Proyecto Trigeneración (3)

Journal of Cleaner Production 443 (2024) 141137
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Cleaner Production

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro
Design and thermo-enviro-economic analyses of an innovative

environmentally friendly trigeneration process fueled by biomass feedstock
integrated with a post-combustion CO2 capture unit
Caibo Liu a, b, Chou-Yi Hsu c, **, Manoj Kumar Agrawal d, Jinxin Zhang a, e, *, Sayed Fayaz Ahmad f,
Asiful H. Seikh g, V. Mohanavel h, i, Sohaib Tahir Chauhdary j, Fangfei Chi k
a
Business School, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
b
Wuhan College, Wuhan, 430062, China
c
Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
d
GLA University, Mathura, UP, 281406, India
e
Research Center for China Agriculture Carbon Emission Reduction and Carbon Trading, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
f
Department of Engineering Management, Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan
g
Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia
h
Centre for Materials Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, 600073, Tamil Nadu, India
i
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India
j
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Dhofar University, Salalah, 211, Sultanate of Oman
k
Sustainable Management of Natural Resources and Environment Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh
City, Viet Nam
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Handling editor: Biagio Giannetti The utilization of biomass feedstock in the energy system for sustainable production is essential due to its
renewable nature and high energy density. However, the primary challenge lies in designing environmentally
Keywords: friendly biomass-use structures. This research introduces a novel trigeneration system that integrates power,
Biomass combustion cooling, and heat production through biomass combustion to address this issue. As another novelty in system
Sustainable production
development, the proposed system includes a carbon dioxide capture unit, further enhancing the system. The
Environmentally friendly design
proposed framework consists of several subsystems: an organic Rankine cycle, an absorption chiller, a carbon
Carbon dioxide capture unit
Aspen HYSYS software dioxide capture cycle utilizing monoethanolamine solvent, a liquefied natural gas regasification unit, and a low-
Economic evaluation pressure steam production boiler. The newly developed system is modeled using the Aspen HYSYS software and
is assessed from thermodynamic, economic, and environmental perspectives. Also, a parametric analysis is
conducted to examine the impact of key design parameters on the system’s performance. Based on the study’s
findings, it can be observed that the energy and exergy efficiencies amount to 58.4 % and 17.09 %, respectively.
In addition, the suggested procedure exhibits a total exergy destruction of 53,636 kW. The findings of the
environmental impact assessment indicate that the shift from power generation to trigeneration scenario results
in a substantial decrease in carbon dioxide emissions. Specifically, the emission reduction potential ranges from
0.24 to 0.041 kg/kWh. Furthermore, the economic evaluation shows that the system reaches a cost per unit
exergy of 0.249 $/kWh. This variable denotes a substantial decrease of 81.42 % compared to the power gen
eration operational mode.
environmental and sustainability problems (Cheng et al., 2021). The

primary motive for moving away from conventional fuels is their
1. Introduction
adverse environmental effects, including air pollution and their contri
bution to climate change (Liu et al., 2022a; Wang et al., 2023a).
Traditional fuels have been widely utilized as primary energy sour
Furthermore, conventional fuel reserves are limited and non-renewable,
ces; however, their continuous utilization results in notable
* Corresponding author.
** Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: t545316@gmail.com (C.-Y. Hsu), Zhanginjxin1988@163.com (J. Zhang).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141137
Received 14 October 2023; Received in revised form 21 January 2024; Accepted 5 February 2024
Available online 9 February 2024
0959-6526/© 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
C. Liu et al. Journal of Cleaner Production 443 (2024) 141137
Nomenclature F Fuel
HP Heat and power generation mode
A Area in; i Input
Ċen Cost per energy unit net Net value
ĊAC Total annual cost of project out; o Output
e Specific exergy P Product
e0ch Standard chemical exergy the i component ph Physical
trigen Trigeneration mode
ĖD Exergy destruction rate
h Specific enthalpy Abbreviations
ṁ Mass flow rate ABS Absorption chiller
P Pressure BBU Biomass burning unit
Q̇ Thermal energy rate C-i Column i
R Universal gas constant CCU CO2 capture unit
s Specific entropy COE Cost of electricity
T Temperature LNG Liquefied natural gas
Ẇ Power LHV Lower heating value
Żtotal Total investment cots rate LUU LNG utilization unit
MDEA Methyldiethanolamine
Greek symbols MEA Monoethanolamine
η Isentropic efficiency ORC Organic Rankine cycle
ηІ Energy efficiency P-i Pump i
ϑІІ Exergy efficiency sCO2 Supercritical CO2
Φi Exergy destruction ratio SCE Specific CO2 emissions
δ Ratio of exergy to energy T-i Turbine i
TIC Total investment cost
Subscripts and Superscripts
V-i Vessel i
ch Chemical
VLV-i Valve i
D Destructed
ele Electricity
signifying their depletion (Li et al., 2023a). Renewable energy sources process is captured and employed for various applications (Lachman
provide a clean, abundant, and limitless reservoir of energy while et al., 2021; Haghghi et al., 2019). The trigeneration aspect involves
concurrently mitigating environmental footprints (Liu et al., 2023a). utilizing a chiller to transform a portion of the thermal energy into
The implementation of renewable energy sources has the capacity to cooling, meeting diverse energy needs. This integrated approach maxi
decrease energy systems’ dependence on fossil fuels and play a crucial mizes the efficiency of biomass utilization and ensures a versatile and
role in facilitating a more sustainable production approach (Khalid sustainable energy output (Stančin et al., 2020; Agonafer et al., 2022).
et al., 2015). These energy sources offer a dependable and uniform Shokri Kalan et al. (2023) introduced a new trigeneration system
electrical supply that can be utilized for diverse industrial operations fueled by municipal solid waste for a biomass gasification process.
such as manufacturing, agriculture, and transportation. Renewable en Through thermodynamic modeling, they demonstrated the system’s
ergy systems present various advantages, including enhanced energy capacity to achieve energetic and exergetic performances of 71.45 %
efficiency, cost reduction, and improved sustainability performance and 55.43 %, correspondingly, from an input of 3.683 kg/s of syngas,
(Cao et al., 2020). showcasing its potential for efficient generation of power, heating, and
Biomass fuel holds a prominent position within the realm of chilled water. Tsimpoukis et al. (2021) explored the viability of a su
renewable energy. The process entails the application of organic sub percritical CO2 (sCO2) trigeneration system for a refrigerated ware
stances to produce thermal energy, electrical power, and biofuels (Wang house, aiming to meet energy demands sustainably by utilizing solar and
et al., 2022; Xue et al., 2023). Biomass fuel presents numerous advan biomass energy. Comparative analysis with an ejector refrigeration-only
tages in the context of energy production. Its carbon-neutral nature can system revealed that the trigeneration system, particularly with four
balance the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions produced during combus solar collectors, outperformed with respect to annual energy production,
tion through carbon absorption during biomass feedstocks’ growth efficiency, and financial benefits. Cao et al. (2021a) investigated a new
phase (Ahmadi et al., 2013; Gao et al., 2023). Biomass also serves as a biomass gasifier combined system designed for integrated heating and
dependable and adaptable energy source, capable of being utilized electricity generation. Economic evaluations demonstrated that the
within centralized and decentralized energy systems (Karellas and proposed plant was economically feasible, and an optimization tech
Braimakis, 2016). Moreover, biomass fuel offers potential prospects for nique was employed for optimization, revealing improved exergetic
effectively managing waste (Kan et al., 2023a). Through the imple efficiency, reduced CO2 emissions, and lowered total product cost.
mentation of regulations and the adoption of sustainable practices, the Behzadi et al. (2020) evaluated a system combining a proton exchange
utilization of biomass fuel has the potential to contribute significantly to membrane fuel cell driven by biomass with a thermoelectric generator
the attainment of a more sustainable and diversified energy mix (Rashidi and organic Rankine cycle (ORC). The models underwent a thorough
and Khorshidi, 2018). In this regard, biomass-driven trigeneration sys comparative analysis across thermodynamic, thermoeconomic, and
tems operate through a multifaceted process, where biomass feedstocks, environmental aspects, indicating that steam as the gasification agent
such as wood chips or agricultural residues, undergo combustion or offered superior environmental and economic benefits. The sensitivity
gasification to release energy (Saidur et al., 2011). This thermal energy analysis underscored the importance of minimizing biomass moisture
is then harnessed to generate electricity through a generator. Simulta content and optimizing the figure of merit for optimal system perfor
neously, the heat produced during the combustion or gasification mance. Taheri et al. (2023) developed a cogeneration system that
2
utilized geothermal energy and biomass fuel to generate power and combination of electricity, heating, and chilled water systems to
hydrogen. The system design encompassed a dual-flash geothermal enhance overall efficiency. This process often utilizes waste heat
cycle, a biomass gasification module, a gas turbine cycle, and a generated from electricity generation to meet the heating and cooling
low-temperature water electrolysis process. Through optimization, they requirements, creating a symbiotic relationship between different
achieved an exergy performance of 29.8 % and a product cost rate of 6 M components (Cao et al., 2021b). Typically, it involves the extraction of
$/year. Pan et al. (2023) devised a multigeneration system based on two waste heat from power generation, which can be used in absorption
distinct biomass feedstocks for a combustion process. The system chillers (ABSs) for cooling. The integration is achieved through careful
incorporated a gas turbine cycle, a low-temperature water electrolysis design and optimization of the heat exchange systems, aiming to mini
process, an sCO2 cycle, and a humidification-dehumidification desali mize energy losses and maximize the utilization of waste heat for mul
nation unit. Their findings indicated that wood chips outperformed rice tiple purposes within a single facility. Cao et al. (2023) introduced an
straw as the input material. Hai et al. (2023) proposed a multigeneration innovative cascade waste heat recovery process for an electricity system,
system that integrated a biomass-fired steam Rankine cycle with com featuring a trigeneration model that simultaneously generated power,
pressed air energy storage. The system also included an absorption chilled water, and hydrogen. The plant achieved enhanced overall per
chiller, a water electrolysis process, and a trilateral cycle. The unit cost formance by utilizing various subsystems, with optimized objectives
of products and the exergetic performance were determined as 17.2 including 58.02 % exergy efficiency, 252.5 kg/MWh CO2 emission,
$/GJ and 41.2 %, respectively. Razmi et al. (2021) introduced a novel 508.8 kW net generated electricity, 161.9 kW chilled water product, and
application of combined heat and power, employing biomass fuel 0.6 kg/h hydrogen production rate. Chen et al. (2023) presented a novel
alongside a compressed air energy storage subsystem. They conducted system that integrated fuel gas and geothermal energy in a co-feed
simulations and investigations using ASPEN Plus software to analyze the configuration to enhance the sustainability of a gas turbine cycle
system’s performance. The study aimed to comprehensively assess within a geothermal electricity system and minimize carbon emissions.
critical parameters impacting the hybrid system’s performance, partic The system featured a multi-waste heat recovery process to optimize the
ularly across diverse biomass feedstocks. geothermal flash cycle and employed a parallel heat recovery structure
In trigeneration systems featuring post-combustion CO2 capture, the to initiate a sCO2 cycle. Zhou et al. (2023a) evaluated a novel fossil
process begins with the combustion of fuels, generating heat for power, fuel-based system with a heat recovery unit, emphasizing benefits,
heating, and cooling production (Zhang et al., 2023). Subsequently, the including high thermodynamic performance, low production costs for
flue gas, containing CO2 and other gases, undergoes treatment to power and liquid CO2, and reduced pollutant emissions. Utilizing Aspen
selectively capture the CO2 (Kan et al., 2023b). This is often achieved HYSYS software for simulation, the system achieved a total exergetic
through absorption or adsorption methods, wherein the captured CO2 is performance of 86 % and energetic performance of 31.36 % and pro
then released by desorption or regeneration. After capture, the CO2 is duced various outputs with negligible indirect emissions. Nemati et al.
compressed for storage or utilization, contributing to enhanced sus (2017) employed thermodynamic modeling and optimization to assess
tainability by preventing its release into the atmosphere (Ferrara et al., the Kalina cycle and ORC for waste heat recovery from a power system.
2017). Employing exergy and exergoenvironmental analyses, Yulia et al. Through comprehensive comparisons, it was determined that the ORC
(2021) focused on optimizing a coal-fired power plant utilizing CO2 offers notable advantages, including a simpler structure, higher net
absorption with monoethanolamine (MEA) solution, with a goal to generated electricity, and superior performance in waste heat recovery,
maximize exergy and minimize environmental impact. The optimization despite the Kalina cycle having a lower turbine size parameter.
process identified areas for improvement in heat exchangers, re 4E analyses in trigeneration systems involves evaluating the perfor
generators, and absorbers, offering insights for enhancing the efficiency mance based on energy, exergy, economy, and environment. In the
of the carbon capture and storage system and reducing its environmental energy aspect, factors such as efficiency and energy consumption are
footprint. Gatti et al. (2020) evaluated the technical and economic crucial, with attention to minimizing losses in energy conversion pro
viability of four post-combustion CO2 capture processes for natural cesses. Exergetic analysis focuses on the quality of energy, emphasizing
gas-fired power plants. Employing a standardized technical and eco minimizing exergy destruction and maximizing useful work potential.
nomic framework, the assessment identified the integrated molten car Economy analysis examines the financial aspects, considering factors
bonate fuel cells–natural gas combined cycle as the most promising like capital and operating costs, while environmental analysis evaluates
technology, demonstrating favorable energy penalty and economics. A the system’s impact on emissions and environmental sustainability,
post-combustion CO2 capture in the cement industry was evaluated by aiming to reduce carbon footprint and other pollutants (Haghghi et al.,
Laribi et al. (2019a) using amine-based solvents, specifically targeting 2023). Lykas et al. (2023) investigated a configuration aiming to
exhaust gases with high CO2 contents. The absorption-regeneration decarbonize the building sector by integrating pumped thermal energy
micro-pilot experiments demonstrated notable absorption perfor storage with a trigeneration method. The system, comprising various
mance, validated through Aspen HYSYS simulations. The cycles, was parametrically analyzed with various eco-friendly working
industrial-scale simulations affirmed the efficiency gained in regenera fluids. The plant achieved impressive energy and exergy efficiencies, a
tion energy, equivalent work, and operating costs for high CO2 content 2.67-year payback period, and a net present value of 324 k€. Su and
flue gases. Dubois and Thomas (2018) employed Aspen HYSY simula Yang (2022) proposed an effective trigeneration plant for coal-fired
tions to investigate various CO2 capture process configurations using power systems. They established a mathematical model, validated sub
MEA, piperazine, and piperazine-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) blend system accuracy, compared zeotropic mixture types based on equivalent
solvents for the flue gas. Through parametric studies, they identified conversion coefficients, analyzed operating conditions, and optimized
optimal operating conditions, revealing regeneration energy savings of the system. The results revealed a 13.63 % increase in electricity and
4–18 %. The lean/rich vapor compression and rich solvent recycle thermal efficiency, additional cooling, heating, and dehumidification
configurations demonstrated the highest efficiency gains. Zeynalian capacities, and a rapid 5.07-year recovery time for the coal-fired power
et al. (2020) simulated a combined configuration consisting of an ORC plant. Chahartaghi et al. (2021) explored a novel trigeneration system
and a compressed air energy storage subsystem, which was integrated that effectively utilized waste heat from power cycles to enhance energy
with a CO2 capture unit employing the post-combustion method. efficiency and address cooling and heating demands. The system un
Through simulation using ASPEN Plus software, the system indicated a derwent thorough evaluations encompassing energy, exergy, eco
round trip efficiency of 44 % and displayed significant potential to nomics, and environmental impact. The findings showed significant
capture CO2 at a rate of 10.24 kg/s, achieving an impressive efficiency reductions of 24.91 % in CO2 emissions, 15.83 % in fuel utilization, and
level of 87.6 %. 35.34 % in operating costs compared to conventional plants, achieving
Thermal integration in trigeneration involves the strategic an impressive trigeneration efficiency of 82.46 %. Talebizadehsardari
3
et al. (2020) introduced a novel configuration, incorporating different • The proposed system encompasses a novel thermal design approach
cycles, for recovering energy from industrial flue gas. The comprehen aimed at minimizing irreversibility and reducing the environmental
sive 5E assessments, covering energy, exergy, economic, exer impacts linked to biomass-based energy conversion systems.
goeconomic, and exergoenvironmental aspects, revealed that the • Furthermore, the system incorporates a CO2 capture unit (CCU) in
integration of steam and ORC cycles enhanced energetic and exergetic order to meet all environmental protection standards, in addition to
performances to 71.8 % and 73.7 %, respectively. The addition of the the suggested thermal design approach.
carbon capture system unit decreased these efficiencies to 50.5 % and • The proposed system’s framework includes an integrated system
51.9 %, correspondingly. comprising an ORC, an ABS, a CO2 capture unit utilizing mono
Sensitivity analysis in trigeneration systems involves evaluating how ethanolamine solvent, a unit for regasification and utilization of
variations or uncertainties in parameters affect the performance and liquefied natural gas (LNG), and a low-pressure steam production
outcomes of the system. It helps identify the sensitivity of key perfor boiler.
mance indicators to changes in input variables, providing insights into • The system under consideration is modeled using the Aspen HYSYS
the robustness and reliability of the system under different conditions software and subsequently assessed from thermodynamic, economic,
(Segurado et al., 2019). Moradi et al. (2023) compared the efficiency of and environmental standpoints. Furthermore, a parametric analysis
a micro gas turbine and a sCO2 system, both fueled by a biomass gasifier. has been conducted to examine the impact of key design parameters
A sensitivity analysis was performed by varying key operating param on the system’s performance.
eters, revealing that the integrated sCO2 system, under specific condi
tions, achieved higher net electric power (25 % more) than the micro gas 2. System description
turbine, albeit with lower electric efficiency and increased biomass
consumption. Jamaluddin et al. (2022) proposed an extension of the Fig. 1 depicts an overall block diagram of the trigeneration structure.
trigeneration system cascade analysis method, incorporating sensitivity The energy source for this system is sawdust biomass, which is pre
analysis to design an appropriate backup utility system. The findings dominantly available in all regions. The products of this structure are
revealed a potential 15 % increase in total annual cost for a trigeneration cooling, heating, and electric power. Biomass is combusted by a burner
plant with transmission losses. Figaj et al. (2020) evaluated the effi in the presence of oxygen to produce a low-pressure stream. The hot flue
ciency of a new trigeneration system that combined biomass and wind gas is utilized in an ORC for the evaporation of octane, and the expan
energy. The system was modeled under realistic conditions, considering sion of octane vapor in the turbine leads to electric power generation.
scenarios with a zootechnical farm and a residential building as case Additionally, the heat from the ORC turbine is used to support the ABS
studies with analyzing the key parameters. The findings indicated subsystem, and in this subsystem, chilled water with a temperature of
satisfactory energy and economic performance, particularly with careful 15 ◦ C is produced. In the proposed structure, a CCU using MEA, 30 %
design of component capacities and specific conditions such as free solvent is defined to minimize the pollution intensity resulting from
biomass and selected turbine capacities. biomass combustion. It is noteworthy that this process, in addition to
The literature review clarified the advantages of utilizing biomass CO2 capture, plays a significant role in the overall heat integration of the
fuel to attain multiple production objectives. In addition, the signifi structure. Thus, the heat of the flue gas is used to supply the reboiler
cance of integrating heat recovery into energy systems to enhance their heating in solvent recovery. The energy from the condenser of the sol
operation and reach a sustainable production approach was evaluated. vent recovery column is utilized to increase the temperature of the gas
However, there needs to be more research on environmentally sustain before expansion in the LNG utilization unit (LUU).
able designs and the integration of carbon capture units to mitigate the The waste heat in this new structure is repeatedly recovered and
adverse environmental impact of such systems. The principal in utilized in the following ways:
novations and contributions of this study are outlined below:
• Thermal integration of the ORC cycle with the ABS leads to the
production of cooling load.
Fig. 1. The schematic view of the proposed biomass fueled system in this study.
4
• Supplying heating energy in the CCU through the waste heat of the • Economizing on the consumption of fossil fuels.
flue gas from the ORC. • Using LNG to produce chilled water and power simultaneously, as
• Utilizing the condenser’s energy in the CCU subsystem enhances the well as supplying natural gas through LNG regasification.
LUU and increases electric power generation. • Insignificant air pollution levels.
• Employing the waste heat of the flue gas from the CCU subsystem to
raise the temperature of LNG. The models used in the new structure are tangible and applicable in
all regions. The new system works well in areas equipped with LNG
Some potential challenges may impede the functionality and prog terminals. It provides a suitable condition for utilizing LNG cooling and
ress of the proposed system, as detailed below. converting it into natural gas for urban and industrial applications. In
other words, this new process can be suggested to LNG importers
• The utilization of biomass fuel in the current design may result in because its primary fuel is non-fossil and renewable. All LNG capacity
limitations concerning the continuous availability of input fuel and will be for consumers, and sawdust biomass is an available material that
the system’s geographical placement. can be supplied everywhere.
• The operational conditions of each subsystem should be carefully
determined to avoid imposing functional constraints on other inte 2.1. Biomass burning unit
grated cycles.
• It is critical to account for support equipment since a single device’s Fig. 2 illustrates the process flow diagram for the proposed structure.
failure may potentially disrupt the system’s overall performance. According to this figure, the sawdust biomass stream (stream 1) and air
• The selection and installation of heat recovery exchangers play a (stream 2) enter the biomass combustor and undergo combustion. The
critical role in the proposed system and necessitate meticulous high-temperature flue gas (stream 3) enters the E-100 heat exchanger,
consideration. and low-pressure steam (stream 6) is produced from its energy. The
• Adequate expertise is necessary to effectively oversee, service, and output flue gas from the E-100 heat exchanger enters the E-101 evapo
maintain the proposed system. rator to provide heating for the ORC cycle.
The use of the CCU subsystem for capturing the CO2 from the flue gas
2.2. Organic rankine cycle
eliminates the environmental constraints associated with using biomass
for energy production. Supplementary to this, the separated CO2 can be
The flue gas (stream 4) in the E-101 heat exchanger has vaporized
a raw material for chemical products. By employing the CCU subsystem,
the octane working fluid (stream 8). This vaporization occurs at high
the pollution generated by the new structure will be significantly lower
pressure, and the octane vapor is expanded through the T-100 turbine
than similar biomass-based structures. This is one of its key advantages.
(stream 10) at high temperature and pressure. The turbine’s output
Therefore, the benefits of the proposed structure include:
undergoes condensation after passing through the E-103 heat
exchanger. The E-103 heat exchanger, while liquefying the working
• The proposed structure generates energy without the use of fossil
fluid, also serves as a heat source for the ABS cycle. According to Fig. 2,
fuels, and this energy can be utilized in industrial and urban areas.
the octane, liquefied at low pressure, is pumped back toward the E-101
• The designed system offers a notable advantage in significantly
heat exchanger through the P-100 pump.
decreasing the consumption of oil and gas, resulting in substantial
cost savings. This is made possible by employing biomass feedstock
as the primary fuel input. 2.3. Absorption chiller
• Utilizing biomass for energy production.
The working fluid, a mixture of water-ammonia (stream 16), has
Fig. 2. The process flow diagram for proposed biomass-fueled system.
5
undergone vaporization through the E-103 heat exchanger. The liquid 112, the temperature of the LNG fluid is utilized to produce chilled water
and vapor phases are separated in the V-101. The vapor phase (stream (stream 56). Stream 54 is in the vapor phase (natural gas), and before
18) has passed through the enricher (the E-104 heat exchanger and the being sent to the T-101 turbine for additional power generation, it un
V-102 separator). The enricher causes a stream of enriched ammonia dergoes a temperature increase in the E-113 heat exchanger and then
vapor (stream 21) to the condenser (E-105). The liquid taken from the expands in T-102. Finally, according to Fig. 2, the natural gas (stream
enricher (stream 22) is refluxed back toward the V-101. The output from 53) is sent to consumers under suitable operational conditions. The
the condenser (stream 24) reaches a lower temperature upon passing output flue gas from the E-111 heat exchanger is cooled in exchange
through the E-106 sub-cooler. Passing through the VLV-100 throttling with the LNG fluid, resulting in the separation of a portion of the
valve attains the necessary temperature for producing chilled water in condensed water by V-103. The flue gas is ultimately released from the
the E-107 heat exchanger. The ammonia exiting the E-107 at a higher top of the V-103 (stream 51).
temperature enters the E-106 and is mixed with the liquid from V-101
(stream 19). According to Fig. 2, stream 32 passes through the absorber 3. Process simulation
(the E-108 heat exchanger), and the condensation of the working fluid
occurs at a pressure lower than the evaporator’s pressure. Finally, the In Fig. 3, a simulation diagram of the proposed trigeneration system
working fluid is pumped back toward the E-103 evaporator by the P- is presented. There are two thermodynamic systems in terms of chemical
101. and phase complexity in this process. The BUU, ORC, ABS, and LUU
constitute the first part, while the CCU subsystem forms the second part.
2.4. CO2 capture unit In this study, the Peng-Robinson property package has been used for the
numerical modeling of BBU, LUU, ABS, and ORC subsystems. For
The output flue gas from the ORC cycle (stream 7) is initially used in simulating CCU, the acid gas property package, embedded in the Aspen
the reboiler (E-102) of the C-101 solvent recovery column to provide HYSYS software, has been employed (Feyzi et al., 2017; Dubois and
heating. Subsequently, condensed water is removed through the V-100, Thomas, 2017). The use of the Peng-Robinson property package for
and the flue gas (stream 12–35) is directed from below into the C-100 modeling power plant systems has been recommended in previous
absorption column. This column has 17 packing stages, each with a studies (Liu et al., 2023a; Chen et al., 2023). Regarding the acid gas
height of 1 m, and 30 % by weight of MEA solvent (stream 36) is poured property package, this fluid package is highly desirable for
from the top onto the gas. In the absorption column, the MEA solvent post-combustion systems, similar to what occurred in this study. In
reacts with CO2, absorbing it. The overhead gas from C-100, containing addition to the MEA–H2O–CO2 system reactions, this package has
a small amount of CO2, is sent to the LUU subsystem for heat integration mutual interaction coefficients for predicting thermodynamic properties
(stream 37). The rich solvent from the bottom of C-100 (stream 38) is in non-ideal solutions. The acid gas package employs the NRTL equation
sent to the E-109 heat exchanger via P-102, where it has transferred heat for the liquid phase and the Peng-Robinson equation for calculating the
with the hot solvent output from the C-101 (stream 43) (as shown in fugacity coefficient in the vapor phase (Zhang and Chen, 2011a, 2011b;
Fig. 2). The use of this heat exchanger leads to a reduction in the energy Gervasi et al., 2014). This comprehensive and advanced acid gas prop
consumption of the reboiler in the C-101 solvent recovery column. The erty package has been developed for modeling acid gas chemical ab
C-101 column is dedicated to solvent recovery, and from its top, a CO2- sorption in the Aspen HYSYS software.
rich vapor (stream 41) is released, derived from the flue gas resulting Here, the assumptions utilized within the simulation process are
from the combustion of biomass. The recovered solvent, exiting from the outlined as follows:
E-109 heat exchanger, is cooled using cooler E-110. This solvent is
added to the stream 45, water, and fresh solvent through the makeup- • The thermodynamic analysis employs a reference state with a tem
100. perature of 298.15 K and a pressure of 101.3 kPa.
• The phenomenon of pressure drop in piping networks and ex
2.5. LNG utilization unit changers is overlooked in current practices. Furthermore, these
sections are adiabatically modeled.
The LNG fluid (stream 47) is pumped to E-111 at high pressure • The composition of air consists of approximately 79 % nitrogen and
through P-103, where its temperature is increased through heat transfer 21 % oxygen.
with the flue gas (stream 37). Subsequently, in the heat exchanger E-
Fig. 3. The simulation schematic of the proposed biomass fueled system in this study.
6
• The pumps and turbines are represented with an adiabatic model and Table 2
a specified isentropic efficiency. Input data for simulation.
• The condenser’s outlet state is characterized by a saturated liquid Input data value Reference
state, whereas a saturated vapor appears at the evaporator’s outlet
Biomass inlet 20 C
◦
Ahmadi et al. (2013)
state. temperature
• The rates of kinetic and potential energy and exergy are disregarded. Biomass inlet pressure 100 kPa Ahmadi et al. (2013)
Air-to-biomass mass 5.433 Ahmadi et al. (2013)
The occurring reactions between MEA, water, and CO2 in the CCU ratio in the combustor
Biomass composition 50.54 % carbon, 7.08 % Ahmadi et al. (2013)
section are as follows (Dubois and Thomas, 2017, 2018). These reactions hydrogen, 41.11 % oxygen,
are categorized into two types: equilibrium and kinetic. Equilibrium 0.57 % sulfur, and 10 %
constants and kinetic parameters for each reaction are defined by Aspen moisture (by weight)
HYSYS. Working fluid type in Octane Ahmadi et al. (2013)
the ORC
Water + CO2 reactions (Feyzi et al., 2017; Dubois and Thomas, 2017)
The maximum pressures 2000 kPa Ahmadi et al. (2013)
2H2 O ↔ H3 O+ + OH− Equilibrium (1) in the ORC
The minimum pressures 28.09 kPa Ahmadi et al. (2013)
in the ORC
H2 O + HCO−3 ↔ H3 O+ + CO2−3 Equilibrium (2) Working fluid 400 C ◦
Ahmadi et al. (2013)
temperature at the
CO2 + OH −
→HCO−3 Kinetic (3) outlet of the ORC
evaporator
The pressure of the 200 kPa Dubois and Thomas
HCO−3 → CO2 + OH− Kinetic (4)
stripper column (2018); Laribi et al.
Reactions MEA (Feyzi et al., 2017; Dubois and Thomas, 2017) reboiler (2019b); Wang et al.
(2023b)
MEA(H+ ) + H2 O ↔ MEA + H3 O+ Equilibrium (5) The lean loading of the 0.21 Laribi et al. (2019b)
MEA solvent in the
absorber column
MEA + H2 O + CO2 → MEA(COO− ) + H3 O+ Kinetic (6)
The lean loading of the 0.51
MEA solvent in the
MEA(COO− ) + H3 O+ → MEA + H2 O + CO2 Kinetic (7) stripper column
LNG composition a 0.939 mol fraction of Zhou et al. (2023b)
For modeling the C-100 and C-101 columns, the dimensions of these methane, 0.042 of ethane,
two columns are presented in Table 1. 0.01 of propane, and the rest
In Refs. (Cao et al., 2021b; Nemati et al., 2017; Haghghi et al., 2023), is isobutane
the inlet solvent temperature to the stripper column has been considered The temperature of the − 162 ◦ C Zhou et al. (2023b)
LNG
as 110 ◦ C. This temperature is selected for a specific mole percentage of The pressure of the LNG 105 kPa Zhou et al. (2023b)
CO2 in the flue gas (20.42 %) in a cement plant. However, due to the The generator 100 ◦ C Kurşun (2021)
difference in the composition of the incoming flue gas to the C-100 temperature in the
column (11.56 mol%), this value has maximally reached 105 ◦ C in the ABS
The enricher pressure in 1420 kPa Kurşun (2021)
modeling process (Fig. 3, Table 3). The reason for this difference lies in
the ABS
the heat of absorption reactions, which has decreased due to the The enricher 41.79 ◦ C Kurşun (2021)
reduction in the concentration of CO2 in the flue gas from biomass temperature in the
combustion. Consequently, the heat produced by the reactions with ABS
MEA has decreased, affecting the heat transfer rate in the E-109 heat The generator pressure 1420 kPa Kurşun (2021)
in the ABS
exchanger. For modeling the absorber column, the value of lean loading The condenser 36.76 ◦ C Kurşun (2021)
in the solvent entering the absorber column is crucial. According to the temperature in the
work carried out by Laribi et al. (2019b), this value has been considered ABS
as 0.21. Additionally, to ensure the convergence of the C-101 column, The condenser pressure 1420 kPa Kurşun (2021)
in the ABS
the reflux ratio (1.25) has been determined based on a rich loading and
The pressure drop of the 400 kPa Kurşun (2021)
is equivalent to 0.51 (Laribi et al., 2019b). In this study, the input data working fluid in the
used for simulating are provided in Table 2. ABS
3.1. Model validation to the results presented in these papers, as shown in Tables 4–6.
To ensure the accuracy of the ORC model in this study, its simulation
To validate the proposed model, the simulation results of the models findings are compared to the results obtained by Ahmadi et al. (2013).
are compared with their respective structural patterns, citing references. By considering the highest temperature and pressure values of 400 ◦ C
In this research, the BUU, ORC, and ABS cycles are modeled based on and 2000 kPa, Table 4 demonstrates minimal discrepancies in the
previously published papers (Ahmadi et al., 2013; Kurşun, 2021). The thermodynamic properties between these studies, confirming the val
outcomes obtained from the Aspen HYSYS flowsheet are then compared idity of the ORC model used in this research.
Table 5 presents a comparison between the simulation results of the
Table 1
BUU model and the findings obtained by Ahmadi et al. (2013). Specif
Dimensions and operating conditions of the columns (Dubois and Thomas, 2017; ically, the computer outlet temperature and the flue gas to biomass ratio
Laribi et al., 2019b; Wang et al., 2023b). are compared, taking into account the biomass pressure of 100 kPa and
temperature of 20 ◦ C. The relative errors observed in these parameters
Absorber Stripper
are below 0.4 %. As a result, the developed model demonstrates a high
Column Diameter [m] 1.1 1.1 level of accuracy.
Packing height [m] 17 m 10 m
Packing type Random packing IMTP 50 Random packing IMTP 50
One of the differences in the current work with the compared papers
Solvent temperature (◦ C) 40 – is the variation in the software used for modeling. Considering the
7
Table 3
Operating conditions governing the points of the trigeneration process.
) )
Stream T (◦ C) P (kPa) ( Stream T (◦ C) P (kPa) (
ṁ kg/ ṁ kg/
s s
1 20 100 2 2 20 100 10.87

3 1793 100 12.87 4 1400 100 12.87
5 25 200 3.094 6 120.2 200 3.094
7 113 100 12.87 8 85.9 2000 20.8
9 400 2000 20.8 10 335.6 28.09 20.8
11 30 100 12.87 12 30 100 10.75
13 30 100 2.115 14 84.96 28.09 20.8
15 85.9 2000 20.8 16 30.21 1420 32.34
17 100 1420 32.34 18 94.11 1420 7.689
19 94.11 1420 26.93 20 41.79 1420 7.689
21 41.79 1420 5.43 22 41.79 1420 2.259
23 41.79 1420 2.273 24 36.76 1420 5.43
25 27 1420 5.43 26 − 1.87 400 5.43
27 11.78 400 5.43 28 25 200 150
29 15 200 150 30 34.9 400 5.43
31 58.11 400 26.93 32 56.4 400 32.36
33 31.76 400 32.36 34 35.26 1420 32.36
35 30 100 10.75 36 40.15 100 21.62
37 61.35 100 10.23 38 39.32 100 22.14
39 39.34 200 22.14 40 105 200 22.14
41 30 195 1.592 42 30 195 0.03517
43 122.4 200 20.51 44 43.8 200 20.51
45 40 100 20.51 57 113.4 6980 8.646
46 40.16 100 21.62 47 − 162 105 8.646
48 − 158.3 6980 8.646 49 − 67.58 6980 8.646
50 25 100 10.23 51 25 100 9.084
52 25 100 1.149 53 49.15 2700 8.646
54 10 6980 8.646 55 25 200 75.7
56 15 200 75.7 – – – –
4. Model analysis
Table 4
Comparison of the ORC cycle simulation with reference (Ahmadi et al., 2013).
In this section, the model analyses of the proposed system are pre
Ahmadi et al. (Ahmadi et al., 2013) This study sented, focusing on its evaluation from the perspectives of energy,
Stream T (◦ C) P (kPa) Stream T (◦ C) P (kPa) exergy, environment, and economics.
1 85 28.09 14 84.96 28.09
2 85 2000 15 85.9 2000 4.1. Energy analysis
3 400 2000 9 400 2000
4 335.7 28.09 10 335.6 28.09 In this study, the energy assessment is conducted to determine the
system efficiency for the subsystems and three operational modes:
power generation (ηele HP
І ), heat and power generation (ηІ ), and trigen
Table 5 trigen
eration (ηІ ). For this purpose, the following fundamental relation is
Comparison of the biomass combustor simulation with reference (Ahmadi et al.,
utilized (Moran et al., 2010):
2013).
∑
Parameters Ahmadi et al. (Ahmadi This Error energy output
ηІ = ∑ (8)
et al., 2013) study % energy input
Biomass temperature (◦ C) 20 20 0 In the proposed process, the total input energy is provided through
Biomass pressure (kPa) 100 100 0
biomass energy, and the calculation of this is carried out using Eq. (9)
Air to biomass ratio 5.433 5.433 0
Air temperature (◦ C) 20 20 0 (Khalid et al., 2015; Ahmadi et al., 2013).
Combustor outlet 1800 1793 0.39
temperature (◦ C) Q̇biomass = ṁbio × LHVbio (9)
Flue gas to biomass ratio 6.433 6.435 0.03
In Eq. (9), LHV represents the lower heating value of biomass, which
Finally, the validity of the absorption chiller model is confirmed by comparing is calculable and measurable based on Eq. (10) (Khalid et al., 2015;
its results with those obtained by Kursun (Kurşun, 2021). Table 6 demonstrates Ahmadi et al., 2013):
that the pressure, temperature, and ammonia mass fraction are calculated and
compared with the values reported in the reference paper, indicating a notable
2k
400000 × 100600s − 2+s (117600 + 100600s)
LHVbio = (10)
level of precision. 12 + y + 16k
Biomass burns in the combustion chamber according to Eq. (11),
excellent overlap between the results of Aspen HYSYS and the reference
releasing energy (Khalid et al., 2015; Ahmadi et al., 2013).
papers, it can be concluded that the difference in software cannot lead to
deviations in the results. The significant accuracy is related to the se Cx Hs Ok + ω(O2 + 3.76N2 ) → zCO2 + vH2 O + dN2 (11)
lection of the Peng-Robinson fluid package.
As a result, the energy equation for biomass is rewritten as follows
(Khalid et al., 2015; Ahmadi et al., 2013):
8
Table 6
Comparing the simulation results of the ABS cycle.
Kursun (Kurşun, 2021) This study
) )
Stream T ( C)
◦
P (kPa) ( Stream T (◦ C) P (kPa) (
yNH3 kgNH3/ yNH3 kgNH3/
kgH2O kgH2O
24 35.01 400 0.4857 33 35.01 400 0.4857

25 35.26 1420 0.4857 34 35.26 1420 0.4857
27 100 1420 0.3857 17 100 1420 0.3857
30 100 1420 0.9852 18 100 1420 0.9852
31 41.79 1420 0.891 20 41.79 1420 0.891
32 41.79 1420 0.9996 21 41.79 1420 0.9996
33 36.76 1420 0.9996 24 36.76 1420 0.9996
35 − 1.87 400 0.9996 26 − 1.87 400 0.9996
36 11.78 400 0.9996 27 11.78 400 0.9996
37 31.76 400 0.9996 33 31.76 400 0.9996
2k
400000 × 100600s − 2+s (117600 + 100600s)
Q̇biomass = ṁbio × (12) Ẇnet + ṁ6 × (h6 − h5 )
12 + y + 16k ηHP
І = 100 × 2k (117600+100600s)
400000×100600s− 2+s
(17)
ṁbio ×
Additionally, in Eq. (8), the total produced energy includes cooling
12+y+16k
power (Q̇c ), heating power (Q̇h ), and electric power (Ẇnet ), each defined ηtrigen = 100
according to Eq. (13) to Eq. (15) (Khalid et al., 2015; Ahmadi et al.,
І
2013; Moran et al., 2010). ×

Ẇnet + ṁ6 × (h6 − h5 ) + ṁ55 × (h55 − h56 ) + ṁ28 × (h28 − h29 )
(18)
2k (117600+100600s)
400000×100600s− 2+s
ṁbio ×
Q̇c = Q̇E107 + Q̇E112 (13) 12+y+16k
According to Fig. 4, the energy efficiency equations for the proposed

Q̇h = Q̇E101 (14) process subsystems are based on Eq. (19) to Eq. (23) (Khalid et al., 2015;
Ahmadi et al., 2013; Moran et al., 2010).
Ẇnet = ẆT100 + ẆT101 − ẆP100 − ẆP101 − ẆP102 − ẆP103 (15)
ṁ6 × (h6 − h5 )
ηBBU = 100 × (19)
Therefore, according to Eq. (8) and the mentioned considerations, І 2k (117600+100600s)
400000×100600s− 2+s
ṁbio ×
the energy efficiency for the proposed process under the three opera 12+y+16k
tional modes is formulated as the following equations (Khalid et al.,

ẆT101 − ẆP103
2015; Ahmadi et al., 2013; Moran et al., 2010). ηLUU
І = 100 × (20)
ṁ37 × (h37 − h50 ) + ṁ57 × (h57 − h54 )
Ẇnet
ηele
І = 100 × (16)
2k (117600+100600s)
400000×100600s− 2+s ẆT100 − ẆP100
ṁbio × 12+y+16k ηORC
І = 100 × (21)
ṁ7 × (h4 − h7 )
Fig. 4. Diagram of subsystems involved in the trigeneration modes of product generation in the proposed structure.
9
ṁ28 × (h28 − h29 ) Table 7

ηABS = 100 × (22)
І
ṁ7 × (h4 − h7 ) Equations related to exergy destruction for equipment.
Components Equations
ṁ57 × (h57 − h54 ) + ṁ37 × (h37 − h50 )
η CCU
І = 100 × (23) Biomass combustor Ė1 + Ė2 − Ė3
ṁ7 × (h7 − h11 ) + ẆP102 E-100 Ė3 + Ė5 − Ė4 − Ė6
E-101 Ė4 + Ė8 − Ė7 − Ė9
T-100 Ė9 − Ẇ − Ė10
4.2. Exergy analysis E-102 Ė7 − Ė11
V-100 Ė11 − Ė12 − Ė13
Exergy analysis is one of the most important aspects of designing and C-100 Ė36 + Ė35 − Ė37 − Ė38
evaluating trigeneration energy systems. This analysis is based on the E-103 Ė16 + Ė10 − Ė14 − Ė17
second law of thermodynamics (Dincer and Rosen, 2012). Exergy is the P-100 Ė14 + Ẇ − Ė15
maximum useful work obtained during the consumption of energy V-101 Ė17 + Ė23 − Ė18 − Ė19
(Wang et al., 2023a). The specific exergy flow (ei ) for each stream in E-104 Ė18 − Ė20
ph V-102
cludes both chemical exergy (ech
i ) and physical exergy (ei ) (Dincer and
Ė20 − Ė21 − Ė22
E-105 Ė21 − Ė24
Rosen, 2012). E-106 Ė24 + Ė27 − Ė25 − Ė30
VLV-101
(24)
Ė19 − Ė31
ei = eph ch
i + ei E-107 Ė28 + Ė26 − Ė27 − Ė29
Specific physical exergy for each stream depends on pressure and P-101 Ė33 + Ẇ − Ė34
temperature and is defined by Eq. (25) (Dincer and Rosen, 2012). P-102 Ė38 + Ẇ − Ė39
E-108 Ė32 − Ė33
ph
Ėi = ṁi × [(h − h0 ) − T0 (s − s0 )] (25) E-109 Ė43 + Ė39 − Ė40 − Ė44
E-110 Ė44 − Ė45
In Eq. (25), h represents the enthalpy of the stream, s is the entropy of E-111 Ė48 + Ė37 − Ė49 − Ė50
the stream, s0 and h0 are the entropy and enthalpy under standard V-103 Ė50 − Ė51 − Ė52
conditions, respectively. Additionally, the specific chemical exergy for E-112 Ė55 + Ė49 − Ė56 − Ė54
an ideal gas mixture is expressed in Eq. (26) (Li et al., 2023a), where ṅi is E-113 Ė54 − Ė57
T-101
the molar flow rate, R is the gas constant, and xi is the mole fraction for Ė57 − Ẇ − Ė53
( ) ( )
C-101
the i component (Dincer and Rosen, 2012).
T0 T0
Ė40 + Q̇R 1 − − Q̇C 1 − − Ė41 − Ė43
TR TC
( )
∑ ∑
(26)
ch 0
Ėi = ṅi xi ech + RT0 xi ln xi
i I provided (Liu et al., 2022a). In Eq. (31), δ represents the ratio of exergy
to energy, and its calculation is given by Eq. (32) (Liu et al., 2022a;
In the second law of thermodynamics analysis, the exergy work is
Jamaluddin et al., 2022). Eq. (32) is formulated for biomass with the
equivalent to the energy work; however, the amount of exergy resulting
chemical formula Cα Hβ Nθ O (Khalid et al., 2015; Ahmadi et al., 2013).
from heating (ĖQ ) is expressed according to Eq. (27) (Dincer and Rosen,
( )
2012). kj
ebiomass = δ × LHVbio (31)
( ) kg
T0
ĖQ = Q̇ × 1 − (27) ( )
Ti β θ λ β
δ = 1.0401 + 0.1728 + 0.0432 + 0.2169 1 − 0.2062 (32)
In this study, for the exergy analysis, definitions of fuel exergy (ĖF ) α α θ α
and product exergy (ĖP ) have been utilized. Fuel exergy is the amount of On the one hand, in Eq. (29), the total produced exergy includes
exergy made available to the consumer through an energy source and is cooling exergy (Ėx,cooling ), heating exergy (Ėx,heating ), and electrical power
equivalent to the available exergy. Product exergy, on the other hand, is
(Ẇnet ), defined according to Eq. (33) and Eq. (34), respectively [].
the amount of exergy that has been converted into the desired product ( ) ( )
(heating, cooling, and power). In other words, product exergy is the T0 T0
Ėx,cooling = Q̇E107 × − 1 + Q̇E112 × − 1 (33)
same as the useful exergy. Therefore, the amount of exergy that is T29 T56
irreversibly destructed in the system (ĖD ) is the result of the difference ( )
between fuel exergy and product exergy, as per Eq. (28) (Dincer and Ėx,heating = Q̇E100 × 1 −
T0
(34)
Rosen, 2012). T6
ĖD = ĖF − ĖP (28) Considering what has been stated, similar to the energy analysis,
equations for exergy efficiency are provided in Eq. (35) to Eq. (42) for
According to Eq. (28), the equations related to exergy destruction for the three operational modes and the five subsystems constituting the
the equipment used in the proposed system are listed in Table 7. heat integration (Khalid et al., 2015; Ahmadi et al., 2013; Dincer and
Exergy efficiency (ϑІІ ) is defined as the ratio of product exergy to fuel Rosen, 2012).
exergy (Eq. (29)) (Dincer and Rosen, 2012). Additionally, the exergy
destruction ratio (Φi ), representing the location of maximum irrevers ϑele
Ẇnet Ẇnet
(35)
ІІ = 100 × = 100 ×
ibility, is defined according to Eq. (30) (Dincer and Rosen, 2012).
ch ph ph
Ėbiomass + Ėbiomass (ṁbio × δ × LHVbio ) + Ėbiomass
∑
ĖP
ϑІІ = 100 × ∑ (29) Ẇnet + Ėx,heating
ĖF ϑHP
ІІ = 100 × ph
(36)
(ṁbio × δ × LHVbio ) + Ėbiomass
ĖD
Φi = ∑ (30) Ẇnet + Ėx,heating + Ėx,cooling
ĖD ϑtrigen
ІІ = 100 × ph
(37)
(ṁbio × δ × LHVbio ) + Ėbiomass
In Eq. (29), the total input exergy to the system is through biomass.
Therefore, to determine the chemical exergy of biomass, Eq. (31) is
10
ṁ6 × (e6 − e5 ) et al., 2020)) is obtained through the sum of direct and indirect costs
ϑBBU = 100 × (38)
ІІ ph
(ṁbio × δ × LHVbio ) + Ėbiomass (Eq. (46)) (Feyzi et al., 2017; Dubois and Thomas, 2017). In Eq. (46),
Żtotal represents the total equipment cost rate, and the cost function
( )
T0
equations for each are provided in Table 8.
ẆT101 − ẆP103 + Q̇E112 × T56
− 1
ϑLUU
ІІ = 100 × (39) TIC = direct cost + indirect cost = Żtotal × (6.93) (46)
ṁ37 × (e37 − e50 ) + ṁ57 × (e57 − e54 )
ẆT100 − ẆP100 5. Results and discussion

ϑORC
ІІ = 100 × (40)
ṁ7 × (e4 − e7 )
This section presents the findings of 4E analyses along with the
( ) sensitivity analysis results.
Q̇E107 × TT290 − 1
ϑABS
ІІ = 100 × (41)
ṁ7 × (e4 − e7 )
5.1. Energy analysis results
ṁ57 × (e57 − e54 ) + ṁ37 × (e37 − e50 )
ϑCCU
ІІ = 100 × (42) Fig. 4 depicts a graphical representation of the subsystems involved
ṁ7 × (e7 − e11 ) + ẆP102
in each operational mode. According to this figure, in the power gen
eration mode, the LUU and ORC subsystems are engaged, and based on
4.3. Environment analysis the simulation flowsheet, the input energy to these two subsystems
equals 5611 kW and 37,668 kW, respectively. The three subsystems,
The significance of conducting an environmental analysis focused on BBU, LUU, and ORC, are involved when the system structure is oriented
CO2 within the context of energy systems is paramount for several rea toward heating and power production. According to Fig. 5, the energy
sons. Firstly, CO2 is a prominent greenhouse gas contributing to global produced by these subsystems is 12,142 kW. According to Fig. 4, except
warming and climate change (Li et al., 2023b). By understanding the for CCU, the rest of the subsystems, including ABS, are involved in the
CO2 emissions associated with energy systems, we can evaluate their trigeneration mode. The energy production from this system and the
environmental impact and devise strategies to diminish these emissions. overall process have reached 6469 kW and 18,611 kW, respectively. The
Also, energy systems represent a predominant source of CO2 emissions ABS subsystem is fed through the heat recovery of the ORC cycle and the
due to fossil fuel combustion. By scrutinizing CO2 emissions, we can hot octane heat from the T-100 turbine outlet (19610 kW). This is while
identify the sectors and processes with the most significant carbon the CCU subsystem has been incorporated into this process with two
footprint, enabling us to prioritize mitigation endeavors (Tian et al., environmental and thermodynamic objectives. Thermodynamically, the
2023). Furthermore, the monitoring of CO2 emissions aids in the eval condenser of the solvent recovery column and the flue gas above the C-
uation of the efficacy of policies and technologies aimed at facilitating a 100 column, in total, have provided a total of 5611 kW of energy to the
transition towards cleaner and more sustainable energy sources. By LUU subsystem. This energy leads to an increase in the efficiency of this
examining the environmental dimensions of energy systems, with a subsystem by 98.23 % according to the first law (as shown in Fig. 6).
specific focus on CO2, we are equipped to make well-informed decisions Based on energy analysis, the CCU subsystem has allocated the highest
that minimize environmental harm and advocate for a shift towards a efficiency and has utilized the LNG fluid capacity to produce cooling
low-carbon future (Liu et al., 2022b). In order to calculate the CO2 power and power outputs, resulting in an energy efficiency of 74.71 %.
emission intensity Eq. (43) is provided as follows (Holagh et al., 2020). Interestingly, CCU and LUU subsystems, which have heat integration
( ) based on the thermal potentials present in the process, exhibit the
kg total CO2 emission
specific CO2 emission = (43) highest efficiencies, demonstrating the high effectiveness of the heat
kWh Ėx,heating + Ẇnet + Q̇c + Q̇h
recovery technique in the proposed trigeneration process.
The values of energy and exergy in the denominator of Eq. (43) have Considering Fig. 5, the total input energy to the system through
been determined in the energy and exergy analyses sections. biomass is 37,668 kW (LHV equals 18,830 kJ/kg). Due to combustion
through the flue gas (stream 3), this energy is directly injected into the
4.4. Thermoeconomic analysis BUU, ORC, and CCU subsystems. According to Fig. 5, the transferred
energy to the ORC cycle is 22,844 kW. The net power generated from
In this study, the thermoeconomic method has been employed to this cycle is 3238 kW (energy efficiency equals 14.17 %, according to
examine the economic aspects of the trigeneration structure. In this Fig. 6). Although this cycle has the lowest energy efficiency, it has
approach, the cost per energy unit (Ċen ) parameter has been calculated. transferred 19,610 kW of energy through heat recovery to support the
The cost per energy unit is dependent on the total annual cost and the ABS subsystem. Therefore, all the thermal capacity of the ORC has been
energy product rate (Eq. (44)) (Bejan et al., 1995). utilized to enhance the overall system efficiency.
( $ ) According to Fig. 7, when the system is only generating power, it has
total annual cos
Ċen = (44) the lowest efficiency (10.9 %), and in trigeneration mode, this value has
kWh X × energy product rate improved to 47.5 %. In trigeneration, the most efficient use of biomass
In Eq. (44), X represents the annual operating period of the system,
which is equal to 7446 h (Figaj et al., 2020). The rate or intensity of Table 8
energy production includes cooling power, heating power, and electric Equations related to equipment costs.
power, as presented in the energy analysis section. On the other hand, Components Cost function
the total annual cost of project (ĊAC ) is dependent on two parameters: Pump (Xi et al., 2021) 0.71
3540 × Ẇpump
total investment cost and energy cost, according to Eq. (45) (Gervasi
Turbine (Liu et al., 2023b) 0.75
2210 × Ẇturbine
et al., 2014; Laribi et al., 2019b). A payback period of 3 years is assumed
Combustor (Shao et al., 2023) [1 + exp ((0.018T6 − 26.4))]46.08 × ṁ5
in Eq. (45) (Bejan et al., 1995). Pin
( ) 0.995 −
Pout
$ total investment cost
ĊAC = + energy cost (45) Heat exchanger (Qiu et al., 2023) 588 × A0.8
exch
year pyaback period CO2 Capture unit (Bellotti et al., 2019)
(ton)
4.1811 × 1000000 × ṁ0.7
CO2
h
The total investment cost (based on the ratio factor method (Chauvy
11
Fig. 5. Diagram of the input and output energy flows for each subsystem and the performance of the proposed process.
Fig. 6. Comparing the exergy efficiency of different subsystems. Fig. 7. Comparing the exergy efficiency of various operational modes in the
proposed structure.
energy is achieved, resulting in producing more outputs from the pro
cess. In power generation mode, heat recovery is only performed in the kW of energy is produced. Therefore, based on the conducted analysis,
LUU and ORC subsystems. Based on Fig. 4, however, when the structure the utilization of biomass energy should be accompanied by thermal
is employed for both heating and power generation, three subsystems, integration to achieve the highest efficiency.
LUU, ORC, and BBU, are thermally integrated, and an additional 8158 Table 9 compares the energy efficiency of the current study with
12
previous research. The reason for selecting these studies is the similarity • In energy systems, the higher the heat recovery, the increased gen
of products with the proposed structure (Fig. 3), which utilizes fossil (Su eration of products and energy consumption quality. Therefore, as
and Yang, 2022) and biomass-renewable (Karellas and Braimakis, 2016) shown in Fig. 10, in trigeneration mode, the efficiency is 6.15 %
energy sources. The comparison reveals that the performed work with higher than power generation due to increased heat recovery.
sawdust biomass surpasses the system with coal as an energy source in
terms of energy efficiency (a 38.91 % improvement). The higher energy According to Table 10, it is evident that the proposed process has a
efficiency in the proposed process is attributed to the integration total exergy destruction of 53,636 kW. Based on the calculations, the
network, leading to increased utilization of input biomass energy. As a combustor equipment (12,611 kW) and the C-101 column (11,362 kW)
result, the ratio of energy output to input has increased. The thermal exhibit the highest exergy destruction in the entire process. This two
integration in the proposed structure is superior to previous works equipment collectively account for 44.7 % of the irreversibility of the
(Behzadi et al., 2020; Zeynalian et al., 2020) to the extent that, even process. Furthermore, as illustrated in Fig. 11, 38 % of irreversibility in
when comparing energy efficiency in heat and power generation mode the CCU section (20381.68 kW) occurs, and the lowest exergy destruc
(32.55 %), it still demonstrates superiority over these studies. tion in the ABS cycle (10.68 %) takes place.
5.2. Exergy analysis results 5.3. Environmental analysis results
In Fig. 8, the exergy diagram for the subsystems is illustrated. Ac According to Fig. 12, sawdust biomass with a flow rate of 2 kg/s and
cording to this figure, the input exergy to the system (fuel exergy) is 50.54 % of carbon by weight enters the combustor. After combustion,
equal to 37,530 kW, while, based on Eq. (31) and Eq. (32), the chemical the CO2 concentration at the combustor outlet reaches 8.74 mol%, and
exergy of the sawdust is determined to be 18,765 kJ/kg. According to with a flow rate of 6671 kg/h, it passes through the ORC subsystem.
Fig. 8, in the BBU section, the product exergy is equal to 1972.11 kW, 5687 kg/h of CO2 is captured and produced through the CCU subsystem
resulting from the heat transfer for steam production. The biomass and post-combustion capture. Therefore, according to Fig. 12, the
stream, after combustion in the combustor, produces hot flue gas, and its amount of CO2 released from the process is 987 kg/h. In other words, the
exergy is 15,933 kW (output of the E-100 exchanger). This exergy is then total CO2 emissions from the proposed process are 987 kg/h, Consid
supplied to the ORC subsystem for power generation. According to ering that the total CO2 emissions from the new process are 987 kg/h,
Fig. 8, the exergy of the flue gas output from the ORC is equal to 5017 according to Eq. (43), the CO2 emission intensity equals 0.041 kg/kWh,
kW, and this amount is directed to the reboiler of the C-101 column. which is a meager value. This pollution reduction is precisely due to the
Through the ORC cycle (thermal integration), 6006 kW of exergy is presence of the CCU system, which has prevented significant CO2
supplied to the ABS subsystem to produce 224.6 kW of exergy (chilled emissions. If Eq. (43) is considered only for the power generation mode,
water). Additionally, through the recovery of waste heat in the CCU the CO2 emission intensity would be 0.24 kg/kWh. In the third case, if
cycle, 2805 kW of fuel exergy are injected into the LUU section, where Eq. (43) is taken into account for the heat and power operational mode,
two simultaneous products are generated, totaling 1039.4 kW of exergy. then the CO2 pollution intensity would be 0.069 kg/kWh. Table 11
In Figs. 9 and 10, the exergy efficiency is compared from two perspec compares the pollution emission intensity with similar studies and
tives: subsystems and performance. similar products. In these recent studies, the energy source is biomass,
but in the new structure, the pollution level has significantly decreased
• According to Fig. 9, the CCU subsystem, with an efficiency of 55.9 % due to the use of CO2 capture.
and the ABS subsystem, with an efficiency of 3.7 %, are the most
efficient and least efficient subsystems, respectively.
5.4. Economic analysis results
• Based on Fig. 9, the LUU and CCU subsystems, both of which have
produced outputs through thermal integration, demonstrate the
According to Table 12, the estimated results of the costs for the
highest exergy efficiencies. This indicates the impact of heat recov
equipment used in the trigeneration process are listed. Based on this, the
ery in energy systems.
total equipment cost is $17,427,298, and according to Eq. (46), the total
• According to Fig. 10, if the process is solely oriented toward power
investment cost for the project is $120,771,175. Meanwhile, the energy
generation, the efficiency will be 10.94 %, which represents the
cost for this new system is 647,802 $/year, and based on Eq. (45), the
lowest efficiency for the proposed structure.
total project cost is estimated to be 40,904,860 $/year. According to Eq.
• By increasing the product from power to heat and power, the exergy
efficiency of the proposed structure has reached 11.84 %. (44), the Ċen parameter for each of the three products (heating, cooling,
• The best exergy efficiency for the proposed structure has been ach and power) is reported in Table 13. The minimum value of the Ċen
ieved when all three products (steam, chilled water, and power) are parameter is for the mode where all three products are generated (0.249
produced simultaneously, reaching an efficiency of 17.09 %. $/kWh). Additionally, the highest cost per energy unit is when the
structure only generates power (1.34 $/kWh).
5.5. Sensitivity analysis results

Table 9
Comparison of energy efficiency with other studies. According to Fig. 13, an increase in the flow rate of LNG fluid (base
Studies Output Subsystem/devices Source ηІ [%] simulation value of 1800 kmol/h) results in an improvement in cooling
Ref (Karellas Heating, Biomass boiler, Biomass- 5.54
power from 7581 kW to 17,129 kW and a rise in net power generation
and cooling, Parabolic-Trough solar from 3921 kW to 4698 kW. The reason for the increased production of
Braimakis, power Collectors, ORC, Vapor cooling and electric power is that, with the rise in the flow rate of LNG,
2016) Compression Cycle the driving force for energy production (referring to fluid flow rate) has
Ref (Su and Heating, Coal power plant, Bryton coal 19.49
improved in the E-112 heat exchanger and the T-101 turbine.
Yang, 2022) cooling, cycle, steam cycle,
power adsorption refrigeration Based on Fig. 13, the increase in LNG fluid flow rate, due to the
heat pump, desalination higher rates of cooling and electrical power generation, leads to an
This study Heating, Biomass burning, ORC, Biomass 58.4 improvement in electrical energy efficiency from 0.1041 to 0.125. This
cooling, ABS, CCU, LUU (sawdust) rise in the flow rate causes an increase in the exergy efficiency of the
power
structure from 0.164 to 0.193. It should be noted that electrical power
13
Fig. 8. The diagram of the fuel and product exergy flows for each subsystem.
Table 10
The calculation results of the exergy parameters for equipment used in the
proposed process.
Component ĖF ĖP ĖD ϑi Φi
Biomass Combustor 37,844 25,233 12,611 0.666 0.235

E-100 6860 1838 5022 0.267 0.094
E-101 15,315 9543 5772 0.623 0.11
T-100 3605 3322 283 0.921 0.0053
P-100 85 68 17 0.8 0
E-103 6000 2775 3225 0.462 0.06
V-101 4424 4400 24 0.994 0
VLV-101 1189 862 327 0.724 0.006
E-104 3066 2566 500 0.836 0.0093
V-102 2632 2614 18 0.993 0
E-105 2004 1754 250 0.875 0.0046
VLV-100 1748 1694 54 0.969 0
E-107 626 129 497 0.206 0.0092
E-108 1909 1079 830 0.565 0.015
P-101 58 54 4 0.931 0
E-106 6 4 2 0.666 0
V-100 869 849 20 0.976 0
C-100 167,391 158,695 8696 0.948 0.162
P-102 3 2 1 0.666 0
E-109 997 719 278 0.721 0.0052
Fig. 9. Comparing the exergy efficiency for subsystems. E-110 63 42 21 0.666 0
C-101 167,805 156,443 11,362 0.932 0.211
P-103 177 146 31 0.824 0
E-111 2692 220 2472 0.081 0.046
E-112 903 67 836 0.074 0.015
E-113 5563 5263 300 0.946 0.0056
T-101 1286 1103 183 0.857 0.0034
Total Destruction = 53,636 kW
generation significantly affects electrical efficiency and exergy, as the

power exergy is equivalent to the power energy. Additionally, according
to Fig. 14, the increase in LNG fluid flow rate results in an improvement
in overall energy efficiency from 0.521 to 0.796. The increased flow rate
leads to a decrease in the cost per energy unit thermoeconomic
parameter from 0.279 $/kWh to 0.183 $/kWh. The primary reason for
the overall energy efficiency improvement is the increase in cooling and
power generation (while the biomass input energy remains constant).
This increase in the rates of cooling and power generation has an inverse
proportional relationship with the cost per energy unit, according to Eq.
(44).
According to Fig. 14, increasing the LNG fluid flow rate has led to an
economic benefit by reducing specific CO2 emissions from 0.0456 kg/
Fig. 10. Comparing the exergy efficiency for the three operational modes of the
kWh to 0.0309 kg/kWh. The main reason for this occurrence is precisely
proposed structure based on biomass energy source.
the increase in the rate of cooling and power generation, as shown in
Fig. 13. When the overall CO2 emission rate is constant, any factor that
14
With this explanation, the ascending trend of cost per energy unit and
specific CO2 emission in the range of 85–100 ◦ C can be justified, and
their descending trend in the range of 100–125 ◦ C can be explained.
These two parameters are inversely related to energy production,
showing an ascending trend with increased cooling production and a
descending trend as cooling power decrease.
Fig. 16 examines the impact of octane fluid pressure on both elec
trical power generation and refrigeration capacity within the ORC sec
tion. The findings indicate that an increase in octane pressure correlates
with a decrease in refrigeration capacity. This phenomenon can be
attributed to the inverse relationship between fluid pressure and flow
rate within the circulating cycle. As the octane fluid serves as the heat
source in the absorptive chiller cycle, reducing its flow rate consequently
reduces energy production in the refrigeration cycle. Conversely, the
turbine experiences more significant fluid expansion, resulting in higher
electrical power output. This positive effect enhances the net electrical
power generated by the overall process.
The improvement in exergy efficiency (from 16.0 % to 17.0 %)
within the overall system can be observed through the elevation of oc
tane pressure in the ORC, as presented in Fig. 16. This upward trend is
primarily driven by the significant relation between exergy efficiency
Fig. 11. Comparing the exergy destruction ratio in subsystems. and net electrical power generation, boosting the overall cycle efficiency
when this parameter is enhanced. As depicted in Fig. 17, the rise in
increases energy production, according to Eq. (43), will result in a
decreasing trend in pollution intensity. Another influential parameter in
the entire system is the temperature of the working fluid at the outlet of Table 11
Comparing the carbon dioxide emission intensity with previous articles.
the E-103 evaporator in the ABS cycle (stream 17, Fig. 3). According to
Fig. 15, increasing the evaporator temperature between 85 and 100 ◦ C Studies Source Subsystem Output SCE
(kg/
leads to a rise in cooling production from 8423 kW to 9732 kW and an
kWh)
improvement in overall energy efficiency from 0.548 to 0.583. However,
for temperatures higher than 100 ◦ C, there is a descending trend for Ref (Cao Wood SCO2 cycle, gasifier, Heating, 0.4757
et al., combustion chamber, and power
cooling production, decreasing from 9732 kW to 8889 kW and a
2021a) and a domestic water
reduction in energy efficiency from 0.583 to 0.562. The main reason for heater
the initial increase and subsequent decrease in efficiency and cooling Ref (Behzadi Municipal Proton exchange Power, 0.242
production is attributed to the performance of the enricher process. et al., solid waste membrane fuel cell, heat and
2020) ORC, thermoelectric hot water
According to various simulations, it is determined that the concen
generator, and gasifier
tration of ammonia at the inlet of the throttling valve increases at a Ref (Rashidi Biomass Biomass combustor, Cooling, 0.374
temperature of 85–100 ◦ C, contributing positively to cooling produc and ORC, domestic water heating,
tion. However, beyond 100 ◦ C, as the evaporator temperature increases, Khorshidi, heater, ABS, and and power
the concentration of ammonia at the top of the enricher decreases. This 2018) reverse osmosis
desalination unit
reduction in the inlet refrigerant temperature to E-107 has led to a
This study Biomass Biomass burning, ORC, Cooling, 0.041
decrease in cooling production. Under conditions where power and (sawdust) ABS, CCU, LNG heating,
heating production are entirely constant, the only factor that changes utilization unit and power
the energy efficiency of the system is the production of cooling power.
Fig. 12. The carbon dioxide flow diagram for the proposed process.
15
Table 12
Results related to the equipment costs estimation.
Name Equipment Cost [$]
T-100 967,035
CO2 capture unit 14,103,743
E-107 140,600
E-108 413,200
E-101 143,906
E-105 119,400
E-111 19,200
E-104 27,500
V-101 43,400
E-106 48,900
P-101 36,600
Biomass Combustor 310,541
P-100 70,100
V-102 21,200
E-113 29,100
T-101 506,900
E-103 37,400 Fig. 14. Investigating the effect of LNG fluid flow rate on the cost per energy
V-103 30,200
unit parameter, overall energy efficiency and specific CO2 emission.
P-103 287,900
E-100 13,873
E-112 56,600
Żtotal = 17,427,298 $
Table 13
Results related to the economic assessment.
Parameters Value
Total investment cost ($) 120,771,175

Energy consumption cost ($/year) 647,802
Total annual cost ($/year) 40,904,860
Cost per heating power unit $/kWh 0.673
Cost per cooling power unit $/kWh 0.564
Cost per electric power unit $/kWh 1.34
Cost per energy unit $/kWh 0.249
Fig. 15. The effect of evaporator temperature in the ABS cycle on cooling
production rate and overall energy efficiency.
Fig. 13. Investigating the effect of LNG fluid flow rate on the production of
cooling power, electric power, overall exergy efficiency and electrical energy
efficiency of the new structure.
outlet coolant temperature from the evaporator heat exchanger in the Fig. 16. The effect of octane fluid pressure on electrical power generation and
refrigeration cycle leads to an augmentation in the overall system’s cooling production capacity.
energy efficiency from 58.0 % to 59.0 %. The principal motivation
emission (SCE) and cost of electricity (COE), as demonstrated in Fig. 17.
behind this enhancement is the more significant cooling generation in
Although the increase is solely observed in cooling production, it proves
this specific stage. With an increased coolant temperature, the heat ex
sufficient in reducing the system’s cost and pollution intensity.
change between the coolant and incoming water boosts, producing
enhanced cooling. The production rate of other products remains con
6. Conclusion
stant, with the increment in cooling being the sole contributor to
improved energy efficiency. The heightened production rate of products
This paper provided a sustainable process in integration with a
within the system enhances its efficiency. This augmentation in pro
biomass burning unit to mitigate its irreversibility and minimize envi
duction rate is inversely correlated with the parameters of specific CO2
ronmental impact. An innovative thermal design method facilitated the
16
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Caibo Liu: Formal analysis, Resources. Chou-Yi Hsu: Investigation,

Methodology. Manoj Kumar Agrawal: Methodology, Writing – review
& editing. Jinxin Zhang: Data curation, Resources. Sayed Fayaz
Ahmad: Supervision, Writing – review & editing. Asiful H. Seikh:
Methodology, Project administration. V. Mohanavel: Investigation,
Writing – review & editing. Sohaib Tahir Chauhdary: Resources, Su
pervision. Fangfei Chi: Project administration, Supervision.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial

interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Fig. 17. Effect of outlet refrigerant temperature from E-107 on overall energy Data availability
efficiency, SCE, and COE parameters.
Data will be made available on request.
simultaneous power, cooling, and heating generation through the
implemented process. The process encompassed several key compo Acknowledgments
nents, including an ORC, an ABS, a CO2 capture unit utilizing mono
ethanolamine solvent, a unit for regasification and utilization of LNG, The authors would like to acknowledge the Researchers Supporting
and a low-pressure steam production boiler. The system was simulated Project number (RSP2024R373), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi
utilizing the Aspen HYSYS software and subsequently evaluated based Arabia.
on thermodynamics, economics, and environmental impact consider
ations. Moreover, a parametric analysis was undertaken to investigate References
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Journal of Cleaner Production 443 (2024) 141137

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Cleaner Production

Design and thermo-enviro-economic analyses of an innovative

environmental and sustainability problems (Cheng et al., 2021). The

Fig. 2. The process flow diagram for proposed biomass-fueled system.

1 20 100 2 2 20 100 10.87

24 35.01 400 0.4857 33 35.01 400 0.4857

2013; Moran et al., 2010). ×

According to Fig. 4, the energy efficiency equations for the proposed

tional modes is formulated as the following equations (Khalid et al.,

ṁ28 × (h28 − h29 ) Table 7

ẆT100 − ẆP100 5. Results and discussion

5.2. Exergy analysis results 5.3. Environmental analysis results

5.5. Sensitivity analysis results

Biomass Combustor 37,844 25,233 12,611 0.666 0.235

generation significantly affects electrical efficiency and exergy, as the

Total investment cost ($) 120,771,175

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Caibo Liu: Formal analysis, Resources. Chou-Yi Hsu: Investigation,

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial

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