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Physics 04

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Physics 04

Uploaded by

devivasundra22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHYSICS- 04

NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION


FIRST LAW
Every body retains its state of rest or state
of uniform motion, until an external force is
applied on it.
• This law is also known as law of inertia or
law of Galileo.
• First law gives the definition of inertia.
• Inertia is the virtue of a body due to which
it tries to retain its state.
EXAMPLES
1. The dust particle come out from a carpet,
when it is beaten with a stick due to their
inertia of rest.
2. Car Air Bags
3. Baseball Is at Rest
4. A Parachutist Who Jumps from an Aeroplane
5. The Liftoff of a Rocket from the Launch Pad.
Inertial Frame
• Whenever the frame of reference is
moving with uniform velocity or is at rest.
Non-Inertial Frame
• Whenever the frame of reference is
accelerating or retarding or rotating is
called noninertial frame of reference.
SECOND LAW
The force applied on a body is equal to the product of mass
of the body and the acceleration produced in it.
e.g. F = ma.
• The second law of motion gives the definition of force.
• A force is any influence that causes an object to undergo a
certain change, either concerning its movement, direction
and geometrical structure.
• SI unit of force is Newton (N).
LINEAR MOMENTUM
• The product of the mass and the velocity of a body is called
the linear momentum of the body.
• It is a vector quantity.
• Its unit is kg-m/s.
Linear momentum = Mass X Velocity
• A heavier body has a larger linear momentum than a lighter
body moving with the same velocity.
• In the absence of external forces, the total linear momentum
of the system remains conserved.
Application of Conservation of Linear Momentum
• When a man jumps from a boat to the shore, the boat slightly
moves away from the shore.
• Rocket works on the principle of conservation of momentum.
• When a bullet is fired from a gun, the gun recoils or gives a
sharp pull in backward direction.
IMPULSE
If a force acts on a body for a very short
time ∆t, then the product of force and time
is called the impulse.
• Impulse = Change in momentum = Force
× Time interval
• Its SI unit is N-s or kg-m/s
EXAMPLES
1. Hammering nail
2. Boxers punch
CONCEPT OF IMPULSE
• A cricketer moves his hands backwards
while catching a ball.
• A person jumping from a height on a
‘concrete’ floor receives more injury than
when jumping on a spongy floor.
• Vehicles like cars, buses and scooters are
provided with shockers.
• Bogies of the trains are provided with
buffers to avoid severe jerks during
shunting of trains.
• Car seat belt
THIRD LAW
Every action have equal and
opposite reaction
• Action and reaction always act
on the different bodies.
Examples
• On firing the bullet, the gunner is
pushed in backward direction.
• When the boatman is jumped
from the boat, the boat is pushed
back.
• In a rocket, gases are ejected with
a great speed from the rocket
backwards and rocket is pushed
forwards.
• While swimming, a person pushes
the water backwards (action).
• The water pushes the swimmer
forward with the same force
(reaction).
EQUILIBRIUM
• If the resultant of all the forces acting
on a body is zero, then the body is said
to be in equilibrium.
• If a body is in equilibrium, it will be
either at rest or in uniform motion.
• If it is at rest, the equilibrium is called
static, otherwise dynamic.
TYPES OF STATIC EQUILIBRIUM
(i) Stable Equilibrium
If on slight displacement from
equilibrium position a body has
tendency to regain its original
position, it is said to be in stable
equilibrium.
(ii) Unstable Equilibrium
• If on a slight displacement from
equilibrium position, a body moves in
the direction of displacement and
does not regain its original position,
the equilibrium is said to be unstable
equilibrium.
• In this equilibrium, the centre of
gravity of the body is at the highest
position.
NEUTRAL EQUILIBRIUM
• If on slight displacement from equilibrium
position a body has no tendency to come
back to its original position or to move in
the direction of displacement, it is said to
be in neutral equilibrium.
• In neutral equilibrium, the centre of
gravity always remains at the same height.
Condition for Stable Equilibrium
1. The centre of gravity of the body should
be at the minimum height.
2. The vertical line passing through the
centre of gravity of the body should pass
through the base of the body.
CENTRE OF MASS
Centre of mass of a body (system of
particles) is a point where the entire mass
of the body is supposed to be
concentrated

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