Available online at http://ijcpe.uobaghdad.edu.iq and www.iasj.

net
Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum
Engineering
Vol. 24 No.3 (September 2023) 93 – 102
EISSN: 2618-0707, PISSN: 1997-4884

Removal of Lead Ions from Wastewater by using a Local

Adsorbent from Charring Tea Wastes

Zahraa Kadhim Abd AL-Hussain a, * and Hayder M. Abdul-Hameed a

a Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

Abstract

Adsorption of lead ions from wastewater by native agricultural waste, precisely tea waste. After the activation and carbonization of
tea waste, there was a substantial improvement in surface area and other physical characteristics which include density, bulk density,
and porosity. FTIR analysis indicates that the functional groups in tea waste adsorbent are aromatic and carboxylic. It can be
concluded that the tea waste could be a good sorbent for the removal of Lead ions from wastewater. Different dosages of the
adsorbents were used in the batch studies. A random series of experiments indicated a removal degree efficiency of lead reaching (95
%) at 5 ppm optimum concentration, with adsorbents R2 =97.75% for tea. Three models (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin) have
been used to show which is the best operation. It was found that tea waste has an adsorption capacity (q max) equal to 2.7972 (mg/g).
Equilibrium data fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm because Freundlich assumptions are more suitable to represent the
relationship between adsorbent and adsorbate. Two Kinetic Models were applied (first order, and second order) for this study. The
adsorption kinetics was investigated and the best fit was achieved by a first-order equation with R2= 95.91%.

Keywords: Tea waste, Adsorption, Kinetic models, Wastewater, Removal, Pb +2.

Received on 25/12/2022, Received in Revised Form on 17/03/2023, Accepted on 18/03/2023, Published on 30/09/2023

https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2023.3.9

1- Introduction
organic and inorganic pollutants at a trace level makes it
Water pollution represents a well-known threat to the the best method among these methods. As a consequence,
world's environment in recent decades [1]. Water is research into the efficacy of using agricultural wastes for
essential to humans, plants, and animals. Water pollution, this purpose has progressed. The existence of functional
on the other hand, has become a significant problem in groups that may bind metals to improve the removal of
recent years as a result of releasing municipal, lead ions from wastewater by batch experiments sets
agricultural, and industrial pollutants in it [2]. Heavy agricultural wastes. They are also readily available,
metals are one of the most significant environmental inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and have a high
because of their toxicity, reliability, accumulation, and capacity for heavy metal absorption [8].
movement through the food chain. Various industries The adsorption process is one of the most effective
release heavy metals into the water. Therefore, they are methods and best obtainable for removing these metals
one of the main pollutants in water such as Cd, Zn, Ni, from the wastewater. This process is characterized by
Cu, Pb...etc. accumulating in living tissues because heavy simple design, low cost, high effectiveness, and flexibility
metals do not biodegrade [4]. As a result, the aquatic of usage [9]. The effluents containing heavy metal ions in
ecosystems and human health will be threatened [3]. Lead solution, contribute to the substantial heavy metal
is a bluish-gray heavy metal, soft, and malleable [5]. Pb+2 contamination of the environment caused by many human
is a highly toxic metal that has harmful effects on the industrial, agricultural, and petroleum operations [6,10].
body of humans, especially the liver, kidneys, central Both organic and inorganic materials can be removed
nervous system (CNS) [6], myeloid structure, and even at low concentrations. Although the availability of
propagative functions [7]. different carbonaceous materials to derive activated
There are several traditional methods for extracting carbon (AC), agricultural wastes and by-products are
dissolved heavy metals from wastewater including ion considered a good materials source alternative to produce
exchange, adsorption, chemical precipitation, chelation, a low-cost adsorbent due to their cheap, available, and
electrolytic recovery, solvent extraction, and liquid high carbon content [10]. The disposing solid wastes
membrane separation. Effluent treatment technologies are collected from the tea waste were obtained as an efficient
being developed, however many of them are either low-cost adsorbent for removing heavy metals from the
ineffective or costly, especially for low-concentration contaminated solution.
metal spills. The capacity of adsorption to eliminate both

*Corresponding Author: Name: Zahraa Kadhim Abd AL-Hussain, Email: zahra.hussein2011m@coeng.uobaghdad.edu.iq

IJCPE is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
 Z. K. A. AL-Hussain and H. M. Abdul-Hameed/Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 24, 3 (2023) 93 - 102

Waste tea can be a cheap sorbent because of the tannins' and kinetics of adsorption were studied [15].
metal-binding polyhydroxy polyphenol functional groups
[8]. Natural materials have been improved through many 2- Materials and Methods
studies, such as by thermal treatment, surface 2.1. Adsorbents preparation
modification, and activation (physical or chemical) to
prepare the activated carbon (AC) that leads to improve Tea wastes were collected from daily home tea waste
adsorption capacity of heavy metals [11]. FTIR analyses and washed with water about 15 times to remove the color
are carried out to determine the adsorption mechanism. and debris from these products. The washed wastes had
The interaction between the adsorbent's surface and the been dried naturally for 48 hours under the sunlight. The
adsorbed species determines the adsorption phenomenon. dried tea was ground and sieved to the size of 250 μm,
Chemical bonding, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic 600 μm, and 1 mm obtained from by Abzar-E-Khnak,
forces, and van der Waals forces may all be involved in Tehran, Iran [7]. Fig. 1 shows the carbonized and
the interaction [12]. activated samples produced using the furnace Model:
Adsorption isotherms explain the link between the 62700, Volts 220-240, AMPS 6.2, Watts 1488 Country of
quantity of solute adsorbed by a unit weight of solid Manufacture: Japan at 200 °C for 1 hr. The adsorption
adsorbent and the amount of solute left in solution when capacity and efficiency were improved by increasing the
the system is at equilibrium. The Langmuir, Freundlich, adsorbent’s surface area by the carbonization and
and Temkin isotherms are often employed to characterize activation processes. The physical properties of tea
metal ion adsorption by diverse materials [12, 13]. waste's before and after activation are listed in Table 1.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the viability of Different lead concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/L
employing tea waste for the adsorptive removal of lead were made by dissolving various amounts of lead nitrate
(II) from simulated wastewater. Weight, particle size, and Pb(NO3)2 in purified water [15, 16]. Because nitrogen is a
initial Lead (II) concentration have all been investigated refrigerant gas that reduces the porosity size and reduces
as potential experimental influences. Many adsorbent its value and results in shrinkage.
models were tested in order to find one that would best fit
the experimental data and provide a fitting description of
the most likely adsorption process. Also, the isotherms

Fig. 1. Tea Waste before and after Carbonization and Activation

Table 1. Characteristics of Tea Waste before and after Activation Procedure
Item Before Activation After activation
Surface area (m2/g) 0.735 72.857
Real density (g/cm3) 1.6251 0.8856
Bulk density (g/cm3) 0.725 0.4331
Porosity (%) 55.3936 51.089

2.2. Batch Adsorption Experiments such as weight, particle size, and concentration of the
solution. Batch adsorption experiments were performed
The contribution of this research was carried out using by mechanically shaking 250 ml of lead solution in a flask
various weights of adsorbents of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, for 12 hours at 100 rpm in a shaker. Eq. 1 was used to
and 4 g produced from tea char. A lead solution holding determine the quantity of metal ion adsorbed into
the requisite concentration (20 mg/L) was prepared from biosorbent:
lead nitrate ions, and its experimental measurement was
(𝐶𝑜 −𝐶𝑒 )×𝑣
carried out. The solution pH was 7 and all experiments 𝑞𝑒 = (1)
𝑤
are conducted at room temperature conditions. Parameters

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 Z. K. A. AL-Hussain and H. M. Abdul-Hameed/Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 24, 3 (2023) 93 - 102

where qe is the quantity of metal ion adsorbed, Co is the The functional groups containing tea wastes were
initial concentration of metal ions, Ce is the equilibrium identified using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
metal ion concentration, w is the weight of sorbent, and V (FTIR). Adsorbent functional groups influence adsorption
is the volume of metal ion solution [18] (Fig. 2). behavior and also govern the adsorption process [19].
Absorbed concentrations are determined by Atomic
absorption spectrophotometer. 2.4. Analysis

The Market Investigation and Customer Safety Center,

University of Baghdad, was using a flame Atomic
absorption spectrophotometer ((AAS) model AA-7000 of
Japanese origin from Shimadzu Corporation for
measuring the concentration of dissolved Pb +2 ions under
consideration).

3- Results and Discussion

3.1. FTIR Analysis

Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 shows the FTIR spectra of tea waste
before and after activation. Several chemical functional
Fig. 2. Adsorption Isotherms for Pb+2 onto Tea Waste at groups have been found as possible adsorption sites the
Room Temperature tea waste. When compared to unloaded Pb (II), the
2.3. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) test spectra pattern of loaded Pb (II) indicated changes in peak
absorption, demonstrating the activity of adsorption sites
[20].

Fig. 3. FTIR Test Analysis of Tea Waste before Treatment

Fig. 4. FTIR Test Analysis of Tea Waste after Treating Treatment

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 Z. K. A. AL-Hussain and H. M. Abdul-Hameed/Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 24, 3 (2023) 93 - 102

The principal functional groups are the carboxylic (- concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/L. The removal
OH-) allocated with a wave number ranging from efficiency started from 85.91 to 95.90% and was obtained
2922.59- 3443.48 cm-1, as well as a functional group at pH of 7, a particle size of 250 µm, and at room
linked to the aromatic carboxylic groups (H-C-OH-) that temperature [22]. Fig. 7 shows the effect of different
appeared at 3626-3443.48 cm-1 After being exposed to the initial concentrations on removal efficiency.
pollutant, a sharp peak was revealed from the test
confirming the success of the previously mentioned 100
groups in adsorbing Pb+2 as the transmittance %
decreased quickly with a smaller peak of the wave 99
number appeared at 1633.41-1011.48 cm-1 [19].

Removal%
98
3.2. Effect of sorbed weight
97
Fig. 5 shows the relationship between the sorbent
weight of tea waste (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, and 4 g) and 96
the removal efficiency (R%) of Pb+2. The extracted tea
95
revealed a remarkable Pb (II) ion removal efficiency at
1 3 partical size 5 7
about 95.52%. This results in a removal efficiency of
(90.38%) to (95.52%). The affinity of metal ions for Fig. 6. The Removal Efficiency for the Effect of Different
active groups on the substrate accounts for the variation in Particle Sizes for Tea Waste
heavy metal sorption capacity on the sorbent materials
[21]. Fig. 5 shows the best removal efficiency was at a 120
weight of 3 g fixed.
100
97 80
Removal%

96 60
95 40
Removal%

94
20
93
0
92 0 5 10 15 20 25
91 Initial concentration (mg/l)

90 Fig. 7. The Removal Efficiency for the Effect of Different

0 1 2 3 4 5 Initial Concentrations for Tea Waste
Weight(g)
The highest removal 95% was obtained at a
Fig. 5. The Removal Efficiency for the Effect of Weight concentration of 5 ppm, as seen in Fig. 7. It is possible
on Tea Waste that the more adsorption rate and the use of all available
active sites for adsorption at higher Pb(II) concentration
3.3. Effect of Particle size are responsible for the increased adsorption capacity.
The surface area of the adsorbent is an important 4- Adsorption Isotherm Models
adsorption property. Adsorbent sites are more reactive to
metal ion interaction when the adsorbent has a large Adsorption isotherm research is necessary for supplying
surface area. The smaller the particle size, the higher the crucial data for designing the sorption process. They
surface area per unit weight of adsorbent with a higher describe the expanse of adsorbate adsorbed on the
proportion of metal removal is expected [12, 15]. The adsorbent surface at constant temperature [13]. Most
effect of using sieves (250 µm, 600 µm, and 1 mm) on the wastewater treatment applications are described using
removal efficiency was studied at a solution pH of 7, relationships known as isotherms such as Langmuir,
initial concentration of 20 ppm, and at room temperature. Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models [23].
The removal efficiency starts from (95.87 to 98.86) %,
Fig. 6 shows the effect of the particle size on the removal 4.1. Langmuir isotherm
efficiency. Fig. 6 shows the particle size of 250 μm of tea
waste performed better than smaller the sorbent material. Monolayer adsorption is compatible with the Langmuir
3.4. Effect of initial concentration adsorption model. It is predicated on the idea that a
flooded monolayer of solute particles on adsorbent
The impact of various concentrations on removing Pb +2 superficial correlates to maximal adsorption [24]. The
from aqueous solutions was investigated at varying initial Langmuir isotherm equation is:

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 Z. K. A. AL-Hussain and H. M. Abdul-Hameed/Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 24, 3 (2023) 93 - 102

(q𝑚𝑎𝑥 b 𝐶𝑒)
q𝑒 =
(1+b𝐶𝑒 )
(2) through increasing analysis. The Temkin isotherm model
is shown in Fig. 10. The isotherm equation is defined as:
qe (mg/g) indicates how much solute is absorbed per 𝑅𝑇
weight of adsorbent at equilibrium. 𝑞𝑒 =
𝑏
ln(KT C) (4)
Ce (mg/l) is the equilibrium concentration of the solvent
in the substance solution, qmax is the maximum adsorption The linearization form of the previous equation:
capability. The linear plot of specific sorption (1/qe)
against the equilibrium concentration (Ce), and b is the 𝑞𝑒 = 𝐵1 lnKT + B1 ln C (5)
adsorption-free energy constant. Fig. 8 shows the
Langmuir isotherm model. Where B1 = RT/b; (R) is the common gas constant
(8.314 J/mol.K) and T is the absolute temperature (K),
(KT) (L/mg) is the stability binding constant conforming
to the determined required energy and constant B 1
(KJ/mole) is related to temperature of adsorption. The
experimental data for the batch experiment were fitted to
the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms, and it
was observed that the Freundlich isotherm provided the
best match based on the R2 value, which was equal to
1/q lnq(0.9775). Fig. 8 to Fig. 10 show data fitting to the
e
e Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models which agreed
to the results in [27].

1/Ce lnCe

Fig. 8. Langmuir Model for Tea Waste Adsorbent

1/q lnqe
4.2. Freundlich
e
isotherm

For many years, the Freundlich equation was widely

used. According to the Freundlich model, the porous
material has an energetically heterogeneous surface,
which causes adsorption capacity to depend on adsorption
temperature. Fig. 9 shows the Freundlich isotherm model.
The Freundlich model's linear equation
1/Ce is as follows: lnCe

lnqe = lnk + l/n(lnCe) (3) Fig. 9. Freundlich Model for Tea Waste Adsorbent
Because Freundlich equation is an empirical equation, it When applied to the systems under study, the three
can be used to describe data. Where K indicates the isotherm models suggest that both monolayer adsorption
Freundlich constant associated with maximum adsorption (where just a small fraction of the surface sites are
capacity and n indicates the adsorption density or binding adsorbing sites for the lead ions) and heterogeneous
strength [25]. The heterogeneity coefficient is 1/n. For a surface conditions are present under the experimental
diverse range of concentrations, the Freundlich equation circumstances. The Freundlich model is applied to
typically applies perfectly well to the experimental results extremely heterogeneous surfaces with adsorbate
[26, 14]. molecules interacting in the plane of the surface, while the
Langmuir model assumes that maximal adsorption
4.3. Temkin isotherm corresponds to a saturated monolayer of solute molecules
on the adsorbent surface [28]. Pb(II) adsorption on these
Temkin isotherm reflects adsorbing species of adsorbent surfaces is thus complex, involving multiple mechanisms.
interaction. The following assumptions are made by this Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms constants
model [12]. Up to the maximal binding energy, the and the corresponding coefficients are shown in Table 2.
distribution of binding energies is uniform. Due to the
interaction between the adsorbent and adsorbate, the heat
of adsorption of all molecules in the layer reduces linearly

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 Z. K. A. AL-Hussain and H. M. Abdul-Hameed/Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 24, 3 (2023) 93 - 102

4
y= 0.8504x + 1.1141
3.5 R²= 0.956
3
2.5
2
qe
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
lnCe
Fig. 10. Temkin Model for Tea Waste Adsorbent

Table 2. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin Isotherms Constants and the Corresponding Coefficients
Adsorbent type Isotherm Models
Langmuir Freundlich Temkin
B=RT/b
Tea qmax.(mg/g) KL R2 K(mg/g) N R2 kT(mg/g) R2
(L/mg)
2.7972 0.4119 0.9398 1.0623 2.3397 0.9775 3.706 0.8504 0.956

The maximum adsorption capacity of lead onto tea The equilibrium adsorption capacity qeq must be known
waste was calculated as 2.7972 (mg/g) using the to fit this equation for the experimental data shown in
Langmuir isotherm. According to the figures above, Table 3 and Fig. 11 [14].
employing linearized models of the Freundlich isotherm
model yields a straight line as shown in Fig. 8 which 5.2 Pseudo–second–order kinetic equation
indicates a good fit of the data with the Freundlich
isotherm for Pb+2 [13]. The researcher study the Ho proposed a pseudo-second-order velocity law in
production of low-cost adsorbent from tea waste for the 1995, demonstrating the absence of dependence on the
removal of zinc from an aqueous solution using batch and concentration of the adsorption component and the
continuous experiments to investigate the behavior of the velocity depending on the ability to adsorb in the solid
produced adsorbent. The data fitted well with Freundlich phase [15]. Ho’s pseudo-second-order degree rule
isotherm and it was found that the q max equal to 4.55 displays how the sorption capability of sorbate relies on
(mg/g) and the removal efficiency of 96.8% by tea waste the interval [16]. It is formulated as given by Eq. 8:
adsorbent.
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
=k2 (qeq - q)2 (8)
5- Kinetic Models
At the circumstances (t = 0), (qt = 0) and (t = t), (q = qt),
5.1. Pseudo-First order Kinetic model integration of Eq. 8 gives Eq. 9:

Lagergren's model of pseudo-first order is given by 𝑡

=
1
2 +
𝑡
(9)
𝑞𝑡 𝑘2 𝑞𝑒𝑞 𝑞𝑒𝑞
Eq. 6:
𝑑𝑞 k2 is the rate constant of the pseudo-second-order (g/mg
= 𝑘𝐿 (𝑞𝑒𝑞 − 𝑞𝑡 ) (6)
𝑑𝑡 minute). The results are shown in Table 3 and Fig. 12.
Fig. 11 and Fig. 12 below show pseudo-first-order and
This equation is the incorporation of the law rate for a pseudo second order kinetics for Pb(II) adsorption by
pseudo-first-order response. Where qeq represents the total waste tea. Experimental condition of initial concentration
weight of contaminant adsorbed at equilibrium (mg/g); q t = 20ppm, pH = 7 particle size = 600µm, and room
represents the total weight of contaminant that adsorbed at temperature.
time t (mg/g), kL is the rate constant of the pseudo-first Abdul-Hameed, 2006 and yan et al., 2022, these
sorption (1/min) [13]. At the circumstances (t = 0), (qt = researchers studied the adsorption processes of heavy
0) and (t = t), (q = qt), integration of Eq. 6 gives Eq. 7: metals by low cost adsorbent and used the kinetic study
𝑘𝐿 𝑡
and achieved the fitting by pseudo-first-order model.
log(𝑞𝑒𝑞 − 𝑞𝑡 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑞𝑒𝑞 − (
2.303
) (7) From the application of kinetics models, the conclusion

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 Z. K. A. AL-Hussain and H. M. Abdul-Hameed/Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 24, 3 (2023) 93 - 102

had been achieved that pseudo-first order was the most value was close to the experimental values of qeq which
fitting model for experimental data. The adsorption were 3.5093 (mg/g).
capacity of tea waste was equal to 2.6649 (mg/g), this

Table 3. Pseudo-First Order and Pseudo-Second Order Kinetic Model Parameters for Adsorption of Pb(II) onto Tea
Wastes
Adsorbent type Pseudo-first-order kinetic model Pseudo-second-order kinetic model
qe calculated qe calculated
K1 (1/min) R2 K2 (g/mg.min) R2
Tea (mg/g) (mg/g)
0.0253 1.0599 0.9581 2.1240 38.3141 0.6716

3 regions of the world where tea trash is inexpensive or

costless.
y= 0.0253x - 0.0495
2.5 R²= 0.9591 Tea waste 7- Conclusion
log(qe-qt)

2 The effectiveness of adsorption technology in the

removal of Pb (II) from synthetic water was investigated
1.5 utilizing batch experimental setups. According on the
findings, we may infer the following. The biomaterial
1 sorbent was excellent in removing lead ions from
wastewater from industrial settings. Using the biomaterial
0.5 at lower quantities is possible since the equilibrium metal
adsorption was reduced when Pb (II) ions were present
from the outset. The Freundlich model performed very
0
well in describing the experimental data. In this
50 0 100 150 investigation, the bio-adsorbent tea trash had an effective
Time(min) weight of 3 g which removed 95% of Pb (II) from the
Fig. 11. Adsorption’s Pseudo-First Order for Lead Ion water by adsorption. In almost 1.5 hours, the metal
onto Produced Adsorbents attained adsorption equilibrium. The adsorption process
behaved according to first-order kinetics. Methods based
5 on this principle may be utilized to purge wastewater of
harmful metals effectively. The FTIR transmittance
4 y = 0.0261x - 0.4708 spectra of metal-loaded biomass from charred tea trash
R² = 0.6716 Tea waste showed that aromatic and carboxylic functional groups
are responsible for the adsorption of Pb(II) metal [33].
3
t/q

Nomenclature
2
AC Activated carbon.
1 Ce Concentration of Pb+2 residual in solution at stability
(mg/L).
0 Co Initial concentration (mg/L).
0 50 100 150 K1 Pseudo first order degree constant (1/min).
Time(min) K2 Pseudo second order total constant (g/mg min).
Fig. 12. Adsorption’s Pseudo-Second-Order for Lead Ion qe The amount of Pb+2 concentration at equilibrium
onto the Produced Adsorbent adsorption (mg/g).
T Time (min).
6- Results and Discussions V Volume (ml).
W Weight (mg).
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‫إزالة الرصاص من المحلول المائي باستخدام مادة ماصة محلية من مخلفات الشاي كمادة‬
‫ممتزة‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪* ،1‬‬

‫و حيدر محمد عبد الحميد‬ ‫زهراء كاظم عبد الحسين‬

‫‪ 1‬قسم الهندسة البيئية ‪ ،‬كلية الهندسة‪ ،‬جامعة بغداد‪ ،‬بغداد‪ ،‬العراق‬

‫الخالصة‬

‫امتزاز أيونات الرصاص من مياه الصرف الصحي من خالل النفايات الزراعية المحلية ‪ ،‬وعلى وجه التحديد‬
‫نفايات الشاي‪ .‬بعد تنشيط وكربنة مخلفات الشاي ‪ ،‬حدث تحسن كبير في مساحة السطح والخصائص الفيزيائية‬
‫األخرى التي تشمل الكثافة والكثافة الظاهرية والمسامية بعد أن تخضع هذه البقايا لعملية الكربنة والتنشيط‬
‫لتحويلها إلى مواد ماصة‪.‬‬
‫تم إجراء دراسات متساوية التوازن ودراسات حركية‪ .‬تم استخدام جرعات مختلفة من الممتزات في الدراسات‬
‫على دفعات‪ .‬تم استخدام ثالثة موديالت للتوازن (‪ Langmuir‬و ‪ Freundlich‬و ‪ )Temkin‬إلظهار أفضل‬
‫عملية‪ .‬وجد أن مخلفات الشاي لها قدرة امتصاص (‪ )qmax‬تساوي ‪.)mg/g( 2.7972‬‬
‫تم تطبيق نموذجين حركيين (من الدرجة األولى والثانية) لهذه المادة الممتزة‪ .‬تتوافق بيانات التوازن ً‬
‫جيدا مع‬
‫متساوي الح اررة ‪ Freundlich‬ألن افتراضات ‪ Freundlich‬أكثر مالءمة لتمثيل العالقة بين الممتزات‬
‫والممتزات‪ ،‬أشارت سلسلة عشوائية من التجارب إلى كفاءة درجة إزالة الرصاص التي تصل إلى (‪ )٪95‬عند‬
‫التركيز األمثل ‪ 5‬جزء في المليون‪ ،‬مع الممتزات ‪ ٪ R2 = 97.75‬من مخلفات الشاي عند ‪.Freundlich‬‬
‫= ‪R2‬‬ ‫تمت دراسة حركيات االمتزاز وتم تحقيق أفضل مالءمة باستخدام معادلة من الدرجة األولى مع‬
‫‪ .٪0.9591‬يشير تحليل ‪ FTIR‬إلى أن المجموعات الوظيفية في مواد امتصاص نفايات الشاي هي عطرية‬
‫وكربوكسيلية‪ .‬يمكن االستنتاج أن مخلفات الشاي يمكن أن تكون مادة ماصة جيدة إلزالة أيونات الرصاص من‬
‫مياه الصرف الصحي‪.‬‬

‫الكلمات الدالة‪ :‬مخلفات الشاي‪ ،‬االمتزاز‪ ،‬النماذج الحركية‪ ،‬مياه الصرف الصحي‪ ،‬اإلزالة‪.Pb+2،‬‬

‫‪102‬‬