Checal2 Week4 Combustion+of+Gaseous+Fuels

Combustion of Gaseous Fuels
Week 4
Combustion
• Is a process of rapid exothermic oxidation in which a fuel burns in the
presence of oxygen with the evolution of heat and light
(Balamurugan)
• Aim of combustion is to get the maximum amount of heat from a
combustible substance in the shortest time.
Fuels
• Combustible substance containing carbon as main constituent (hydrogen,
oxygen sulphur, nitrogen, non combustible materials), which by oxidations
is made a source of heat that can be used for desired purpose (domestic /
industrial) – economically
Fuel (more energy content) + O2 → Products (less energy content) +Heat
• There are numerous factors which need to be taken into account when
selecting a fuel for any given application – PRICE, SPACE EFFECT ON THE
ENVIRONMENT
Fuel Types
• Carbon-based fuels: solid, liquid and gas
• Each type of fuels has different combustion characteristics that may
affect calculations.
• Gaseous and liquid fuels often require the least amount of %excess
air as they are easy to combust (5-20% excess air)
• Solid fuels are almost accompanied with large % excess air (up to
100% or more)
Characteristic of Good Fuel
1. A good fuel must have HIGH CALORIFIC VALUE
2. Moderate velocity of combustion – because the highest T achieved
by combustion of a fuel depends upon the CV and the velocity of
combustion
3. Moderate Ignition Temperature (Kindling Temperature) – the lowest
temp to which fuel must be pre heated so that it starts burning
smoothly. Take Note:
Low Ignition Temp – dangerous for storage and transportation
High Ignition Temp – causes difficulty in ignition of fuel
5. Low moisture of content – moisture content reduces the heating
value of fuel
6. Low non combustible matter content – After combustion, the non
combustible matter remains in form of ASH or CLINKER. The non
combustible matter occupy volume in fuel and also reduces the heating
value, besides additional cost is included for storage, handling and
disposal of waste products produced. THERE IS HEAT LOSS OF 1.5% FOR
EACH % OF NCM
7. Availability and cost – a good fuel must be readily available at low
cost
8. Transportation for a good fuel transportation should be easy
9. Storage – it should be easily stored at low cost
10. No spontaneous combustion – a good fuel should not undergo
spontaneous combustion as it can cause fire hazards
11. Controllable combustion – combustion of good fuel should be
controllable
12. Less smoke – A good fuel should burn in air with efficiency without much
smoke
13. Harmless product of combustion – A fuel on burning should not give
harmful pollution causing products like SO2, CO, PH3, H2S etc.
14. Uniform size – for solid fuels size should be uniform so that combustion
is regular
Gaseous Fuels
• Commonly encountered gaseous fuels.
• Gas fuels are the most convenient require least amount of handling
and simplest and most maintenance free burner systems
• Gaseous fuels requires far less excess air for complete combustion
• Greater economy by use of efficient heat exchange methods possible
(i.e. the temperature is easily and accurately controlled)
• They are directly used in internal combustion engine
• They are fee from solid and liquid impurities
• They do not produce ash or smoke
Drawbacks in using gaseous fuels
• They are readily inflammable
• Its high specific volume results in displacement of air in a premixed
combustion systems
• Power produced with gaseous fuels is less when compared to solid
and liquid fuels
• Due to its high specific volume, gaseous fuel containers are much
larger than those for liquid fuels
Classification of Fuel
• Based on Occurrence
• Natural/Primary
• Artificial/Secondary
• Based on Physical State
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
Classification of Gaseous Fuels
A. Fuels naturally found pin nature
• Natural gas
• Methane from coal mines
B. Fuels gases made from solid fuel
• Gases derived from coal
• Gases derived from waste and biomass
• Other industrial processes/by-product of the reduction of ores (blast furnace
gas)
C. Gases made from petroleum
• Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
• Refinery gases
• Gases from oil gasification
D. Gases from Fermentation Process
When deciding whether an alternative gas can be used in an application:
• For the same pressure drop, the heat release is roughly the same
• For the same air and fuel flows, the flame shape is same (Flame shape and
size are crucial parameters, which have to be carefully considered when
designing and operating a combustion device since they determine many
combustion features, e.g., the temperature field, pollutant emission,
combustion efficiency, and material safety.)
• For the same heat release conditions, are the pollutants within a specified
tolerance
E. Other manufacture gases
• From carbides with water (acetylene)
• By electrolysis with electricity (H2)
• From peat – by distillation or carbonization (peat gas)
 By gasification
 In air (producer gas)
 In and steam (water gas)
Calorific Value (CV) of Gaseous Fuels
- Also known as Heating Value of gaseous fuels
- It is the heat given off by the complete combustion of a unit quantity
(mass or volume) of fuel at some reference temperature (25°C or for
convenience ambient air temperature may be used)
- Capacity to supply heat is the most important property
- Units
- For solid and liquid fuels ( KJ/kg, kcal/kg, cal/g, BTU/lb)
- For gaseous fuels (KJ/m3, Kcal /m3, BTU/ft3, cal/cm3)
Volume Measurement
Common conditions for Gas Volume Measurements are:
• Standard Temperature and Pressure – 60°F and 30” Hg or 15.56°C and 760
mm Hg
• Normal Temperature and Pressure (NTP) – 32°F and 30” Hg or 0°C and 760
mmHg
DRY Conditions – means no water vapor is present with the gas

WET Conditions – means the gas is saturated with vapor at STP
Types of Calorific Value
Gross Calorific Value (GCV) or Higher Heating Value (HHV)
• the total amount of heat produces when a unit quantity of fuel is burnt
completely and the products of combustion is allowed to cool to room
temperature in a closed chamber
• calorific value measured when water formed by combustions is in liquid
state.
Net Calorific Value (NCV) or Lower Heating Value (LHV)

• The amount of heat produced when a unit quantity of fuel is burnt
completely and the products of combustion are allowed to escape
• Calorific value measured when water formed by combustion is in the
gaseous state.
Remember!
LCV or NCV HCV or GCV

CV of Gaseous Mixture
Note:
• SI unit are expressed on a dry (MJ/ dry SCM) or wet (MJ/SCM) at
15.56 deg C, 760mmHg and 100%RH
• By default, GCV is reported.
Exercises
• Calculate the gross and net calorific value of natural gas at 25deg C
which has the following composition: 89.4% CH4, 5% C2H6, 1.9%
CH8, 0.4% i-C4H10, 0.6% n-C4H10, 0.7% CO2 and 2% N2
a) MJ/kmol
b) Kcal/gmol
c) MJ/kg
d) MJ/dry SCM
e) MJ/SCM
Calculate the gross and net calorific value of natural gas at 25deg C
which has the following composition: 89.4% CH4, 5% C2H6, 1.9% CH8,
0.4% i-C4H10, 0.6% n-C4H10, 0.7% CO2 and 2% N2
GAS n Hc n*Hc atH MW n*MW
Different Approaches on Calculation of
Gaseous Fuels
Calculations Based on Fuel Analysis
Calculations Based on Flue Gas Analysis
Calculations Based on Partial Analysis of Flue-Gas
Case 1: Calculations Based on Fuel Analysis
a) From the complete analysis of the fuel, the theoO2 and the CV can be determined
b) If data on air (% or amount of air supplied) is given together with the degree of
completion of the rxn, the ff. can be calculated
• Analysis (Orsat or Complete) of the products of combustion – Flue gas or stack
gas
FREE O2 = excess O2 + O2 from unburnt combustible
= excess O2 + CO/2 + H2/2
N2 = N2 from air + N2 from fuel
H2O = moisture from fuel + moisture from air + H2O formed from combustion of
fuel
c) AIR-FUEL Ratio
d) STACK GAS – FUEL Ratio
Case 1: Calculations Based on Fuel Analysis
• Thermal Efficiency of combustion can be calculated from the gross
calorific value of the fuel and the heating value loss, neglecting heat
input from the fuel and air. The thermal efficiency of combustion
measures % of the total heat from the fuel that can be used to
generate power
• One of the important determinations in combustion calculations is
the DEW POINT of the flue gas – the greater the moisture present in
the gas the higher its dew point. If the flue gases are cooled below
the dew point, H2O condenses and may dissolve CO2 and SO2 to
form acids. These acids are corrosives and affect the tubes.
Exercises
• If dry hydrogen gas at atmospheric pressure is burnt completely in a
furnace with 32% excess air. Calculate the OA of the flue gas from the
furnace.
• Pure ethane is burned completely in 20% excess air. Air is supplied at
25deg C, 740 Torr and is substantially dry. Calculate:
a. OA of the dry products of combustion
b. kg DA supplied / kg of FG
c. Cubic meters of air / kg ethane
d. Cubic meters of the products of combustion measure at 400degC, 100kPa
/kg ethane
e. Partial pressure of water in the product of combustion
Pure ethane is burned completely in 20% excess air.
Air is supplied at 25deg C, 740 Torr and is substantially
dry. Calculate:
OA of the dry products of combustion

kg DA supplied / kg of FG
Cubic meters of air / kg ethane
Cubic meters of the products of combustion measure at
400degC, 100kPa /kg ethane
Partial pressure of water in the product of combustion

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Checal2 Week4 Combustion+of+Gaseous+Fuels

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Combustion of Gaseous Fuels

Fuel (more energy content) + O2 → Products (less energy content) +Heat

DRY Conditions – means no water vapor is present with the gas

Net Calorific Value (NCV) or Lower Heating Value (LHV)

LCV or NCV HCV or GCV

OA of the dry products of combustion

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