions and Future Work

A smart voltage and current monitoring system (SVCMS), is designed and implemented to
measure and monitor three phase voltages and currents. The SVCMS model is more cost effective
than similar models that use heavy current transformers (CTs). It is also safer than having to measure
the mains voltages very often. It is a low cost and easily applicable model for measuring and
monitoring three phase system performance as compared with other models. The technician can also
work with the domain like virtual reality. The monitoring system uses a new Android smartphone
application designed by MIT App Inventor 2. This application receives the three phase RMS voltage
and current data from the Bluetooth device (HC-05). The SVCMS has been tested successfully.
The future of smart monitoring system model and applications is to replace the Bluetooth
wireless communication system by Internet of Things (IOT) technology [29,30]. This technology is
Sensors 2017, 17, 872 15 of 16

used to connect the sensors and devices over the internet by allowing them to talk to us, work in
applications, and interact with each other.
Acknowledgments: The first author appreciates the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research/IRAQ
and Special Research of Ghent University for the financial support during this work.

Author Contributions: All the authors contributed substantially to the work presented. Mohannad Jabbar Mnati
did the simulation and experimental works. In addition, he wrote the paper. Alex Van den Bossche gave a
conceptual approach and provided comments at all the stages of the simulation and experimental works. Alex
Van den Bossche and Raad Farhood Chisab revised the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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