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Class 12 Computer Science Notes Final

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25 views

Class 12 Computer Science Notes Final

Uploaded by

alokkumarg105
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class 12 Computer Science Notes

Based on Sumita Arora's Textbook

Computer Network - 2

Computer Network - 2:

Definition and Purpose:

- Computer networks connect multiple computers, enabling data exchange.

- Types include LAN, WAN, MAN, etc., each suitable for different scopes of use.

Network Topologies:

- Bus: Single cable connecting all nodes; one fault affects the whole network.

- Star: Central hub connects all nodes, providing better fault tolerance.

- Ring: Nodes form a circular path; data travels in one direction.

- Mesh: Each node connects to multiple nodes, enhancing redundancy.

- Hybrid: Combines different topologies, improving versatility.

Network Protocols:

- TCP/IP: Fundamental suite for internet communication.

- HTTP/HTTPS: Used for web browsing, HTTPS adds encryption.

- FTP: File Transfer Protocol for uploading/downloading files.

- SMTP/POP3: Used for sending and receiving emails.

Transmission Media:

- Wired: Coaxial cables, fiber optics provide high speed, but need physical links.
- Wireless: Wi-Fi and Bluetooth offer flexibility, though signal strength can vary.

Network Devices:

- Router: Directs data packets across networks.

- Switch: Connects devices within a single network, handling data traffic.

- Modem: Enables access to the internet by modulating digital signals.

Relational Database

Relational Database:

Introduction to RDBMS:

- RDBMSs organize data in tables and allow relationships between tables.

- Essential for structured storage and retrieval of data.

Database Models:

- Hierarchical: Data organized in a tree-like structure.

- Network: More complex connections, useful for networks.

- Relational: Data stored in tables with columns and rows.

Key Terms:

- Table: Data is organized in rows and columns.

- Record: Single entry in a table.

- Field: Specific attribute (column) in a table.

- Primary Key: Unique identifier for records.

- Foreign Key: Links records across tables.


Advantages of RDBMS:

- Maintains data integrity, reduces redundancy, enables complex queries.

Normal Forms:

- 1NF, 2NF, 3NF: Levels of database normalization to reduce redundancy and dependencies.

Simple Queries in SQL

Simple Queries in SQL:

SQL Basics:

- SQL is used to manage and query relational databases.

- Common SQL commands include SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.

Basic SQL Commands:

- SELECT: Retrieves data from a database.

- FROM: Specifies the table to query.

- WHERE: Filters results based on a condition.

- ORDER BY: Sorts results by specified column.

- DISTINCT: Removes duplicate values from results.

Filtering Data:

- Conditions use operators like =, >, <, AND, OR, NOT to refine searches.

Sorting and Limiting Results:


- ORDER BY organizes data in ascending or descending order.

- LIMIT restricts the number of returned results.

Table Creation and Data Manipulation Commands

Table Creation and Data Manipulation Commands:

Creating Tables:

- CREATE TABLE command initializes a table in the database.

- Syntax: CREATE TABLE table_name (column1 datatype, column2 datatype, ...).

Data Types:

- INT, VARCHAR, DATE, and others specify the nature of each column's data.

Data Manipulation:

- INSERT INTO: Adds new records.

- UPDATE: Modifies existing records.

- DELETE: Removes records from a table.

Altering Tables:

- ALTER TABLE allows adding, modifying, or dropping columns.

Grouping Records, Joins in SQL

Grouping Records, Joins in SQL:


Grouping Records:

- GROUP BY groups rows sharing a common field.

- HAVING applies a condition to groups.

Joins:

- INNER JOIN: Returns records with matching values in both tables.

- LEFT JOIN: Returns all records from the left table and matched records from the right.

- RIGHT JOIN: Returns all records from the right table and matched records from the left.

- FULL JOIN: Returns records when there's a match in one of the tables.

Interface Python with MySQL

Interface Python with MySQL:

Connecting Python to MySQL:

- Python's MySQL connector enables database interactions.

Basic Steps:

1. Install MySQL connector (pip install mysql-connector-python).

2. Import mysql.connector module.

3. Use connect() function with database credentials.

Performing CRUD Operations:

- Cursor object in Python executes SQL commands.

Error Handling:
- Handle exceptions for robust code execution.

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