ASSIGNMENT-1

Subject: Mathematic
CODE:MAT-1002
Transform Techniques, Partial Differential Equations
and Their Applications

Section:- 3CSE09
Team Members:
B.Dasaradh Reddy - 20231CSE0553
G.Uday - 20231CSE0524
K.Rana Prudhvi -20231CSE0523
Pruthvi Teja .MC – 20231CSE0520
Vivek -20231CSE0507
 Laplace transform
CONTENTS
1. Introduction on Laplace transform.
2. Necessary and sufficient condition for the
existence of Laplace transform.
3. Properties of Laplace transform with
various examples.
4. Some standard Laplace transform
5. Inverse Laplace transform
6. Properties of inverse Laplace transform 7.
Some standard inverse Laplace transform
8. Fourier and Laplace transform.
9. Applications of Laplace transform
10. Limitations and conclusion.
What is Laplace Transform?
Introduction :-
The Laplace transform takes a function of time and
transforms it to a function of a complex variable s. Because
the transform is invertible, no information is lost and it is
reasonable to think of a function f(t) and its Laplace
transform F(s) as two views of the same phenomenon. Each
view has its uses and some features of the phenomenon are
easier to understand in one view or the other. We can use the
Laplace transform to transform a linear time invariant system
from the time domain to the s-domain. This leads to the
system function G(s) for the system –this is the same system
function used in the Nyquist criterion for stability. One
important feature of the Laplace transform is that it can
transform analytic problems to algebraic problems.

Definition.
The Laplace transform of a function f(t) is defined by the
integral
for those s where the integral converges. Here s is allowed to take
complex values.

Important note. The Laplace transform is only concerned with f(t) for t
≥ 0. Generally, speaking we can require f(t) = 0 for t < 0.
Standard notation. Where the notation is clear, we will use an
upper case letter to indicate the Laplace transform, e.g, L(f; s)
= F(s). The Laplace transform we defined is sometimes called
the one-sided Laplace transform. There is a two-sided version
where the integral goes from −∞ to ∞.
Existence of Laplace Transform:
a)

b)

To understand the topic more thoroughly, let us discuss about

The piecewise condition as well as the exponential condition

respectively on Laplace transform.
Properties of Laplace transform:
1) Linear Property: If c₁ and c₂ are any constants while
F₁(t) and F₂(t) are functions with Laplace transforms f₁(s)
and f₂(s), then L {c₁F₁(t)+c2F₂(t)} =c₁f₁(5)+C2f2(s)

2)First shifting property:

Example:
3)Second shifting property:

4)Differentiation of Laplace property:

5)Integration of Laplace transform:

6)Laplace transform of periodic functions:

7)Unit step function:

8)Dirac delta function:

SOME BASIC LAPLACE TRANSFORM:

INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM AND ITS PROPERTIES:

Definition:

Properties:

Some basic inverse Laplace transform:

RELATION OF POWER SERIES TO LAPLACE TRANSFORM:
The Laplace transform can be viewed as a continuous
analogue of a power series. If a(n) is a discrete function of
a positive integer n, then the power series associated to
a(n) is the series

where x is a real variable . Replacing summation over n

with integration over t, a continuous version of the power
series becomes
where the discrete function a(n) is replaced by the
continuous one f(t).
Changing the base of the power from x to e gives

For this to converge for, say, all bounded functions f, it is

necessary to require that ln x < 0. Making the substitution
−s = ln x gives just the Laplace transform:

In other words, the Laplace transform is a continuous

analog of a power series, in which the discrete parameter
n is replaced by the continuous parameter t, and x is
replaced by e−s.

FOURIER AND LAPLACE TRANSFORM:

The Laplace transform is similar to the Fourier

transform. While the Fourier transform of a function is a
complex function of a real variable (frequency), the
Laplace transform of a function is a complex function of
a complex variable. The Laplace transform is usually
restricted to transformation of functions of t with t ≥ 0. A
consequence of this restriction is that the Laplace
transform of a function is a holomorphic function of the
variable s. Unlike the Fourier transform, the Laplace
transform of a distribution is generally a wellbehaved
function. Techniques of complex variables can also be
used to directly study Laplace transforms. As a
holomorphic function, the Laplace transform has a power
series representation. This power series expresses a
function as a linear superposition of moments of the
function. This perspective has applications in probability
theory. The continuous Fourier transform is equivalent to
evaluating the bilateral
Laplace transform with imaginary argument s = iω or s =
2πfi when the condition explained below is fulfilled,

This definition of the Fourier transform requires a prefactor of

1/(2π) on the reverse Fourier transform. This relationship
between the Laplace and Fourier transforms is often used to
determine the frequency spectrum of a signal or dynamical
system.
The above relation is valid as stated if and only if the region
of convergence (ROC) of F(s) contains the imaginary axis,
σ = 0.
For example, the function f(t) = cos(ω0t) has a Laplace transform
F(s) = s/(s2 + ω02) whose ROC is Re(s) > 0. As s = iω is a pole
of F(s), substituting s = iω in F(s) does not yield the Fourier
transform of f(t)u(t), which is proportional to the Dirac delta-
function δ(ω − ω0). However, a relation of the form
 holds under much weaker conditions.

EXAMPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM:

The Laplace transform is used frequently in engineering and

physics; the output of a linear time-invariant system can be
calculated by convolving its unit impulse response with the
input signal. Performing this calculation in Laplace space
turns the convolution into a multiplication; the latter being
easier to solve because of its algebraic form. The Laplace
transform is invertible on a large class of functions. Given a
simple mathematical or functional description of an input or
output to a system, the Laplace transform provides an
alternative functional description that often simplifies the
process of analyzing the behavior of the system, or in
synthesizing a new system based on a set of specifications.
The Laplace transform can also be used to solve differential
equations and is used extensively in mechanical engineering
and electrical engineering. The Laplace transform reduces a
linear differential equation to an algebraic equation, which
can then be solved by the formal rules of algebra. The
original differential equation can then be solved by applying
the inverse Laplace transform. English electrical engineer
Oliver Heaviside first proposed a similar scheme, although
without using the Laplace transform; and the resulting
operational calculus is credited as the Heaviside calculus.

Evaluating improper integrals:

Let

then

In the limit , one gets

provided that the interchange of limits can be justified. Even

when the interchange cannot be justified the calculation can
be suggestive. For example, with a ≠ 0 ≠ b, proceeding
formally one has

The validity of this identity can be proved by other means.

It is an example of a Frullani integral.
Another example is Dirichlet integral.
Complex impedance of a capacitor.
In the theory of electrical circuits, the current flow in a
capacitor is proportional to the capacitance and rate of
change in the electrical potential (in SI units). Symbolically,
this is expressed by the differential equation

where C is the capacitance (in farads) of the capacitor, i =

i(t) is the electric
current (in amperes) through the capacitor as a function
of time, and v = v(t) is the voltage (in volts) across the
terminals of the capacitor, also as a function of time.
Taking the Laplace transform of this equation, we obtain

where

And

Solving for V(s) we have

The definition of the complex impedance Z (in ohms) is

the ratio of the complex voltage V divided by the complex
current I while holding the initial state V0 at zero:
Partial fraction expansion:

The unknown constants P and R are the residues located at

the corresponding poles of the transfer function. Each
residue represents the relative contribution of that
singularity to the transfer function's overall shape.

By the residue theorem, the inverse Laplace transform

depends only upon the poles and their residues. To find the
residue P, we multiply both sides of the equation by s + α to
get
Then by letting s = −α, the contribution from R vanishes and
all that is left is

Similarly, the residue R is given by

Note that

and so the substitution of R and P into the expanded

expression for H(s) gives

Finally, using the linearity property and the known

transform for exponential decay (see Item #3 in the Table
of Laplace Transforms, above), we can take the inverse
Laplace transform of H(s) to obtain

which is the impulse response of the system.

Convolution
The same result can be achieved using the convolution
property as if the system is a series of filters with transfer
functions of 1/(s + a) and 1/(s + b). That is, the inverse of

is

Phase delay

Starting with the Laplace transform,

we find the inverse by first rearranging terms in the fraction:

We are now able to take the inverse Laplace transform of our

terms:
 This is just the sine of the sum of the arguments, yielding :

We can apply similar logic to find that

Statistical mechanics :
In statistical mechanics, the Laplace transform of the density
of states

function is given by

defines the partition function. That is, the canonical partition

LIMITATIONS OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM:

It is used to solve differential equations with known constant

only. An equation without the known constants, the method
is useless.
CONCLUSION :
Laplace transformation is powerful tool using in different
areas of mathematics, physics and engineering.
With the ease of application of Laplace Transform in many
applications, many research software have made possible to
simulate the Laplace Transformable equations directly which
have made a good advancement in various research fields.

THANKING YOU.