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4 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
According to Euclid’s division lemma,

a = 3q + r, where 0 ≤ r < 3
and r is an integer. Therefore, the values of r can be 0, 1 or 2.
Sample Question 2: Can the number 6n, n being a natural number, end with the
digit 5? Give reasons.
Solution : No, because 6n = (2 × 3)n = 2n × 3 n, so the only primes in the factorisation
of 6n are 2 and 3, and not 5.
Hence, it cannot end with the digit 5.
EXERCISE 1.2
1. Write whether every positive integer can be of the form 4q + 2, where q is an
integer. Justify your answer.
2. “The product of two consecutive positive integers is divisible by 2”. Is this statement
true or false? Give reasons.
3. “The product of three consecutive positive integers is divisible by 6”. Is this statement
true or false”? Justify your answer.
4. Write whether the square of any positive integer can be of the form 3m + 2, where
m is a natural number. Justify your answer.
5. A positive integer is of the form 3q + 1, q being a natural number. Can you write its
square in any form other than 3m + 1, i.e., 3m or 3m + 2 for some integer m? Justify
your answer.
6. The numbers 525 and 3000 are both divisible only by 3, 5, 15, 25 and 75. What is
HCF (525, 3000)? Justify your answer.
7. Explain why 3 × 5 × 7 + 7 is a composite number.
8. Can two numbers have 18 as their HCF and 380 as their LCM? Give reasons.
987
9. Without actually performing the long division, find if will have terminating
10500
or non-terminating (repeating) decimal expansion. Give reasons for your answer.
10. A rational number in its decimal expansion is 327.7081. What can you say about
p
the prime factors of q, when this number is expressed in the form ? Give reasons.
q
REAL NUMBERS 5
(D) Short Answer Questions

Sample Question 1: Using Euclid’s division algorithm, find which of the following
pairs of numbers are co-prime:
(i) 231, 396 (ii) 847, 2160
Solution : Let us find the HCF of each pair of numbers.
(i) 396 = 231 × 1 + 165
231 = 165 × 1 + 66
165 = 66 × 2 + 33
66 = 33 × 2 + 0
Therefore, HCF = 33. Hence, numbers are not co-prime.
(ii) 2160 = 847 × 2 + 466
847 = 466 × 1 + 381
466 = 381 × 1 + 85
381 = 85 × 4 + 41
85 = 41 × 2 + 3
41 = 3 × 13 + 2
3 = 2×1 + 1
2 = 1×2 + 0
Therefore, the HCF = 1. Hence, the numbers are co-prime.
Sample Question 2: Show that the square of an odd positive integer is of the form
8m + 1, for some whole number m.
Solution: Any positive odd integer is of the form 2q + 1, where q is a whole number.
Therefore, (2q + 1) 2 = 4q 2 + 4q + 1 = 4q (q + 1) + 1, (1)
q (q + 1) is either 0 or even. So, it is 2m, where m is a whole number.
Therefore, (2q + 1) 2 = 4.2 m + 1 = 8 m + 1. [From (1)]
Sample Question 3: Prove that 2 + 3 is irrational.

Solution : Let us suppose that 2 + 3 is rational. Let 2 + 3 = a , where a is
rational.
6 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
Therefore, 2 = a− 3
Squaring on both sides, we get
2 = a2 + 3 – 2a 3
a 2 +1
Therefore, 3= , which is a contradiction as the right hand side is a rational
2a
number while 3 is irrational. Hence, 2 + 3 is irrational.
EXERCISE 1.3
1. Show that the square of any positive integer is either of the form 4q or 4q + 1 for
some integer q.
2. Show that cube of any positive integer is of the form 4m, 4m + 1 or 4m + 3, for
some integer m.
3. Show that the square of any positive integer cannot be of the form 5q + 2 or
5q + 3 for any integer q.
4. Show that the square of any positive integer cannot be of the form 6m + 2 or
6m + 5 for any integer m.
5. Show that the square of any odd integer is of the form 4q + 1, for some integer q.
6. If n is an odd integer, then show that n 2 – 1 is divisible by 8.
7. Prove that if x and y are both odd positive integers, then x2 + y2 is even but not
divisible by 4.
8. Use Euclid’s division algorithm to find the HCF of 441, 567, 693.
9. Using Euclid’s division algorithm, find the largest number that divides 1251, 9377
and 15628 leaving remainders 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
10. Prove that 3 + 5 is irrational.

11. Show that 12n cannot end with the digit 0 or 5 for any natural number n.
12. On a morning walk, three persons step off together and their steps measure 40 cm,
42 cm and 45 cm, respectively. What is the minimum distance each should walk so
that each can cover the same distance in complete steps?
REAL NUMBERS 7
257
13. Write the denominator of the rational number in the form 2m × 5n, where
5000
m, n are non-negative integers. Hence, write its decimal expansion, without actual
division.
14. Prove that p + q is irrational, where p, q are primes.

(E) Long Answer Questions
Sample Question 1 : Show that the square of an odd positive integer can be of the
form 6q + 1 or 6q + 3 for some integer q.
Solution : We know that any positive integer can be of the form 6m, 6m + 1, 6m + 2,
6m + 3, 6m + 4 or 6m + 5, for some integer m.
Thus, an odd positive integer can be of the form 6m + 1, 6m + 3, or 6m + 5
Thus we have:
(6 m +1)2 = 36 m2 + 12 m + 1 = 6 (6 m2 + 2 m) + 1 = 6 q + 1, q is an integer
(6 m + 3)2 = 36 m2 + 36 m + 9 = 6 (6 m2 + 6 m + 1) + 3 = 6 q + 3, q is an integer
(6 m + 5) 2 = 36 m2 + 60 m + 25 = 6 (6 m2 + 10 m + 4) + 1 = 6 q + 1, q is an integer.
Thus, the square of an odd positive integer can be of the form 6q + 1 or 6q + 3.
EXERCISE 1.4
1. Show that the cube of a positive integer of the form 6q + r, q is an integer and
r = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 is also of the form 6m + r.
2. Prove that one and only one out of n, n + 2 and n + 4 is divisible by 3, where n is
any positive integer.
3. Prove that one of any three consecutive positive integers must be divisible by 3.
4. For any positive integer n, prove that n 3 – n is divisible by 6.
5. Show that one and only one out of n, n + 4, n + 8, n + 12 and n + 16 is divisible
by 5, where n is any positive integer.
[Hint: Any positive integer can be written in the form 5q, 5q+1, 5q+2, 5q+3,
5q+4].
CHAPTER 2
POLYNOMIALS
(A) Main Concepts and Results

• Geometrical meaning of zeroes of a polynomial: The zeroes of a polynomial p(x)
are precisely the x-coordinates of the points where the graph of y = p(x) intersects
the x-axis.
• Relation between the zeroes and coefficients of a polynomial: If α and β are the
b c
zeroes of a quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c, then α + β = – , αβ = .
a a
• If α, β and γ are the zeroes of a cubic polynomial ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, then
b c –d
α+β+γ = – , α β + β γ + γ α = and α β γ = .
a a a
• The division algorithm states that given any polynomial p(x) and any non-zero
polynomial g(x), there are polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that
p(x) = g(x) q(x) + r(x), where r(x) = 0 or degree r(x) < degree g(x).
(B) Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer from the given four options:
Sample Question 1: If one zero of the quadratic polynomial x2 + 3x + k is 2, then the
value of k is
(A) 10 (B) –10 (C) 5 (D) –5
Solution : Answer (B)

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4 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

According to Euclid’s division lemma,

(D) Short Answer Questions

Sample Question 3: Prove that 2 + 3 is irrational.

10. Prove that 3 + 5 is irrational.

14. Prove that p + q is irrational, where p, q are primes.

(A) Main Concepts and Results

(B) Multiple Choice Questions

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