..

 Advanced materials refer to new materials and modifications with regard

to current materials; they are designed to attain superior performance in
some properties that are essential for aimed applications (Fig. 2.14).
 They are materials that are utilized in high-technology (high-tech)
applications (e.g., camcorders, aircraft, spacecraft, computers, and fiber-
optic systems).
 They are innovative materials that are precisely prepared to display
enhanced properties that show superior efficiency relative to normal
materials.
 New technologies are developed to discover materials, and with enhanced
properties, they are utilized in specific applications (Kennedy et al.,
2019). These advanced materials are usually traditional materials (metals,
ceramics, and polymers) whose properties have been modified and
improved toward advanced applications.
 Advanced materials include responsive semiconductors, biomaterials, and
other smart materials.
 They also include 3D- and 4D-printed materials, architected hierarchical
materials, multifunctional and nanoscale materials, soft materials,
structural materials, and thermal materials. Their applications include
advanced instrumentations, integrated circuits, magnetic information
storage, liquid crystal displays, and fiber optics.
  Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a thin-film deposition technique that is
used in advanced materials to create precise, uniform films with atomic-
level precision. ALD is a key process in the fabrication of semiconductor
devices and is used in the synthesis of nanomaterials. It has many
applications, including:
 Lithium ion batteries
ALD is used to create conformal coatings for lithium ion batteries
(LIBs). ALD's precise control and atomic-level precision results in films with
uniform thickness at the nanometer level.
 Lanthanum (La) is a material used in advanced materials research,
including in the creation of La-doped molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)
nanosheets:
 La-doped MoS2 nanosheets
These nanosheets can break down toxic pollutants in wastewater across a wide
pH range. They are prepared using a hydrothermal approach and exhibit high
catalytic activity against methylene blue
Resistive switching (RS) is a technology that uses metal/insulator/metal cells to
change their electrical resistance when an electrical stimulus is applied. RS
devices can store and compute data
 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a process that uses a chemical reaction to
deposit a solid material onto a heated surface. It's a versatile technique that's
used in many advanced materials applications, including:
 Semiconductors
CVD is a common method for producing thin films in the semiconductor
industry. It's used to prepare semiconductors like silicon and carbon, and to
create insulation materials and patterning films
Strain engineering
CVD can be used to create compressive or tensile stress films that improve
transistor performance

Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is a technology that uses

plasma to create thin films on surfaces, and is used in advanced materials for a
variety of applications:
 Semiconductor industry: PECVD is used to fabricate integrated circuits and
other semiconductor devices.
 Photovoltaic industry: PECVD is used to create solar cells and photovoltaics

Physical vapor deposition (PVD) is a technique used in advanced materials to

create thin films and coatings on a variety of substrates:
Physical vapor deposition (PVD)

Proces Evaporates or sputters a target material to create a metal vapor, which

s then condenses on a substrate

Semiconductors are materials that conduct electricity between the levels of

conductors and insulators. They are the foundation of most electronics,
including chips that power technologies for healthcare, computing,
transportation, and communications.
 How they work
Semiconductors have a small band gap, which means that impurities can be
added to control the flow of electrons and electron holes. There are two types
of semiconductors: N-type, which contain impurities that create surplus
electrons, and P-type, which contain impurities that create a deficiency of
electrons.
 How they are made
Semiconductors are engineered materials that are processed in clean rooms to
create functional devices with the desired electrical and optical properties.
 How they are used
Semiconductors are used in many modern technologies, including artificial
intelligence, autonomous driving, electric vehicles, and advanced wireless
networks

Advanced electronic materials include metals, such as aluminum, and other

materials, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes
Graphene is a material that is extracted from graphite and is made up of pure
carbon, one of the most important elements in nature and which we find in daily
objects like the lead of a pencil. Graphene stands out for being tough, flexible,
light, and with a high resistance.
It is used in electronics, energy storage, sensors, coatings, composites,
biomedical devices and many other. Its high surface area and biocompatibility
make it an attractive material for drug delivery and tissue engineering
applications.
 A carbon nanotube (CNT) is a tube made of carbon with a diameter in the
nanometre range (nanoscale). They are one of the allotropes of carbon.

Here are some examples of nanomaterials:

 Carbon nanotubes: A nanometer in diameter, these molecules are strong and
conductive, and can be manipulated chemically and physically.
 Graphene: A 2D carbon-based nanomaterial with a sheet-like structure,
graphene is made up of a thin layer of carbon atoms.
 Fullerenes: A spherical carbon nanomaterial made up of pentagonal and
hexagonal carbon structures fused together.
 Quantum dots: A zero-dimensional nanomaterial.
 Nanorods: A 1D nanomaterial, examples include gold nanorods and silver
nanorods.
 Nanoplates: A 2D nanomaterial, examples include gold nanoplates
Nanoplates are two-dimensional nanostructures with one dimension that is less
than 100 nanometers. They are layered materials with many applications,
including:
 Photovoltaics
 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)
 Photothermal cancer therapy
 Bio-imaging
 Nanodevices.
 Nanowires: A ductile nanomaterial that can be drawn into thin wires, examples
include gold nanowires and silver nanowires.
 Nanocages: A 3D nanomaterial, examples include gold nanocages.
  Dendrimers: A polymeric molecule used in cancer diagnosis and treatment
Nanoscale gold nanoparticles are being used to connect resistors, conductors,
and other elements of an electronic chip.
Smart materials are a class of advanced materials that exhibit unique properties
that make them useful in a variety of applications:
 Shape memory alloys
These materials can contract by up to 4% and generate a large amount of
resistance force when thermally actuated. This property allows them to be used
as sensors and actuators.


Piezoelectric materials
These materials convert mechanical pressure into electrical signals, and vice
versa.


Magnetostrictive materials
These materials are used in a variety of applications, including vibration
control, energy harvesting, and stress and torque detection.


Smart nanomaterials
These materials have exceptional thermal, electronic, optical, and mechanical
properties.


Chromic materials
These materials change color when exposed to external stimuli, such as
temperature, pressure, light, or an electric field.

Energy harvesting
Smart materials can change mechanical energy into electrical energy, which
can then be used to drive electrical circuits or store in a battery

Hybrid materials in nature

Many natural materials consist of inorganic and organic building
blocks distributed on the nanoscale. In most cases the inorganic part
provides mechanical strength and an overall structure to the natural
objects while the organic part delivers bonding between the inorganic
building blocks and/or the rest of the tissue