3-Motion-Curves-Curvilinear-Motion

CE 221
DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES

ENGR. DIANNE CLAIRE C. ROBLES
INSTRUCTOR
THE 𝒗 − 𝒔 AND
𝒂 − 𝒔 GRAPHS
ERRATIC MOTION
 If the 𝑎 − 𝑠 graph can be constructed, then points
on the 𝑣 − 𝑠 graph can be determined by using
𝒗 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒂 𝒅 𝒔.
ERRATIC MOTION
 If the 𝑣 − 𝑠 graph is known, the acceleration 𝑎 at any
position 𝑠 can be determined using 𝒂 𝒅𝒔 = 𝒗 𝒅𝒗,
written as
SAMPLE PROBLEM #1
 The 𝑣 − 𝑠 graph describing the motion of a motorcycle is shown. Construct the 𝒂 − 𝒔 graph of the motion.
KINEMATICS OF A PARTICLE
CURVILINEAR TRANSLATION
CURVILINEAR MOTION
 NORMAL AND TANGENTIAL COMPONENTS
When a particle moves along a curved path, it is sometimes convenient to describe its
motion using coordinates other than Cartesian.
When the path of motion is known, normal (n) and tangential (t) coordinates are often
used.
CURVILINEAR MOTION
 In the 𝑛 − 𝑡 coordinate system, the origin is located on the particle (the origin moves
with the particle).
The 𝑡 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is tangent to the path (curve) at

the instant considered, positive in the direction
of the particle’s motion.
The 𝑛 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is perpendicular to the t-axis

with the positive direction toward the center
of curvature of the curve.
CURVILINEAR MOTION
 The center of curvature, O’, always lies on the concave side (inward) of the curve.
 The radius of curvature, 𝝆, is defined as the perpendicular distance from the curve
to the center of curvature at that point.
CURVILINEAR MOTION
 VELOCITY IN THE 𝒏 − 𝒕 COORDINATE SYSTEM
The velocity vector is always tangent to the path of motion (t-direction).
The magnitude is determined by taking the time

derivative of the path function, s(t).
𝑑𝑠
𝑣=
𝑑𝑡
CURVILINEAR MOTION
 ACCELERATION IN THE 𝒏 − 𝒕 COORDINATE SYSTEM
Acceleration is the time rate of change of velocity:
𝒅𝒗
𝒂=
𝒅𝒕
There are two components to the acceleration vector: 𝒂𝒏 , 𝒂𝒕
The tangential component is tangent to the curve and in the direction of increasing or
decreasing velocity.
𝒅𝒗
𝒂𝒕 =
𝒅𝒕
The normal or centripetal component is always directed toward the center of curvature
of the curve.
𝒗𝟐
𝒂𝒏 =
𝝆
The magnitude of the acceleration vector:
𝒂 = 𝒂𝒕 𝟐 + 𝒂𝒏 𝟐
CURVILINEAR MOTION
 SPECIAL CASES OF MOTION
There are some special cases of motion to consider.
 If the particle moves along a straight line.
𝝆→∞
Therefore,
𝒗𝟐
𝒂𝒏 = =𝟎
𝝆
 If the particle moves along a curve at constant speed.
𝒅𝒗
𝒂𝒕 = =𝟎
𝒅𝒕
CURVILINEAR MOTION
 SPECIAL CASES OF MOTION
 If the tangential component of acceleration is constant, 𝑎𝑡 = (𝑎𝑡 )𝑐 . In this case,
As before, 𝑠o and 𝑣𝑜 are the initial position and velocity of the particle at 𝑡 = 0.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #2
1. Determine the tangential

acceleration when t=10 s.
2. Determine the normal
acceleration when t=10 s.
3. Determine the magnitude of
its acceleration when t=10 s.
1.25 m/s2; 0.98 m/s2; 1.59 m/s2

SAMPLE PROBLEM #3
1. Determine the radius of

curvature of the path at point A.
2. Determine the tangential
component of acceleration.
1,280 ft; 8.66 ft/s2

SAMPLE PROBLEM #4
1. Determine the tangential acceleration

when the car is at B.
2. Determine the normal acceleration when
the car is at B.
3. Determine the magnitude of the
acceleration when the car is at B.
1.55 m/s2; 11.13 m/s2; 11.23 m/s2

CURVILINEAR TRANSLATION:
PROJECTILE MOTION
PROJECTILE MOTION
Projectile motion is the motion of an object thrown or projected into the air, subject to only the acceleration of
gravity.The object is called a projectile, and its path is called its trajectory.
The motion of falling objects is a simple one-dimensional type of projectile motion in which there is no horizontal
movement. In this section, we consider two-dimensional projectile motion, such as that of a football or other object
for which air resistance is negligible.
PROJECTILE MOTION
 When air resistance is neglected, the only force acting on the projectile is its weight,
which causes the projectile to have a constant downward acceleration of
approximately 𝒂𝒄 = 𝒈 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒎/𝒔𝟐 or 𝒈 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 𝒇𝒕/𝒔𝟐.
HORIZONTAL MOTION
 Since 𝑎𝑥 = 0, application of the constant acceleration equations yields,
VERTICAL MOTION
 Since the positive y axis is directed upward, then 𝑎𝑦 = −𝑔. Applying, we get
PROJECTILE MOTION
 Relationship between 𝑥 and 𝑦 distance:
SAMPLE PROBLEM #5
 A sack slides off the ramp with a
horizontal velocity of 12 m/s. If the height
of the ramp is 6 m from the floor,
determine the time needed for the sack
to strike the floor and the range R
where sacks begin to pile up.
tAB = 1.11 s
R = 13.3 m
SAMPLE PROBLEM #6
 A bullet is fired at an initial velocity of 350 m/s and an angle of 50° with the
horizontal. Neglecting air resistance, find its range R on the horizontal plane through
the point it was fired.
R = 12,298 m
SAMPLE PROBLEM #7
 A bullet is fired at an initial velocity of 350 m/s and an angle of 50° with the
horizontal. Neglecting air resistance, what maximum height could the bullets rises?
H = 3664 m
SAMPLE PROBLEM #8
 The chipping machine is designed to eject wood chips at vo = 25 ft/s as shown. If the
tube is oriented at 30° from the horizontal, determine how high, h, the chips strike
the pile if at this instant they land on the pile 20 ft from the tube.
h = 1.81 ft
In any case, the most effective
way of learning the principles of dynamics is to
SOLVE PROBLEMS.

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CE 221

DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES

The 𝑡 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is tangent to the path (curve) at

The 𝑛 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is perpendicular to the t-axis

The magnitude is determined by taking the time

There are two components to the acceleration vector: 𝒂𝒏 , 𝒂𝒕

1. Determine the tangential

1.25 m/s2; 0.98 m/s2; 1.59 m/s2

1. Determine the radius of

1,280 ft; 8.66 ft/s2

1. Determine the tangential acceleration

1.55 m/s2; 11.13 m/s2; 11.23 m/s2

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