Materials & Chemistry for Nanoelectronics

(NANENG 171)
Lecture 1
Introduction to Nanomaterials
Dr. Shaimaa Ali
smohamed@zewailcity.edu.eg
Image Credit: imred/Shutterstock.com
Lecture Outlines:
 Introducing myself
 Course Overview
 Learning Objectives
 Classroom Policies and Expectations
 Syllabus Review
 Icebreaker Activity
 Q&A Session
 Conclusion
Course Description
Important for the progress of nanotechnology and nanoelectronics as it provides an in-depth understanding of
the materials and chemistry relevant to nanoelectronics. In this course, the electronic, optical, mechanical,
and thermodynamic properties of metals, semiconductors, dielectrics, and magnetic materials will be
discussed. During this course, insight will be acquired into the physics and the technology of materials used to
fabricate nanoelectronics. The course combines theoretical concepts with practical application to provide
students with comprehensive knowledge of the field.

Textbook
 Material Science and Engineering: An Introduction, Eighth Edition by William D. Callister and David G.
Rethwisch
Lecture Schedule:
Lecture: Wednesday, 11:10 AM - 1:00 PM
Tutorial/ Lab: 1:00 - 4:00 PM
Course Assessment
Assessment method Percentage
Quizzes / Assignments/ Participation 25
1 Midterm Exams 20%
Project 15%
Final Exam 40%

Absence Policy
1. Students who are absent more than 25% is not entitled to attend the final examination
and should receive a W grade.
2. No makeup should be offered for any missed Midterm Exam or Quizzes.
3. No grades for the late submission of Assignments.
Textbook
 Material Science and Engineering: An Introduction, Eighth
Edition by William D. Callister, and Jr. David G. Rethwisch

3. The Structure of Crystalline Solids 44

21. Optical Properties 840
18. Electrical Properties 719
20. Magnetic Properties 800
19. Thermal Properties 781
6. Mechanical Properties of Metals 150
Why Study Materials Science in Nano electronics Engineering
 Many times, your application or device problem is
based on selecting the right material from the
Electronics
thousands that are available. The final decision is
normally based on several criteria. Chemical Electrical
engineering engineering
 A material may be found that has the ideal set of Applied Chemistry Devices Applied Physics
properties but is prohibitively expensive. Here
again, some compromise is inevitable
Processes Materials
The more familiar an engineer or scientist is Engineering
Synthetic Chemistry
with the various characteristics and Materials
structure–property relationships, as well as
processing techniques of materials, the more Chemistry Physics
proficient and confident he or she will be in
making judicious materials choices based
on these criteria.
 Introduction to Nanomaterials
Metals Materials
Semiconductors

Polymer Glass

Ceramics
Composites
Biomaterials
Nanomaterials

Advanced Materials
 Oxides
 Carbides  Nonmetals
 Nitrides
At least 69 of the chemical elements in the periodic table have been identified as common
components in electronic products. While everyday metals like iron and aluminum make up
the bulk of these elements, other metals have unique properties that make them very
attractive to use as they make our electronic products lighter, smarter, faster or cheaper. At
the same time, many of the metals used are hazardous both to people and the environment.
Many metals are melted and mixed to form alloys which are common on circuit boards and
other electronic components

Metals
1. Has high electrical and thermal conductivity
2. Very malleable and Ductile
3. Have high reflectivity of light
4. Basically Crystalline solids of simple symmetrical structure
5. Mostly exist as oxides, carbide and Nitrides
6. Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons; that is, these electrons are not bound to
particular atoms
 A composite is
composed of two (or
Ceramics more) individual
are compounds materials, which come
between metallic from the categories
and nonmetallic previously discussed—
elements; they are metals, ceramics, and
most frequently polymers. The design
oxides, nitrides, and goal of a composite is to
carbides. achieve a combination of
properties that are not
displayed by any single
material
 ADVANCED MATERIALS
Semiconductor
1. Has electrical conductivity between metallic and Non-metallic
2. Their electrical conductivity is changed by the process of doping (adding impurities)
 N-type doped semiconductor
 P-type doped semiconductor
They are generally classified as Intrinsic (Undoped) and extrinsic semiconductor (doped)
ex: Silicon, Germanium, and GaAs
 Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors
(i.e., metals and metal alloys) and insulators (i.e., ceramics and polymers): Furthermore, the electrical
characteristics of these materials are extremely sensitive to the presence of minute concentrations of impurity
atoms, for which the concentrations may be controlled over very small spatial regions. Semiconductors have
made possible the advent of integrated circuitry that has revolutionized the electronics and computer
industries (not to mention our lives) over the past three decades.

Biomaterials Smart Materials

are employed in components
implanted into the human body to
replace diseased or damaged parts. Smart (or intelligent) materials are a group of new and
These materials must not produce state-of-the-art materials now being developed that will
toxic substances and must be have a significant influence on many of our technologies.
compatible with body tissues. The smart implies that these materials can sense changes
preceding materials—metals, in their environment and then respond to these changes in
ceramics, polymers, composites, and a predetermined.
semiconductors—may be used as Ex: piezoelectric, magnetostrictive materials
biomaterials.
Electrical Conductivity
Nanomaterials
One new material class that has fascinating properties and tremendous technological promise is nanomaterials.
Nanomaterials may be any one of the four basic types—metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. However,
unlike these other materials, they are not distinguished based on their chemistry, but rather, on size; the nano-
prefix denotes that the dimensions of these structural entities are on the order of a nanometer —as a rule,
less than 100 nanometers (equivalent to approximately 500 atom diameters).

The physical and chemical characteristics exhibited by matter may

experience dramatic changes as particle size approaches atomic
dimensions. For example, materials that are opaque in the
macroscopic domain may become transparent. electrical insulators
become conductors. Furthermore, properties may depend on size
in this nanoscale domain Some of these effects are quantum
mechanical in origin, and others are related to surface phenomena.
Gold nanoparticles
1 nm =

Remember: Human eye resolution ~ 0.07 mm

 What is a nanoscale: An idea
Nanoscale materials have features less than 100 nm- utilized
in nanoscale structures, sizes, and devices

22 cm 0.7 nm
12.565 Km 0.22 mm 0.7*10^-9 m
10 million
1 billion
times smaller
times smaller
 Nanoscale Materials

Quantum Coral made by positioning of

Gold Nanoparticles Nano flowers
iron on copper surface

Silver Nanoparticles Nanowires Nano devices

 Nanoscale Materials
no Changes Physical, chemical and
mm µm electronic properties changes
nm
 Electrons are Confined (Quantum phenomena)
 Large Surface/volume ratio
 more disordered dipoles on the surface than in the bulk (electric and magnetic)

Electronic Properties Physical Properties Chemical Properties

 Quantum Size Effect  Microstructure  Interfaces and surfaces
 Quantum tunneling  Ductile/ hardness become very important
 Optical properties  Melting points
 Electrical and magnetic
properties
Carbon Nanotubes for Chip Interconnections

Moore’s Law: Transistor count has

doubled while feature size has
decreased by 0.7X every 2 years.

Source: Kuhn, K.J.: Moore’s Law Past 32 nm: Future Challenges in Device
Scaling. Intel Publication, Hillsboro (2009)
There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom“
Lecture by Richard Feynman

The first idea of Nanotechnology was

introduced during the lecture by
Richard Feynman in 1959, a physicist
at Caltech in a talk with the title
“There's Plenty of Room at the
Bottom”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4eRCygdW--c
"Tiny Machines" Nanotechnology Lecture - aka
"There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom"
 The first Scanning Tunneling microscope
(STEM)

Nobel laureates Heinrich Rohrer (left)

and Gerd Binnig (right) of IBM's Zurich With this technology, individual
Research Laboratory, shown here with a atoms can be imaged and clearly
first-generation scanning tunneling identified for the first time in history
microscope (STM) for the invention of
which they were awarded the Nobel
Prize for Physics in 1986.
The limitations of scanning tunneling Microscope were
eliminated by the invention of the atomic force
microscope in 1986
Use a nanoscale probe to image the surface of the
materials at the atomic scale. It can image a no conducting
surface such as polymer and organic molecules
eliminating the limitation of the STEM which can
measure conducting surfaces only
 Atom Manipulation at the Nanoscale

IBM atom manipulation, illustration - Stock Image - C051/25

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